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Torell F. Evaluation of stretch reflex synergies in the upper limb using principal component analysis (PCA). PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292807. [PMID: 37824570 PMCID: PMC10569523 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The dynamic nature of movement and muscle activation emphasizes the importance of a sound experimental design. To ensure that an experiment determines what we intend, the design must be carefully evaluated. Before analyzing data, it is imperative to limit the number of outliers, biases, and skewness. In the present study, a simple center-out experiment was performed by 16 healthy volunteers. The experiment included three load conditions, two preparatory delays, two perturbations, and four targets placed along a diagonal path on a 2D plane. While the participants performed the tasks, the activity of seven arm muscles were monitored using surface electromyography (EMG). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to evaluate the study design, identify muscle synergies, and assess the effects of individual quirks. With PCA, we can identify the trials that trigger stretch reflexes and pinpoint muscle synergies. The posterior deltoid, triceps long head, and brachioradialis were engaged when targets were in the direction of muscle shortening and the perturbation was applied in the opposite direction. Similarly, the pectoralis and anterior deltoid were engaged when the targets were in the direction of muscle shortening and the perturbation was applied in the opposite direction. The stretch reflexes were not triggered when the perturbation brought the hand in the direction of, or into the target, except if the muscle was pre-loaded. The use of PCA was also proven valuable when evaluating participant performance. While individual quirks are to be expected, failure to perform trials as expected can adversely affect the study results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida Torell
- Physiology Section, Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Papagiannis GI, Triantafyllou AI, Roumpelakis IM, Zampeli F, Garyfallia Eleni P, Koulouvaris P, Papadopoulos EC, Papagelopoulos PJ, Babis GC. Methodology of surface electromyography in gait analysis: review of the literature. J Med Eng Technol 2019; 43:59-65. [PMID: 31074312 DOI: 10.1080/03091902.2019.1609610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Gait analysis is a significant diagnostic procedure for the clinicians who manage musculoskeletal disorders. Surface electromyography (sEMG) combined with kinematic and kinetic data is a useful tool for decision making of the appropriate method needed to treat such patients. sEMG has been used for decades to evaluate neuromuscular responses during a range of activities and develop rehabilitation protocols. The sEMG methodology followed by researchers assessed the issues of noise control, wave frequency, cross talk, low signal reception, muscle co-contraction, electrode placement protocol and procedure as well as EMG signal timing, intensity and normalisation so as to collect accurate, adequate and meaningful data. Further research should be done to provide more information related to the muscle activity recorded by sEMG and the force produced by the corresponding muscle during gait analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios I Papagiannis
- a 1st Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical School , Orthopaedic Research and Education Center "P.N.Soukakos", Biomechanics and Gait Analysis Laboratory "Sylvia Ioannou", "Attikon" University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece.,b Physioloft Physical Therapy Center , Athens , Greece
| | - Athanasios I Triantafyllou
- a 1st Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical School , Orthopaedic Research and Education Center "P.N.Soukakos", Biomechanics and Gait Analysis Laboratory "Sylvia Ioannou", "Attikon" University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece.,b Physioloft Physical Therapy Center , Athens , Greece
| | - Ilias M Roumpelakis
- a 1st Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical School , Orthopaedic Research and Education Center "P.N.Soukakos", Biomechanics and Gait Analysis Laboratory "Sylvia Ioannou", "Attikon" University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece.,b Physioloft Physical Therapy Center , Athens , Greece
| | - Frantzeska Zampeli
- a 1st Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical School , Orthopaedic Research and Education Center "P.N.Soukakos", Biomechanics and Gait Analysis Laboratory "Sylvia Ioannou", "Attikon" University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | | | - Panayiotis Koulouvaris
- a 1st Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical School , Orthopaedic Research and Education Center "P.N.Soukakos", Biomechanics and Gait Analysis Laboratory "Sylvia Ioannou", "Attikon" University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Elias C Papadopoulos
- c 2nd Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical School , Konstantopouleio General Hospital, Nea Ionia, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Panayiotis J Papagelopoulos
- a 1st Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical School , Orthopaedic Research and Education Center "P.N.Soukakos", Biomechanics and Gait Analysis Laboratory "Sylvia Ioannou", "Attikon" University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - George C Babis
- c 2nd Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical School , Konstantopouleio General Hospital, Nea Ionia, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
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Iuppariello L, D'addio G, Lanzillo B, Balbi P, Andreozzi E, Improta G, Faiella G, Cesarelli M. A novel approach to estimate the upper limb reaching movement in three-dimensional space. INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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