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Aveta A, Cilio S, Contieri R, Spena G, Napolitano L, Manfredi C, Franco A, Crocerossa F, Cerrato C, Ferro M, Del Giudice F, Verze P, Lasorsa F, Salonia A, Nair R, Walz J, Lucarelli G, Pandolfo SD. Urinary MicroRNAs as Biomarkers of Urological Cancers: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10846. [PMID: 37446024 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are emerging as biomarkers for the detection and prognosis of cancers due to their inherent stability and resilience. To summarize the evidence regarding the role of urinary miRNAs (umiRNAs) in the detection, prognosis, and therapy of genitourinary cancers, we performed a systematic review of the most important scientific databases using the following keywords: (urinary miRNA) AND (prostate cancer); (urinary miRNA) AND (bladder cancer); (urinary miRNA) AND (renal cancer); (urinary miRNA) AND (testicular cancer); (urinary miRNA) AND (urothelial cancer). Of all, 1364 articles were screened. Only original studies in the English language on human specimens were considered for inclusion in our systematic review. Thus, a convenient sample of 60 original articles was identified. UmiRNAs are up- or downregulated in prostate cancer and may serve as potential non-invasive molecular biomarkers. Several umiRNAs have been identified as diagnostic biomarkers of urothelial carcinoma and bladder cancer (BC), allowing us to discriminate malignant from nonmalignant forms of hematuria. UmiRNAs could serve as therapeutic targets or recurrence markers of non-muscle-invasive BC and could predict the aggressivity and prognosis of muscle-invasive BC. In renal cell carcinoma, miRNAs have been identified as predictors of tumor detection, aggressiveness, and progression to metastasis. UmiRNAs could play an important role in the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy of urological cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achille Aveta
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, Urology Unit, University of Naples "Federico II", 80138 Naples, Italy
- Department of Urology, Institut Paoli-Calmettes Cancer Centre, 13055 Marseille, France
| | - Simone Cilio
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, Urology Unit, University of Naples "Federico II", 80138 Naples, Italy
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Contieri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20072 Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | - Gianluca Spena
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, Urology Unit, University of Naples "Federico II", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Napolitano
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, Urology Unit, University of Naples "Federico II", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Celeste Manfredi
- Unit of Urology, Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Franco
- Department of Urology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, "La Sapienza" University, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Crocerossa
- Department of Urology, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Clara Cerrato
- Urology Unit, University Hospital Southampton NHS Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Matteo Ferro
- Division of Urology, European Institute of Oncology, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Verze
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, 84081 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Francesco Lasorsa
- Urology, Andrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Andrea Salonia
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Rajesh Nair
- The Urology Centre, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Jochen Walz
- Department of Urology, Institut Paoli-Calmettes Cancer Centre, 13055 Marseille, France
| | - Giuseppe Lucarelli
- Urology, Andrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Savio Domenico Pandolfo
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, Urology Unit, University of Naples "Federico II", 80138 Naples, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, 84081 Fisciano, Italy
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2
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Zhao Q, Pan B, Long W, Pan Y, Zhou D, Luan X, He B, Wang Y, Song Y. Metal Organic Framework-Based Bio-Barcode CRISPR/Cas12a Assay for Ultrasensitive Detection of MicroRNAs. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:9714-9722. [PMID: 36412588 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas12a has shown great potential in molecular diagnostics, but its application in sensing of microRNAs (miRNAs) was limited by sensitivity and complexity. Here, we have sensitively and conveniently detected microRNAs by reasonably integrating metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) based biobarcodes with CRISPR/Cas12a assay (designated as MBCA). In this work, DNA-functionalized Zr-MOFs were designed as the converter to convert and amplify each miRNA target into activators that can initiate the trans-cleavage activity of CRISPR/Cas12a to further amplify the signal. Such integration provides a universal strategy for sensitive detection of miRNAs. By tuning the complementary sequences modified on nanoprobes, this assay achieves subattomolar sensitivity for different miRNAs and was selective to single-based mismatches. With the proposed method, the expression of miR-21 in different cancer cells can be assessed, and breast cancer patients and healthy individuals can be differentiated by analyzing the target miRNAs extracted from serum samples, holding great potential in clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Zhao
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, 210093 Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, 211816 Nanjing, China
| | - Bei Pan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 210006 Nanjing, China
| | - Wenxiu Long
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, 211816 Nanjing, China
| | - Yongchun Pan
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, 210093 Nanjing, China
| | - Dongtao Zhou
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, 210093 Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaowei Luan
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, 210093 Nanjing, China
| | - Bangshun He
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 210006 Nanjing, China
| | - Yuzhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, 211816 Nanjing, China
| | - Yujun Song
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, 210093 Nanjing, China
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3
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Urabe F, Yamamoto Y, Kimura T. miRNAs in prostate cancer: Intercellular and extracellular communications. Int J Urol 2022; 29:1429-1438. [PMID: 36122303 DOI: 10.1111/iju.15043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most prevalent male cancer in Western Europe and North America. Although new drugs were recently approved, clinical challenges such as accurately predicting and screening drug-resistant prostate cancer remain. microRNAs are short noncoding RNA molecules that participate in gene regulation at the post-transcriptional level by targeting messenger RNAs. There is accumulating evidence that intracellular microRNAs play important roles as promoters or inhibitors of prostate cancer progression. Additionally, recent studies showed that microRNAs are encapsulated in extracellular vesicles and shuttled into the extracellular space. Transfer of extracellular microRNAs contributes to intercellular communication between prostate cancer cells and components of the tumor microenvironment, which can promote prostate cancer progression. Furthermore, due to their encapsulation in extracellular vesicles, extracellular microRNAs can be stably present in body fluids which contain high levels of RNase. Thus, circulating microRNAs have great potential as noninvasive diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for prostate cancer. Here, we summarize the roles of intracellular and extracellular microRNAs in prostate cancer progression and discuss the potential of microRNA-based therapeutics as a novel treatment strategy for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko Urabe
- Department of Urology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Integrative Oncology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Integrative Oncology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kimura
- Department of Urology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Diagnostic Strategies for Urologic Cancer Using Expression Analysis of Various Oncogenic Surveillance Molecules—From Non-Coding Small RNAs to Cancer-Specific Proteins. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12157390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Urinary-tract-related tumors are prone to simultaneous or heterogeneous multiple tumor development within the primary organ. Urologic tumors have a very high risk of recurrence in the long and short term. This may be related to the disruption of homeostasis on the genetic level, such as the induction of genetic mutations due to exposure to various carcinogenic factors and the disruption of cancer suppressor gene functions. It is essential to detect the cancer progression signals caused by genetic abnormalities and find treatment therapies. In this review, we discuss the usefulness of tumor-expressing clinical biomarkers for predicting cancer progression. Furthermore, we discuss various factors associated with disturbed intracellular signals and those targeted by microRNAs, which are representative of non-coding small RNAs.
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5
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A review on the role of PCA3 lncRNA in carcinogenesis with an especial focus on prostate cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2022; 231:153800. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2022.153800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Downregulation of miRNA-205 Expression and Biological Mechanism in Prostate Cancer Tumorigenesis and Bone Metastasis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:6037434. [PMID: 33178832 PMCID: PMC7646560 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6037434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background The expression and mechanism of microRNA-205 (miRNA-205) in prostate cancer (PCa) and its bone metastasis remain controversial. Materials and Methods The expression and discriminating capability of miRNA-205 were assessed by drawing a forest plot and a summarized receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curve, using data available from 27 miRNA-array and miRNA-sequencing datasets. The miRNA-205 target genes were acquired from online prediction tools, differentially upregulated genes in PCa, and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) after miRNA-205 transfection into PCa cell lines. Functional enrichment analysis was conducted to explore the biological mechanism of miRNA-205 targets. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was applied to verify the protein level of the hub gene. Results The expression of miRNA-205 in the PCa group (1,461 samples) was significantly lower than that in the noncancer group (510 samples), and the downregulation of miRNA-205 showed excellent sensitivity and specificity in differentiating between the two groups. In bone metastatic PCa, the miRNA-205 level was further reduced than in nonbone metastatic PCa, and it showed a good capability in distinguishing between the two groups. In total, 153 miRNA-205 targets were screened through the three aforementioned methods. Based on the results of functional enrichment analysis, the targets of miRNA-205 were mainly enriched during chromosome segregation and phospholipid-translocating ATPase activity and in the spindle microtubule and the p53 signaling pathway. CDK1 had the highest connectivity in the PPI network analysis and was screened as one of the hub genes. A statistically significant negative correlation between miRNA-205 and CDK1 was observed. The expression of CDK1 in PCa samples was pronouncedly upregulated in terms of both the mRNA level and the protein level when compared with noncancer samples. Conclusion miRNA-205 may play a vital role in PCa tumorigenesis and bone metastasis by targeting CDK1.
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7
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Borkowetz A, Lohse-Fischer A, Scholze J, Lotzkat U, Thomas C, Wirth MP, Fuessel S, Erdmann K. Evaluation of MicroRNAs as Non-Invasive Diagnostic Markers in Urinary Cells from Patients with Suspected Prostate Cancer. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:E578. [PMID: 32784833 PMCID: PMC7460346 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10080578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently used tumor markers for early diagnosis of prostate cancer (PCa) are often lacking sufficient specificity and sensitivity. Therefore, the diagnostic potential of selected microRNAs in comparison to serum PSA levels and PSA density (PSAD) was explored. A panel of 12 PCa-associated microRNAs was quantified by qPCR in urinary sediments from 50 patients with suspected PCa undergoing prostate biopsy, whereupon PCa was detected in 26 patients. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses revealed a potential for non-invasive urine-based PCa detection for miR-16 (AUC = 0.744, p = 0.012; accuracy = 76%) and miR-195 (AUC = 0.729, p = 0.017; accuracy = 70%). While serum PSA showed an insufficient diagnostic value (AUC = 0.564, p = 0.656; accuracy = 50%) in the present cohort, PSAD displayed an adequate diagnostic performance (AUC = 0.708, p = 0.031; accuracy = 70%). Noteworthy, the combination of PSAD with the best candidates miR-16 and miR-195 either individually or simultaneously improved the diagnostic power (AUC = 0.801-0.849, p < 0.05; accuracy = 76-90%). In the sub-group of patients with PSA ≤ 10 ng/mL (n = 34), an inadequate diagnostic power of PSAD alone (AUC = 0.595, p = 0.524; accuracy = 68%) was markedly surpassed by miR-16 and miR-195 individually as well as by their combination with PSAD (AUC = 0.772-0.882, p < 0.05; accuracy = 74-85%). These findings further highlight the potential of urinary microRNAs as molecular markers with high clinical performance. Overall, these results need to be validated in a larger patient cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Borkowetz
- Department of Urology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (A.B.); (A.L.-F.); (J.S.); (U.L.); (C.T.); (M.P.W.); (S.F.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, 01307 Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Lohse-Fischer
- Department of Urology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (A.B.); (A.L.-F.); (J.S.); (U.L.); (C.T.); (M.P.W.); (S.F.)
| | - Jana Scholze
- Department of Urology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (A.B.); (A.L.-F.); (J.S.); (U.L.); (C.T.); (M.P.W.); (S.F.)
| | - Ulrike Lotzkat
- Department of Urology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (A.B.); (A.L.-F.); (J.S.); (U.L.); (C.T.); (M.P.W.); (S.F.)
| | - Christian Thomas
- Department of Urology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (A.B.); (A.L.-F.); (J.S.); (U.L.); (C.T.); (M.P.W.); (S.F.)
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), 01307 Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
| | - Manfred P. Wirth
- Department of Urology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (A.B.); (A.L.-F.); (J.S.); (U.L.); (C.T.); (M.P.W.); (S.F.)
| | - Susanne Fuessel
- Department of Urology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (A.B.); (A.L.-F.); (J.S.); (U.L.); (C.T.); (M.P.W.); (S.F.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, 01307 Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kati Erdmann
- Department of Urology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (A.B.); (A.L.-F.); (J.S.); (U.L.); (C.T.); (M.P.W.); (S.F.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, 01307 Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), 01307 Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
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8
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Razdan A, de Souza P, Roberts TL. Role of MicroRNAs in Treatment Response in Prostate Cancer. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2019; 18:929-944. [PMID: 29644941 PMCID: PMC6463399 DOI: 10.2174/1568009618666180315160125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common non-skin cancer in men worldwide, resulting in significant mortality and morbidity. Depending on the grade and stage of the cancer, patients may be given radiation therapy, hormonal therapy, or chemotherapy. However, more than half of these patients develop resistance to treatment, leading to disease progression and metastases, often with lethal consequences. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, non-coding RNAs, which regulate numerous physiological as well as pathological processes, including cancer. miRNAs mediate their regulatory effect predominately by binding to the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of their target mRNAs. In this review, we will describe the mechanisms by which miRNAs mediate resistance to radiation and drug therapy (i.e. hormone therapy and chemotherapy) in PCa, including control of apoptosis, cell growth and proliferation, autophagy, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), invasion and metastasis, and cancer stem cells (CSCs). Furthermore, we will discuss the utility of circulating miRNAs isolated from different body fluids of prostate cancer patients as non-invasive biomarkers of cancer detection, disease progression, and therapy response. Finally, we will shortlist the candidate miRNAs, which may have a role in drug and radioresistance, that could potentially be used as predictive biomarkers of treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshuli Razdan
- Medical Oncology Group, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Oncology Education and Research Translation (CONCERT), Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul de Souza
- Medical Oncology Group, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Oncology Education and Research Translation (CONCERT), Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Medical Oncology, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tara Laurine Roberts
- Medical Oncology Group, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Oncology Education and Research Translation (CONCERT), Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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9
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Liquid Biopsy Potential Biomarkers in Prostate Cancer. Diagnostics (Basel) 2018; 8:diagnostics8040068. [PMID: 30698162 PMCID: PMC6316409 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics8040068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common cancer in men worldwide with an incidence of 14.8% and a mortality of 6.6%. Shortcomings in comprehensive medical check-ups in low- and middle-income countries lead to delayed detection of PCa and are causative of high numbers of advanced PCa cases at first diagnosis. The performance of available biomarkers is still insufficient and limited applicability, including logistical and financial burdens, impedes comprehensive implementation into health care systems. There is broad agreement on the need of new biomarkers to improve (i) early detection of PCa, (ii) risk stratification, (iii) prognosis, and (iv) treatment monitoring. This review focuses on liquid biopsy tests distinguishing high-grade significant (Gleason score (GS) ≥ 7) from low-grade indolent PCa. Available biomarkers still lack performance in risk stratification of biopsy naïve patients. However, biomarkers with highly negative predictive values may help to reduce unnecessary biopsies. Risk calculators using integrative scoring systems clearly improve decision-making for invasive prostate biopsy. Emerging biomarkers have the potential to substitute PSA and improve the overall performance of risk calculators. Until then, PSA should be used and may be replaced whenever enough evidence has accumulated for better performance of a new biomarker.
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10
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Fujita K, Nonomura N. Urinary biomarkers of prostate cancer. Int J Urol 2018; 25:770-779. [PMID: 30129068 DOI: 10.1111/iju.13734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The development of more specific biomarkers for prostate cancer and/or high-risk prostate cancer is necessary, because the prostate-specific antigen test lacks specificity for the detection of prostate cancer and can lead to unnecessary prostate biopsies. Urine is a promising source for the development of new biomarkers of prostate cancer. Biomarkers derived from prostate cancer cells are released into prostatic fluids and then into urine. Urine after manipulation of the prostate is enriched with prostate cancer biomarkers, which include prostate cancer cells, DNAs, RNAs, proteins and other small molecules. The urinary prostate cancer antigen 3 test is the first Food and Drug Administration-approved RNA-based urinary marker, and it helps in the detection of prostate cancer on repeat biopsy. The SelectMDx test is based on messenger RNA detection of DLX1 and HOXC6 in urine after prostate massage, and helps in the detection of high-risk prostate cancer on prostate biopsy. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles with a diameter of 30-200 nm that are secreted from various types of cells. Urinary prostate cancer-derived exosomes also contain RNAs and proteins specific for prostate cancer (e.g. PCA3 and TMPRSS2-ERG), and could be promising sources of novel biomarker discovery. The ExoDx Prostate test is a commercially available test based on the detection of three genes (PCA3, ERG and SPDEF) in urinary exosomes. Advancement of comprehensive analysis (microarray, mass spectrometry and next-generation sequencing) has resulted in the discovery of several urinary biomarkers. Non-invasive urinary markers can help in the decision to carry out prostate biopsy or in the design of a therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutoshi Fujita
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Norio Nonomura
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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11
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Balacescu O, Petrut B, Tudoran O, Feflea D, Balacescu L, Anghel A, Sirbu IO, Seclaman E, Marian C. Urinary microRNAs for prostate cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment response: are we there yet? WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2017; 8. [DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ovidiu Balacescu
- Department of Functional Genomics, Proteomics and Experimental Pathology; The Oncology Institute “Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta”; Cluj-Napoca Romania
| | - Bogdan Petrut
- Department of Urology; The Oncology Institute “Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta”; Cluj-Napoca Romania
| | - Oana Tudoran
- Department of Functional Genomics, Proteomics and Experimental Pathology; The Oncology Institute “Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta”; Cluj-Napoca Romania
| | - Dragos Feflea
- Department of Urology; The Oncology Institute “Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta”; Cluj-Napoca Romania
| | - Loredana Balacescu
- Department of Functional Genomics, Proteomics and Experimental Pathology; The Oncology Institute “Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta”; Cluj-Napoca Romania
| | - Andrei Anghel
- Department of Biochemistry & Pharmacology; Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy; Timisoara Romania
| | - Ioan O. Sirbu
- Department of Biochemistry & Pharmacology; Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy; Timisoara Romania
| | - Edward Seclaman
- Department of Biochemistry & Pharmacology; Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy; Timisoara Romania
| | - Catalin Marian
- Department of Biochemistry & Pharmacology; Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy; Timisoara Romania
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center; Columbus OH USA
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12
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Martignano F, Rossi L, Maugeri A, Gallà V, Conteduca V, De Giorgi U, Casadio V, Schepisi G. Urinary RNA-based biomarkers for prostate cancer detection. Clin Chim Acta 2017; 473:96-105. [PMID: 28807541 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the commonest malignancy in the male population worldwide. Serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) test is the most important biomarker for the detection, follow-up and therapeutic monitoring of PCa. Defects in PSA specificity have elicited research for new biomarkers to improve early diagnosis and avoid false-positive results. This review evaluates urinary RNA-based biomarkers. Urine is a versatile body fluid for non-invasive biomarker detection in case of urological malignancies. The importance of RNA-based biomarkers has been demonstrated by the current use of PCA3, a long non coding RNA biomarker already approved by the Food and Drugs Administration. Through the years, other urinary RNA biomarkers have been evaluated, including the well-known TMPRSS2:ERG transcript, as well as many messenger RNAs, long non coding RNAs and micro-RNA. Validation of a specific urinary RNA-based marker or an algorithm of different biomarkers levels as diagnostic markers for PCa could be useful to avoid unnecessary prostate biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Martignano
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Via P. Maroncelli 40, Meldola 47014, Italy
| | - Lorena Rossi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Via P. Maroncelli 40, Meldola 47014, Italy
| | - Antonio Maugeri
- Oncology Pharmacy Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Via P. Maroncelli 40, Meldola 47014, Italy
| | - Valentina Gallà
- Unit of Biostatistics and Clinical Trials, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Via P. Maroncelli 40, Meldola 47014, Italy; University of Florence, Italy
| | - Vincenza Conteduca
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Via P. Maroncelli 40, Meldola 47014, Italy
| | - Ugo De Giorgi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Via P. Maroncelli 40, Meldola 47014, Italy
| | - Valentina Casadio
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Via P. Maroncelli 40, Meldola 47014, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Schepisi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Via P. Maroncelli 40, Meldola 47014, Italy
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Gasparri ML, Casorelli A, Bardhi E, Besharat AR, Savone D, Ruscito I, Farooqi AA, Papadia A, Mueller MD, Ferretti E, Benedetti Panici P. Beyond circulating microRNA biomarkers: Urinary microRNAs in ovarian and breast cancer. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317695525. [PMID: 28459207 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317695525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women worldwide, and ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignancy. Women carrying a BRCA1/2 mutation have a very high lifetime risk of developing breast and ovarian cancer. The only effective risk-reducing strategy in BRCA-mutated women is a prophylactic surgery with bilateral mastectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. However, many women are reluctant to undergo these prophylactic surgeries due to a consequent mutilated body perception, unfulfilled family planning, and precocious menopause. In these patients, an effective screening strategy is available only for breast cancer, but it only consists in close radiological exams with a significant burden for the health system and a significant distress to the patients. No biomarkers have been shown to effectively detect breast and ovarian cancer at an early stage. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key regulatory molecules operating in a post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Aberrant expression of miRNAs has been documented in several pathological conditions, including solid tumors, suggesting their involvement in tumorigenesis. miRNAs can be detected in blood and urine and could be used as biomarkers in solid tumors. Encouraging results are emerging in gynecological malignancy as well, and suggest a different pattern of expression of miRNAs in biological fluids of breast and ovarian cancer patients as compared to healthy control. Aim of this study is to highlight the role of the urinary miRNAs which are specifically associated with cancer and to investigate their role in early diagnosis and in determining the prognosis in breast and ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luisa Gasparri
- 1 Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Urology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Berne, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Assunta Casorelli
- 1 Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Urology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Erlisa Bardhi
- 1 Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Urology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Aris Raad Besharat
- 1 Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Urology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Delia Savone
- 1 Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Urology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilary Ruscito
- 1 Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Urology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ammad Ahmad Farooqi
- 3 Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Andrea Papadia
- 2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Berne, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Michael David Mueller
- 2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Berne, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Elisabetta Ferretti
- 4 Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,5 Neuromed Institute, Pozzilli, Italy
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Foj L, Ferrer F, Serra M, Arévalo A, Gavagnach M, Giménez N, Filella X. Exosomal and Non-Exosomal Urinary miRNAs in Prostate Cancer Detection and Prognosis. Prostate 2017; 77:573-583. [PMID: 27990656 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding small RNAs, involved in post-transcriptional regulation of many target genes. METHODS Five miRNAs that have been consistently found deregulated in PCa (miR-21, miR-141, miR-214, miR-375, and let-7c) were analyzed in urinary pellets from 60 prostate cancer (PCa) patients and 10 healthy subjects by qRT-PCR. Besides, urinary exosomes were isolated by differential centrifugation and analyzed for those miRNAs. RESULTS Significant upregulation of miR-21, miR-141, and miR-375 was found comparing PCa patients with healthy subjects in urinary pellets, while miR-214 was found significantly downregulated. Regarding urinary exosomes, miR-21 and miR-375 were also significantly upregulated in PCa but no differences were found for miR-141. Significant differences were found for let-7c in PCa in urinary exosomes while no differences were observed in urinary pellets. A panel combining miR-21 and miR-375 is suggested as the best combination to distinguish PCa patients and healthy subjects, with an AUC of 0.872. Furthermore, the association of miRNAs with clinicopathological characteristics was investigated. MiR-141 resulted significantly correlated with Gleason score in urinary pellets and let-7c with clinical stage in urinary exosomes. Additionally, miR-21, miR-141, and miR-214 were found significantly deregulated in intermediate/high-risk PCa versus low-risk/healthy subjects in urinary pellets. Significant differences between both groups were found in urinary exosomes for miR-21, miR-375, and let-7c. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the analysis of miRNAs-especially miRNA-21 and miR-375- in urine could be useful as biomarkers in PCa. Prostate 77: 573-583, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Foj
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (CDB), Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ferran Ferrer
- Department of Radiotherapy, Institut Català d'Oncologia, IDIBELL, Department of Clinical Sciences-Bellvitge Health Sciences Campus, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Serra
- CAP Valldoreix, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | | | - Nuria Giménez
- Research Unit, Fundació de Recerca Mútua Terrassa, Terrassa, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Xavier Filella
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (CDB), Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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15
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Salido-Guadarrama AI, Morales-Montor JG, Rangel-Escareño C, Langley E, Peralta-Zaragoza O, Cruz Colin JL, Rodriguez-Dorantes M. Urinary microRNA-based signature improves accuracy of detection of clinically relevant prostate cancer within the prostate-specific antigen grey zone. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:4549-60. [PMID: 27081843 PMCID: PMC4878542 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is used as a clinical biomarker for prostate cancer (PCa) diagnosis; however, a large number of patients with benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) with PSA levels in the ʻgray areaʼ (4–10 ng/ml) are currently subjected to unnecessary biopsy due to overdiagnosis. Certain microRNAs (miRs) have been proven to be useful biomarkers, several of which are detectable in bodily fluids. The present study identified and validated a urinary miR-based signature to enhance the specificity of PCa diagnosis and to reduce the number of patients with benign conditions undergoing biopsy. Seventy-three urine samples from Mexican patients with diagnosis of PCa with a Gleason score ≥7 and 70 patients diagnosed with BPH were collected after digital rectal examination (DRE) of the prostate. miR expression profiles were determined using TaqMan Low Density Array experiments, and normalized Ct values for the miRs were compared between PCa and BPH groups. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to evaluate whether miR detection in urine is suitable for distinguishing patients with PCa from those with BPH. The identified miR-100/200b signature was significantly correlated with PCa. Using a multivariable logistic regression approach, a base model including the clinical variables age, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), the percentage of free PSA and DRE was generated, and a second base model additionally contained the miR-100/200b signature. ROC analysis demonstrated that the combined model significantly outperformed the capacity of PSA (P<0.001) and the base model (P=0.01) to discriminate between PCa and BPH patients. In terms of evaluation of the sub-group of patients in the gray zone of PSA levels, the performance of the combined model for predicting PCa cases was significantly superior to PSA level determination (P<0.001) and the base model (P=0.009). In addition, decision curve analysis demonstrated that the use of the combined model increased the clinical benefit for patients and produced a substantial reduction in unnecessary biopsies across a range of reasonable threshold probabilities (10–50%). Detection of the urinary miR signature identified in the present study as part of clinical diagnostic procedures will enhance the accuracy of PCa diagnosis and provide a clinical benefit for patients with BPH by sparing them from undergoing invasive biopsy. To the best of our knowledge, the present study was the first to describe the profiling of urinary miR100 and miR-200b levels for the clinical diagnosis of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Claudia Rangel-Escareño
- Computational Genomics, The National Institute of Genomic Medicine, Mexico City 14610, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Langley
- Department of Basic Research, National Institute of Cancerology, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Oscar Peralta-Zaragoza
- Division of Chronic Infections and Cancer, Research Center in Infection Diseases, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca 62100, Mexico
| | - Jose Luis Cruz Colin
- Oncogenomics Laboratory, The National Institute of Genomic Medicine, Mexico City 14610, Mexico
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17
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Børresen B, Nielsen LN, Jessen LR, Kristensen AT, Fredholm M, Cirera S. Circulating let-7g is down-regulated in Bernese Mountain dogs with disseminated histiocytic sarcoma and carcinomas - a prospective study. Vet Comp Oncol 2016; 15:525-533. [DOI: 10.1111/vco.12196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Børresen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - L. N. Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - L. R. Jessen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - A. T. Kristensen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - M. Fredholm
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - S. Cirera
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
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18
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Stephan C, Jung K, Ralla B. Current biomarkers for diagnosing of prostate cancer. Future Oncol 2015; 11:2743-55. [DOI: 10.2217/fon.15.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is mostly detected by prostate-specific antigen (PSA) as one of the most widely used tumor markers. But PSA is limited with its low specificity. The prostate health index (phi) can improve specificity over percent free and total PSA and correlates with aggressive cancer. The urinary PCA3 also shows its utility to detect PCa but its correlation with aggressiveness and the low sensitivity at high values are limitations. While the detection of alterations of the androgen-regulated TMPRSS2 and ETS transcription factor genes in tissue of ˜50% of all PCa patients was one research milestone, the urinary assay should only be used in combination with PCA3. Both US FDA-approved markers phi and PCA3 perform equally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Stephan
- Department of Urology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CCM, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute for Urologic Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Jung
- Department of Urology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CCM, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute for Urologic Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard Ralla
- Department of Urology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CCM, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
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