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Long J, Yu C, Sun L, Peng M, Song C, Mao A, Zhan J, Liu E. Comprehensive analysis of thalassemia alleles (CATSA) based on third-generation sequencing is a comprehensive and accurate approach for neonatal thalassemia screening. Clin Chim Acta 2024; 560:119749. [PMID: 38796052 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2024.119749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Thalassemia is one of the most common and damaging monogenic diseases in the world. It is caused by pathogenic variants of α- and/or β-globin genes, which disrupt the balance of these two protein chains and leads to α-thalassemia or β-thalassemia, respectively. Patients with α-thalassemia or β-thalassemia could exhibit a severe phenotype, with no simple and effective treatment. A three-tiered strategy of carrier screening, prenatal diagnosis and newborn screening has been established in China for the prevention and control of thalassemia, of which the first two parts have been studied thoroughly. The implementation of neonatal thalassemia screening is lagging, and the effectiveness of various screening programs has not yet been demonstrated. In this study, hemoglobin capillary electrophoresis (CE), hotspot testing method, and third-generation sequencing (TGS) were used in the variant detection of 2000 newborn samples, to assess the efficacy of these methods in neonatal thalassemia screening. Compared with CE (249, 12.45 %) and hotspot analysis (424, 21.2 %), CATSA detected the largest number of thalassemia variants (535, 26.75 %), which included 24 hotspot variants, increased copy number of α-globin gene, rare pathogenic variants, and three unreported potentially disease-causing variants. More importantly, CATSA directly determined the cis-trans relationship of variants in three newborns, which greatly shortens the clinical diagnosis time of thalassemia. CATSA showed a great advantage over other genetic tests and could become the most powerful technical support for the three-tiered prevention and control strategy of thalassemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Long
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China; Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Qinzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Qinzhou, Guangxi 535099, China.
| | - Chunhui Yu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Qinzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Qinzhou, Guangxi 535099, China
| | - Lei Sun
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China; Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Qinzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Qinzhou, Guangxi 535099, China
| | - Mingkui Peng
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Qinzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Qinzhou, Guangxi 535099, China
| | - Chuanlu Song
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Qinzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Qinzhou, Guangxi 535099, China
| | - Aiping Mao
- Third-Generation Sequencing BU, Berry Genomics Corporation, Beijing 102200, China
| | - Jiahan Zhan
- Third-Generation Sequencing BU, Berry Genomics Corporation, Beijing 102200, China
| | - Enqi Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.
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Reubsaet L, Halvorsen TG. Advancements in clinical approaches, analytical methods, and smart sampling for LC-MS-based protein determination from dried matrix spots. J Sep Sci 2024; 47:e2400061. [PMID: 38726749 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202400061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Determination of proteins from dried matrix spots using MS is an expanding research area. Mainly, the collected dried matrix sample is whole blood from a finger or heal prick, resulting in dried blood spots. However as other matrices such as plasma, serum, urine, and tear fluid also can be collected in this way, the term dried matrix spot is used as an overarching term. In this review, the focus is on advancements in the field made from 2017 up to 2023. In the first part reviews concerning the subject are discussed. After this, advancements made for clinical purposes are highlighted. Both targeted protein analyses, with and without the use of affinity extractions, as well as untargeted, global proteomic approaches are discussed. In the last part, both methodological advancements are being reviewed as well as the possibility to integrate sample preparation steps during the sample handling. The focus, of this so-called smart sampling, is on the incorporation of cell separation, proteolysis, and antibody-based affinity capture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léon Reubsaet
- Section of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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3
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Lin Y, Agarwal AM, Anderson LC, Marshall AG. Discovery of a biomarker for β-Thalassemia by HPLC-MS and improvement from Proton Transfer Reaction - Parallel Ion Parking. J Mass Spectrom Adv Clin Lab 2023; 28:20-26. [PMID: 36814695 PMCID: PMC9939715 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmsacl.2023.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
β-thalassemia is a quantitative hemoglobin (Hb) disorder resulting in reduced production of Hb A and increased levels of Hb A2. Diagnosis of β-thalassemia can be problematic when combined with other structural Hb variants, so that the separation approaches in routine clinical centers are not sufficiently decisive to obtain accurate results. Here, we separate the intact Hb subunits by high-performance liquid chromatography, followed by top-down tandem mass spectrometry of intact subunits to distinguish Hb variants. Proton transfer reaction-parallel ion parking (PTR-PIP), in which a radical anion removes protons from multiply charged precursor ions and produces charge-reduced ions spanning a limited m/z range, was used to increase the signal-to-noise ratio of the subunits of interest. We demonstrate that the δ/β ratio can act as a biomarker to identify β-thalassemia in normal electrospray ionization MS1 and PTR-PIP MS1. The application of PTR-PIP significantly increases the sensitivity and specificity of the HPLC-MS method to identify δ/β ratio as a thalassemia biomarker.
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Key Words
- ACN, Acetonitrile
- AUC, Areas under the curve
- CID, Collision-induced dissociation
- ESI, Electrospray ionization
- ETD, Electron-transfer dissociation
- FA, Formic acid
- FN, False-negative
- FP, False-positive
- FT-ICR
- FT-ICR, MS Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer
- FTMS
- Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance
- Hb A, Normal adult Hb
- Hb, Hemoglobin
- HbA1d, Hb β with glutathione
- IFCC, International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine
- IQR, Interquartile range
- J, Youden Index
- MCW, Methanol/chloroform/water
- MS, Mass spectrometry
- PTM, Post-translational modification
- PTR-PIP, Proton transfer reaction-parallel ion parking
- ROC, Receiver operating characteristic
- S/N, Signal-to-noise ratios
- Se(c), Sensitivity, the probability of a true positive)
- Sp(c), Specificity, the probability of a true negative)
- TIC, Total ion chromatogram
- TN, True negative
- TP, True positive
- Top-down
- XIC, Extracted ion chromatograms
- m/z, Mass-to-charge ratios
- δ/β ratio
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32308, United States
| | - Archana M. Agarwal
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, United States,ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, United States
| | - Lissa C. Anderson
- Ion Cyclotron Resonance Program, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, United States,Corresponding authors at: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32308, United States (A.G. Marshall).
| | - Alan G. Marshall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32308, United States,Ion Cyclotron Resonance Program, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, United States,Corresponding authors at: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32308, United States (A.G. Marshall).
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4
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Li Z, Chen D, Shu Y, Yang J, Zhang J, Ming Wang, Wan K, Zhou Y, He X, Zou L, Yu C. A reliable and high throughput HPLC-HRMS method for the rapid screening of β-thalassemia and hemoglobinopathy in dried blood spots. Clin Chem Lab Med 2023; 61:1075-1083. [PMID: 36645719 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2022-0706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Traditional methods for β-thalassemia screening usually rely on the structural integrity of hemoglobin (Hb), which can be affected by the hemolysis of red blood cells and Hb degradation. Here, we aim to develop a reliable and high throughput method for rapid detection of β-thalassemia using dried blood spots (DBS). METHODS Hb components were extracted from a disc (3.2 mm diameter) punched from the DBS samples and digested by trypsin to produce a series of Hb-specific peptides. An analytical system combining high-resolution mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography was used for biomarker selection. The selected marker peptides were used to calculate delta/beta (δ/β) and beta-mutated/beta (βM/β) globin ratios for disease evaluation. RESULTS Totally, 699 patients and 629 normal individuals, aged 3 days to 89 years, were recruited for method construction. Method assessment showed both the inter-assay and intra-assay relative standard deviation values were less than 10.8%, and the limits of quantitation for the proteo-specific peptides were quite low (1.0-5.0 μg/L). No appreciable matrix effects or carryover rates were observed. The extraction recoveries ranged from 93.8 to 128.7%, and the method was shown to be stable even when the samples were stored for 24 days. Prospective applications of this method in 909 participants also indicated good performance with a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 99.6%. CONCLUSIONS We have developed a fast, high throughput and reliable method for screening of β-thalassemia and hemoglobinopathy in children and adults, which is expected to be used as a first-line screening assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Li
- Center for Clinical Molecular Medicine & Newborn Screening, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell Therapy, Chongqing, P.R. China.,Chongqing University Fuling Hospital, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Deling Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, P.R. China.,Chongqing University Fuling Hospital, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Yan Shu
- Chongqing University Fuling Hospital, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Jing Yang
- Center for Clinical Molecular Medicine & Newborn Screening, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell Therapy, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Center for Clinical Molecular Medicine & Newborn Screening, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell Therapy, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Ming Wang
- Center for Clinical Molecular Medicine & Newborn Screening, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell Therapy, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Kexing Wan
- Center for Clinical Molecular Medicine & Newborn Screening, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell Therapy, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Yinpin Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, P.R. China.,Chongqing University Fuling Hospital, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan He
- Center for Clinical Molecular Medicine & Newborn Screening, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell Therapy, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Lin Zou
- Center for Clinical Molecular Medicine & Newborn Screening, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell Therapy, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Chaowen Yu
- Center for Clinical Molecular Medicine & Newborn Screening, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell Therapy, Chongqing, P.R. China
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5
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Luo RY, Wong C, Xia JQ, Glader BE, Shi RZ, Zehnder JL. Neutral-Coating Capillary Electrophoresis Coupled with High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry for Top-Down Identification of Hemoglobin Variants. Clin Chem 2023; 69:56-67. [PMID: 36308334 DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/hvac171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification of hemoglobin (Hb) variants is of significant value in the clinical diagnosis of hemoglobinopathy. However, conventional methods for identification of Hb variants in clinical laboratories can be inadequate due to the lack of structural characterization. We describe the use of neutral-coating capillary electrophoresis coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (CE-HR-MS) to achieve high-performance top-down identification of Hb variants. METHODS An Orbitrap Q-Exactive Plus mass spectrometer was coupled with an ECE-001 capillary electrophoresis (CE) unit through an EMASS-II ion source. A PS1 neutral-coating capillary was used for CE. Samples of red blood cells were lysed in water and diluted in 10 mM ammonium formate buffer for analysis. Deconvolution of raw mass spectrometry data was carried out to merge multiple charge states and isotopic peaks of an analyte to obtain its monoisotopic mass. RESULTS The neutral-coating CE could baseline separate individual Hb subunits dissociated from intact Hb forms, and the HR-MS could achieve both intact-protein analysis and top-down analysis of analytes. A number of patient samples that contain Hb subunit variants were analyzed, and the variants were successfully identified using the CE-HR-MS method. CONCLUSIONS The CE-HR-MS method has been demonstrated as a useful tool for top-down identification of Hb variants. With the ability to characterize the primary structures of Hb subunits, the CE-HR-MS method has significant advantages to complement or partially replace the conventional methods for the identification of Hb variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Yiqi Luo
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Clinical Laboratories, Stanford Health Care, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Carolyn Wong
- Clinical Laboratories, Stanford Health Care, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | | | - Bertil E Glader
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Run-Zhang Shi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Clinical Laboratories, Stanford Health Care, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - James L Zehnder
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Clinical Laboratories, Stanford Health Care, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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Rankin-Turner S, Heaney LM. Mass spectrometry in the clinical laboratory. A short journey through the contribution to the scientific literature by CCLM. Clin Chem Lab Med 2022; 61:873-879. [PMID: 36282951 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2022-0984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) has been a gold standard in the clinical laboratory for decades. Although historically refined to limited areas of study such as neonatal screening and steroid analysis, technological advancements in the field have resulted in MS becoming more powerful, versatile, and user-friendly than ever before. As such, the potential for the technique in clinical chemistry has exploded. The past two decades have seen advancements in biomarker detection for disease diagnostics, new methods for protein measurement, improved methodologies for reliable therapeutic drug monitoring, and novel technologies for automation and high throughput. Throughout this time, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine has embraced the rapidly developing field of mass spectrometry, endeavoring to highlight the latest techniques and applications that have the potential to revolutionize clinical testing. This mini review will highlight a selection of these critical contributions to the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Rankin-Turner
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology , Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Liam M. Heaney
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences , Loughborough University , Loughborough , UK
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Dasauni P, Chhabra V, Kumar G, Kundu S. Advances in mass spectrometric methods for detection of hemoglobin disorders. Anal Biochem 2021; 629:114314. [PMID: 34303693 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2021.114314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Hemoglobin disorders are caused due to alterations in the hemoglobin molecules. These disorders are categorized in two broad classes - hemoglobin variants and thalassemias. The hemoglobin variants arise due to point mutations in the alpha (α), beta (β), gamma (γ), delta (δ), or epsilon (ε) globin chains of these proteins, while thalassemias are caused due to the under-production of α or β globin chain. Hemoglobin disorders account for 7 % of the major health issues globally. Mass Spectrometry is an extensively used analytical tool in the field of protein identification, protein-protein interaction, biomarker discovery and diagnosis of several impairments including hemoglobin related disorders. The remarkable advancements in the technology and method development have enormously augmented the clinical significance of mass spectrometry in these fields. The present review describes hemoglobin disorders and the recent advancements in mass spectrometry in the detection of such disorders, including its advantages, lacunae, and future directions. The literature evidence concludes that mass spectrometry can be potentially used as a 'First Line Screening Assay' for the detection of hemoglobin disorders in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushpanjali Dasauni
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Varun Chhabra
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Gaurav Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Suman Kundu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India.
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8
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Liu L, Jin X, Wu Y, Yang M, Xu T, Li X, Ren J, Yan LL. A Novel Dried Blood Spot Detection Strategy for Characterizing Cardiovascular Diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:542519. [PMID: 33195447 PMCID: PMC7583634 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.542519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death in China. Conventional diagnostic methods are dependent on advanced instruments, which are expensive, inaccessible, and inconvenient in underdeveloped areas. To build a novel dried blood spot (DBS) detection strategy for imaging CVDs, in this study, a total of 12 compounds, including seven amino acids [homocysteine (Hcy), isoleucine (Ile), leucine (Leu), valine (Val), phenylalanine (Phe), tyrosine (Tyr), and tryptophan (Trp)], three amino acid derivatives [choline, betaine, and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO)], L-carnitine, and creatinine, were screened for their ability to identify CVD. A rapid and reliable method was established for the quantitative analysis of the 12 compounds in DBS. A total of 526 CVD patients and 200 healthy volunteers in five provinces of China were recruited and divided into the following groups: stroke, coronary heart disease, diabetes, and high blood pressure. The orthogonal projection to latent structures-discriminant analysis (OPLSDA) model was used to characterize the difference between each CVD group. Marked differences between the groups based on the OPLSDA model were observed. Based on the model, the patients in the three training sets were mostly accurately categorized into the appropriate group. In addition, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and logistic regression of each metabolite chosen by the OPLSDA model had an excellent predictive value in both the test and validation groups. DBS detection of 12 biomarkers was sensitive and powerful for characterizing different types of CVD. Such differentiation may reduce unnecessary invasive coronary angiography, enhance predictive value, and complement current diagnostic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linsheng Liu
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xurui Jin
- Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China
| | - Yangfeng Wu
- Peking University Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Yang
- Suzhou BioNovoGene Metabolomics Platform, Suzhou, China
| | - Tao Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,The Therapeutic Antibody Research Center of SEU-Alphamab, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xianglian Li
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jianhong Ren
- Suzhou BioNovoGene Metabolomics Platform, Suzhou, China
| | - Lijing L Yan
- Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China
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9
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Analytical Chemistry in the 21st Century: Challenges, Solutions, and Future Perspectives of Complex Matrices Quantitative Analyses in Biological/Clinical Field. ANALYTICA 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/analytica1010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, the challenges in analytical chemistry, and mostly in quantitative analysis, include the development and validation of new materials, strategies and procedures to meet the growing need for rapid, sensitive, selective and green methods. In this context, considering the constantly updated International Guidelines, constant innovation is mandatory both in the pre-treatment procedures and in the instrumental configurations to obtain reliable, true, and reproducible information. In this context, additionally to the classic plasma (or serum) matrices, biopsies, whole blood, and urine have seen an increase in the works that also consider non-conventional matrices. Obviously, all these studies have shown that there is a correlation between the blood levels and those found in the new matrix, in order to be able to correlate and compare the results in a robust way and reduce any bias problems. This review provides an update of the most recent developments currently in use in the sample pre-treatment and instrument configurations in the biological/clinical fields. Furthermore, the review concludes with a series of considerations regarding the role and future developments of Analytical Chemistry in light of the forthcoming challenges and new goals to be achieved.
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10
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Heaney LM. Advancements in mass spectrometry as a tool for clinical analysis: Part I. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 58:639-642. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2020-0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liam M. Heaney
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
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