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Cao R, Xu S, Yu Z, Xu L, Ge Z, Huo Q, Zhu G, Qiao B. Integration of protein L-immobilized epoxy magnetic bead capture with LC-MS/MS for therapeutic monoclonal antibody quantification in serum. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:3720-3731. [PMID: 38808588 DOI: 10.1039/d4ay00433g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the thriving monoclonal antibody (mAb) industry due to the wide utilization of mAbs in clinical therapies. Robust and accurate bioanalytical methods are required to enable fast quantification of mAbs in biological matrices, especially in the context of pharmacokinetics (PKs)/pharmacodynamics (PDs) and therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) studies. In this investigation, we presented a novel immuno-magnetic capture coupled with a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method designed for the quantification of immunoglobulin G-kappa-based mAbs in biological fluids. The immunoaffinity absorbent for mAb drug purification was meticulously crafted by immobilizing protein L onto monosize, magnetic poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (m-pGMA) beads, synthesized through dispersion polymerization. The microspheres were acquired with an average size of 1.6 μm, and the optimal binding of mAbs from the aqueous mAb solution was determined to be 45.82 mg g-1. The quantification of mAbs in 10 μL serum samples was achieved through affinity purification using m-pGMA@protein L beads (employing rituximab as an internal standard (IS)), on-bead reduction, and rapid tryptic digestion. Remarkably, the entire process, taking less than 2.5 hours, held significant potential for simplifying pretreatment procedures and minimizing analytical time. Furthermore, the developed method underwent validation in accordance with the European Medicines Agency (EMA) guidelines. The assay demonstrated commendable linearity within the 2-400 μg mL-1 range for both daratumumab and pembrolizumab. Intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation fell within the range of 0.7% to 13.4%, meeting established acceptance criteria. Other validation parameters also conformed to regulatory standards. Ultimately, the efficacy of the method was substantiated in a pharmacokinetic study following a single-dose intravenous administration to mice, underscoring its applicability and reliability in real-world scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Cao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Songlin Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhirui Yu
- Safety and Technology Center of Industry Products, Tianjin Custom, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Liang Xu
- Tianjin Medical College, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Zhiqiang Ge
- School of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Qianyu Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China.
| | - Guoqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China.
| | - Bin Qiao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Frontiers Research Institute for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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Meldrum KL, Swansiger AK, Daniels MM, Hale WA, Kirmiz Cody C, Qiu X, Knierman M, Sausen J, Prell JS. Gábor Transform-Based Signal Isolation, Rapid Deconvolution, and Quantitation of Intact Protein Ions with Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2024; 96:9512-9523. [PMID: 38788216 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) is a powerful technique for the characterization and quantitation of complex biological mixtures, with several applications including clinical monitoring and tissue imaging. However, these medical and pharmaceutical applications are pushing the analytical limits of modern HRMS techniques, requiring either further development in instrumentation or data processing methods. Here, we demonstrate new developments in the interactive Fourier-transform analysis for mass spectrometry (iFAMS) software including the first application of Gábor transform (GT) to protein quantitation. Newly added automation tools detect signals from minimal user input and apply thresholds for signal selection, deconvolution, and baseline correction to improve the objectivity and reproducibility of deconvolution. Additional tools were added to improve the deconvolution of highly complex or congested mass spectra and are demonstrated here for the first time. The "Gábor Slicer" enables the user to explore trends in the Gábor spectrogram with instantaneous ion mass estimates accurate to 10 Da. The charge adjuster allows for easy visual confirmation of accurate charge state assignments and quick adjustment if necessary. Deconvolution refinement utilizes a second GT of isotopically resolved data to remove common deconvolution artifacts. To assess the quality of deconvolution from iFAMS, several comparisons are made to deconvolutions using other algorithms such as UniDec and an implementation of MaxEnt in Agilent MassHunter BioConfirm. Lastly, the newly added batch processing and quantitation capabilities of iFAMS are demonstrated and compared to a common extracted ion chromatogram approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayd L Meldrum
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, United States
| | - Andrew K Swansiger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, United States
| | - Meghan M Daniels
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, United States
| | - Wendi A Hale
- Agilent Technologies, Inc., 5301 Stevens Creek Blvd., Santa Clara, California 95051, United States
| | - Crystal Kirmiz Cody
- Agilent Technologies, Inc., 5301 Stevens Creek Blvd., Santa Clara, California 95051, United States
| | - Xi Qiu
- Agilent Technologies, Inc., 5301 Stevens Creek Blvd., Santa Clara, California 95051, United States
| | - Michael Knierman
- Agilent Technologies, Inc., 5301 Stevens Creek Blvd., Santa Clara, California 95051, United States
| | - John Sausen
- Agilent Technologies, Inc., 5301 Stevens Creek Blvd., Santa Clara, California 95051, United States
| | - James S Prell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, United States
- Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1252, United States
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Gautam SS, Singh SP. Immunopurification Reagents and Their Application in Biologics and Biomarker Quantitation Using LC-MS/MS in Drug Discovery. J Chromatogr Sci 2023; 61:799-805. [PMID: 36469494 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmac096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
The LC-MS/MS technology is one of the most utilized bio-analytical tools owing to its advantage of selectivity, sensitivity and multitasking. The advent of novel biological therapies and increasing demand for protein biomarker identification and quantitation have put the LC-MS/MS technology at the forefront. The questions which are been posed to the LC-MS/MS scientist are complex. The complexity of the question increases further with the matrices in which these questions need to be answered. To bring down the complexity of the analysis, LC-MS/MS technology is utilizing the immunopurification (IP) technique as the new sample preparation technique. The IP reagents are the most common reagents which are used to decrease the matrices' complexity and allow the LC-MS/MS system to reach greater sensitivity. The utilization of these reagents is increasing every day, but the proper utilization of these reagents is still unknown to the common analyst in drug discovery. The present review throws light on the utilization aspect of these reagents, as we have classified these reagents on basis of their utilization, which will allow the readers to gain an understanding of these reagents. This review will also talk about the merits and the demerits of each approach and the current understanding of utilizing these reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashyendra Singh Gautam
- Toxicokinetics Laboratory/Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow 226001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 200102, India
- Biocon-Bristol-Myers Squibb Research Centre, Syngene International Ltd, Bangalore 560100, India
| | - Sheelendra Pratap Singh
- Toxicokinetics Laboratory/Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow 226001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 200102, India
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Matlak P, Brozmanova H, Sistik P, Kacirova I, Hradilek P, Grundmann M. Liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry method for determination of natalizumab in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 234:115542. [PMID: 37364452 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Natalizumab is a humanized recombinant monoclonal IgG4 antibody used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Commonly used methods for natalizumab and anti-natalizumab antibodies quantification are enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and radioimmunoassay, respectively. Measurement of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies can be challenging due to the resemblance to human plasma immunoglobulins. Recent developments in mass spectrometry enables to analyze vast variety of large protein molecules. The aim of this study was to develop a LC-MS/MS method for determining natalizumab in human serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and apply it to clinical settings. For successful quantification, it was necessary to find specific sequences of peptides in natalizumab. This immunoglobulin was treated with dithiothreitol and iodoacetamide, cleaved with trypsin into short specific peptides and determined on a UPLC-MS/MS system. An Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column at 55 °C and gradient elution was used for analysis. Intra- and interassay accuracies and precisions were tested at four concentration levels. Precision was determined by coefficients of variation and was in the range of 0.8-10.2 %, with accuracy in the range of 89.8-106.4 %. The concentration of natalizumab in patient samples ranged from 1.8 to 193.3 μg/mL. The method was validated according to the European Medicines Agency (EMA) guideline, met all acceptance criteria for accuracy and precision, and is suitable for clinical applications. In comparison to immunoassay, which can be elevated by cross-reaction with endogenous immunoglobulins, the results of developed LC-MS/MS method are more accurate and specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Matlak
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Syllabova 19, 703 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Ostrava, 17. listopadu 1790, 708 52 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Brozmanova
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Ostrava, 17. listopadu 1790, 708 52 Ostrava, Czech Republic; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Syllabova 19, 703 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Sistik
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Ostrava, 17. listopadu 1790, 708 52 Ostrava, Czech Republic; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Syllabova 19, 703 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic.
| | - Ivana Kacirova
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Ostrava, 17. listopadu 1790, 708 52 Ostrava, Czech Republic; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Syllabova 19, 703 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Hradilek
- Clinic of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic; Clinic of Neurology, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Grundmann
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Ostrava, 17. listopadu 1790, 708 52 Ostrava, Czech Republic; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Syllabova 19, 703 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
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Rankin-Turner S, Heaney LM. Mass spectrometry in the clinical laboratory. A short journey through the contribution to the scientific literature by CCLM. Clin Chem Lab Med 2022; 61:873-879. [PMID: 36282951 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2022-0984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) has been a gold standard in the clinical laboratory for decades. Although historically refined to limited areas of study such as neonatal screening and steroid analysis, technological advancements in the field have resulted in MS becoming more powerful, versatile, and user-friendly than ever before. As such, the potential for the technique in clinical chemistry has exploded. The past two decades have seen advancements in biomarker detection for disease diagnostics, new methods for protein measurement, improved methodologies for reliable therapeutic drug monitoring, and novel technologies for automation and high throughput. Throughout this time, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine has embraced the rapidly developing field of mass spectrometry, endeavoring to highlight the latest techniques and applications that have the potential to revolutionize clinical testing. This mini review will highlight a selection of these critical contributions to the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Rankin-Turner
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology , Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Liam M. Heaney
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences , Loughborough University , Loughborough , UK
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Amrani ME, van der Elst KC, Huitema AD, van Luin M. Middle-up quantification of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies in human plasma with two dimensional liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry: Adalimumab as a proof of principle. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1665:462840. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.462840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Ravulizumab: Characterization and quantitation of a new C5 inhibitor using isotype specific affinity purification and high-resolution mass spectrometry. J Mass Spectrom Adv Clin Lab 2021; 21:10-18. [PMID: 34820672 PMCID: PMC8601004 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmsacl.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Ravulizumab (RAVUL) is a new complement inhibitor, with a difference of 4 amino acids in the heavy chain from a predecessor compound, eculizumab (ECUL). Objectives First, to utilize mass spectrometry (MS) to characterize RAVUL and verify differences from its predecessor and, second, to validate and implement a lab developed test (LDT) for RAVUL that will allow for quantitative therapeutic monitoring. Methods A time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOF-MS) was used to characterize and differentiate the molecular weight differences between RAVUL and ECUL by both digest and reduction experiments. In parallel, an LDT for RAVUL was validated and implemented utilizing IgG4 enrichment with light chain detection and quantitation on a high throughput orbitrap MS platform. Results The TOF-MS platform allowed for the mass difference between RAVUL and ECUL to be verified along with providing a proof of concept for a new intact protein quantitation software. An LDT on an orbitrap MS was validated and implemented using intact light chain quantitation, with the limitation that it cannot differentiate between ECUL and RAVUL. The LDT has an analytical measuring range from 5 to 600 mcg/mL, inter-assay imprecision of ≤13% CV (n = 13) and accuracy with <4% error from expected values (n = 20). Conclusion The TOF-MS is a versatile development platform that can be used to characterize and verify the molecular weight differences between the ECUL and RAVUL heavy chains. Routine laboratory testing for RAVUL was viable using an orbitrap-MS to quantitate using the mass of the intact light chain. These two platforms, combined, provide incomparable value in development of LDTs for the clinical laboratory.
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Key Words
- AMR, analytical measuring range
- C5, complement component 5
- DTT, dithiothreitol
- Da, daltons
- ECUL, eculizumab
- Eculizumab
- Fc, crystallizable fragment
- HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography
- IRB, Institutional Review Board
- IS, internal standard
- Intact light chain
- LC, liquid chromatography
- LDT, lab-developed test
- LLOD, lower limit of detection
- LLOQ, lower limit of quantitation
- LOB, limit of blankMS, mass spectrometry
- MW, molecular weight
- Mass spectrometry
- NHS, normal human serum
- NIVOL, nivolumab
- Orbitrap
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- PNH, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
- Q-TOF, quadrupole time-of-flight
- RAVUL, ravulizumab
- Ravulizumab
- Therapeutic monoclonal antibody
- Time of flight
- XIC, extracted ion chromatogram
- aHUS, atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome
- t-mAb, therapeutic monoclonal antibody
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Heaney LM. Advancements in mass spectrometry as a tool for clinical analysis: part II. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 58:855-857. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2020-0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liam M. Heaney
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences , Loughborough University , Loughborough LE11 3TU , UK
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