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Caverzan MD, Ibarra LE. Advancing glioblastoma treatment through iron metabolism: A focus on TfR1 and Ferroptosis innovations. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 278:134777. [PMID: 39153669 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 08/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) represents a formidable challenge in oncology, characterized by aggressive proliferation and poor prognosis. Iron metabolism plays a critical player in GBM progression, with dysregulated iron uptake and utilization contributing to tumor growth and therapeutic resistance. Iron's pivotal role in DNA synthesis, oxidative stress, and angiogenesis underscores its significance in GBM pathogenesis. Elevated expression of iron transporters, such as transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1), highlights the tumor's reliance on iron for survival. Innovative treatment strategies targeting iron dysregulation hold promise for overcoming therapeutic challenges in GBM management. Approaches such as iron chelation therapies, induction of ferroptosis to nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems exploit iron-dependent vulnerabilities, offering avenues for enhance treatment efficacy and improve patient outcomes. As research advances, understanding the complexities of iron-mediated carcinogenesis provides a foundation for developing precision medicine approaches tailored to combat GBM effectively. This review explores the intricate relationship between iron metabolism and GBM, elucidating its multifaceted implications and therapeutic opportunities. By consolidating the latest insights into iron metabolism in GBM, this review underscores its potential as a therapeutic target for improving patient care in combination with the standard of care approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías D Caverzan
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Tecnologías Energéticas y Materiales Avanzados (IITEMA), Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto (UNRC) y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Río Cuarto X5800BIA, Argentina; Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Rio Cuarto X5800BIA, Argentina
| | - Luis E Ibarra
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicoquímicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Rio Cuarto X5800BIA, Argentina; Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud (INBIAS), Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto (UNRC) y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Rio Cuarto X5800BIA, Argentina.
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Chen Q, Zheng Y, Chen X, Xing Y, Zhang J, Yan X, Zhang Q, Wu D, Chen Z. Bacteria Synergized with PD-1 Blockade Enhance Positive Feedback Loop of Cancer Cells-M1 Macrophages-T Cells in Glioma. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2308124. [PMID: 38520726 PMCID: PMC11132069 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is an attractive strategy because it stimulates immune cells to target malignant cells by regulating the intrinsic activity of the immune system. However, due to lacking many immunologic markers, it remains difficult to treat glioma, a representative "cold" tumor. Herein, to wake the "hot" tumor immunity of glioma, Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) is customized with a coating to create an immunogenic tumor microenvironment and further prove the effect in combination with the immune checkpoint agent anti-PD-1, exhibiting elevated therapeutic efficacy. This is accomplished not by enhancing the delivery of PD-1 blockade to enhance the effect of immunotherapy, but by introducing bacterial photothermal therapy to promote greater involvement of M1 cells in the immune response. After reaching glioma, the bacteria further target glioma cells and M2 phenotype macrophages selectively, enabling precise photothermal conversion for lysing tumor cells and M2 phenotype macrophages, which thereby enhances the positive feedback loop of cancer cells-M1 macrophages-T cells. Collectively, the bacteria synergized with PD-1 blockade strategy may be the key to overcoming the immunosuppressive glioma microenvironment and improving the outcome of immunotherapy toward glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Chen
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Medical EngineeringFuzhou UniversityFuzhouFujian350108China
| | - Yuyi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang ProvinceSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310053China
| | - Xiaojie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang ProvinceSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310053China
| | - Yuan Xing
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Medical EngineeringFuzhou UniversityFuzhouFujian350108China
| | - Jiajie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang ProvinceSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310053China
| | - Xinyi Yan
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang ProvinceSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310053China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang ProvinceSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310053China
| | - Di Wu
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang ProvinceSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310053China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang ProvinceSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310053China
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Wang J, Zhou T, Liu Y, Chen S, Yu Z. Application of Nanoparticles in the Treatment of Lung Cancer With Emphasis on Receptors. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:781425. [PMID: 35082668 PMCID: PMC8785094 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.781425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the malignant tumors that has seen the most rapid growth in terms of morbidity and mortality in recent years, posing the biggest threat to people’s health and lives. In recent years, the nano-drug loading system has made significant progress in the detection, diagnosis, and treatment of lung cancer. Nanomaterials are used to specifically target tumor tissue to minimize therapeutic adverse effects and increase bioavailability. It is achieved primarily through two mechanisms: passive targeting, which entails the use of enhanced penetration and retention (EPR) effect, and active targeting, which entails the loading recognition ligands for tumor marker molecules onto nanomaterials. However, it has been demonstrated that the EPR effect is effective in rodents but not in humans. Taking this into consideration, researchers paid significant attention to the active targeting nano-drug loading system. Additionally, it has been demonstrated to have a higher affinity and specificity for tumor cells. In this review, it describes the development of research into active targeted nano-drug delivery systems for lung cancer treatment from the receptors’ or targets’ perspective. We anticipate that this study will help biomedical researchers use nanoparticles (NPs) to treat lung cancer by providing more and novel drug delivery strategies or solid ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyue Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tong Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Respiration, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuangmin Chen
- Department of Respiration, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhenxiang Yu
- Department of Respiration, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Widiyanti P, Kuehn H, Soetjipto S. Osteoblast iron genes: real time PCR and microarray hybridization approach under hyperoxia. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 32:491-496. [PMID: 34214335 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2020-0471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Iron is essential for cell growth, differentiation, electron transfer, and oxygen transport. Hyperoxia may increase the turnover of bone matrix components with a net effect of accelerated bone growth. Although hyperoxia was claimed could increase osteoblast activity, but expression level in possible genes which play role in proliferation is still unclear. This research aims to prove the differences of expression level of transferrin receptor gene and iron regulated transporter and other genes of 7F2 under 24 h normoxia, 24 h hyperoxia, and 48 h hyperoxia and the effect of hyperoxia by using osteoblast cell culture 7F2. METHODS Reverse transcriptase, real time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), and microarray is used to qualitatively detect gene expression. The computer softwares such as National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) data base, Software Affymetrix, DNA Strider program, Genomatix - DiAlign program, Oligo 5.0 program (Software primer design) from Wojciech & Piotr Rychlik, and Genetyx-Mac version 8.0 have been used to analyze the PCR result. RESULTS Under 24 h hyperoxia, there were 3,884 copies of transferrin receptor mRNA per 1,000,000 copies of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) mRNA. After 24 h hyperoxia, 8,325 copies of transferrin receptor mRNA per 1,000,000 GAPDH mRNA copies were found showing 2.1-fold up regulation. After 48 h hyperoxia, there was no significant increase at the level of expression of transferrin receptor mRNA, 8,079 mRNA copies per 1,000,000 copies of mRNA were found (2.0-fold up regulation compared with 24 h normoxia). CONCLUSIONS It can be concluded that hyperoxia might have an effect on upregulating the expression of some osteoblast genes which might have an impact on osteoblast activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prihartini Widiyanti
- Department of Physics, Biomedical Engineering Study Program, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Hartmut Kuehn
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charite University of Clinics, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Soetjipto Soetjipto
- Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
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Enko D, Wagner H, Kriegshäuser G, Wögerer J, Halwachs-Baumann G, Schnedl WJ, Zelzer S, Fauler G, Mangge H, Markus H, Meinitzer A. Iron status determination in individuals with Helicobacter pylori infection: conventional vs. new laboratory biomarkers. Clin Chem Lab Med 2019; 57:982-989. [PMID: 31154451 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2018-1182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Helicobacter pylori has been associated with iron deficiency (ID). This study is aimed at investigating ID with conventional (ferritin, transferrin saturation [TSAT]) and new biomarkers (soluble transferrin receptor [sTfR], sTfR/log ferritin, reticulocyte hemoglobin content [CHr], hepcidin-25) in patients sub-grouped by the presence or absence of H. pylori infection. Methods In total, 200 consecutive outpatients, who were referred for the H. pylori 13C-urea breath test (13C-UBT), underwent blood testing for ID. Additionally, Thomas-plot (TP)-analyses (sTfR/log ferritin, CHr) were calculated. Results Fifty-three and 147 individuals were found with and without H. pylori infection, respectively. Patients with H. pylori infection showed a higher sTfR concentration (p<0.02) and a higher sTfR/log ferritin ratio (p<0.05). Based on a ferritin <30 μg/L and/or a TSAT <20%, 25/53 (47.2%) patients with H. pylori infection and 63/147 (42.9%) without H. pylori infection showed ID. Based on TP-analyses, 10/53 (18.9%) patients with and 17/147 (11.6%) without H. pylori infection were identified with ID. Completed eradication therapy tended to be associated with functional ID. Conclusions Helicobacter pylori infection was associated with significantly higher plasma sTfR concentrations and sTfR/log ferritin ratios. Patients with H. pylori eradication therapy were more often detected with functional ID compared to patients without eradication therapy, when using the new biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar Enko
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, General Hospital Steyr, Steyr, Austria.,Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Helga Wagner
- Department of Applied Statistics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Gernot Kriegshäuser
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, General Hospital Steyr, Steyr, Austria.,Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Julia Wögerer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, General Hospital Steyr, Steyr, Austria
| | | | | | - Sieglinde Zelzer
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Günter Fauler
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Harald Mangge
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Herrmann Markus
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Meinitzer
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Haqqani AS, Thom G, Burrell M, Delaney CE, Brunette E, Baumann E, Sodja C, Jezierski A, Webster C, Stanimirovic DB. Intracellular sorting and transcytosis of the rat transferrin receptor antibody OX26 across the blood-brain barrier in vitro is dependent on its binding affinity. J Neurochem 2018; 146:735-752. [PMID: 29877588 PMCID: PMC6175443 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a formidable obstacle to the delivery of therapeutics to the brain. Antibodies that bind transferrin receptor (TfR), which is enriched in brain endothelial cells, have been shown to cross the BBB and are being developed as fusion proteins to deliver therapeutic cargos to brain targets. Various antibodies have been developed for this purpose and their in vivo evaluation demonstrated that either low affinity or monovalent receptor binding re-directs their transcellular trafficking away from lysosomal degradation and toward improved exocytosis on the abluminal side of the BBB. However, these studies have been performed with antibodies that recognize different TfR epitopes and have different binding characteristics, preventing inter-study comparisons. In this study, the efficiency of transcytosis in vitro and intracellular trafficking in endosomal compartments were evaluated in an in vitro BBB model for affinity variants (Kd from 5 to174 nM) of the rat TfR-binding antibody, OX26. Distribution in subcellular fractions of the rat brain endothelial cells was determined using both targeted quantitative proteomics-selected reaction monitoring and fluorescent imaging with markers of early- and late endosomes. The OX26 variants with affinities of 76 and 108 nM showed improved trancytosis (Papp values) across the in vitro BBB model compared with a 5 nM OX26. Although ~40% of the 5 nM OX26 and ~35% of TfR co-localized with late-endosome/lysosome compartment, 76 and 108 nM affinity variants showed lower amounts in lysosomes and a predominant co-localization with early endosome markers. The study links bivalent TfR antibody affinity to mechanisms of sorting and trafficking away from late endosomes and lysosomes, resulting in improvement in their transcytosis efficiency. OPEN PRACTICES Open Science: This manuscript was awarded with the Open Materials Badge. For more information see: https://cos.io/our-services/open-science-badges/ Cover Image for this issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.14193.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsalan S. Haqqani
- National Research Council of CanadaHuman Health Therapeutics Research CentreOttawaONCanada
| | - George Thom
- Antibody Discovery and Protein EngineeringMedImmune, Milstein BuildingGranta ParkCambridgeUK
| | - Matthew Burrell
- Antibody Discovery and Protein EngineeringMedImmune, Milstein BuildingGranta ParkCambridgeUK
| | - Christie E. Delaney
- National Research Council of CanadaHuman Health Therapeutics Research CentreOttawaONCanada
| | - Eric Brunette
- National Research Council of CanadaHuman Health Therapeutics Research CentreOttawaONCanada
| | - Ewa Baumann
- National Research Council of CanadaHuman Health Therapeutics Research CentreOttawaONCanada
| | - Caroline Sodja
- National Research Council of CanadaHuman Health Therapeutics Research CentreOttawaONCanada
| | - Anna Jezierski
- National Research Council of CanadaHuman Health Therapeutics Research CentreOttawaONCanada
| | - Carl Webster
- Antibody Discovery and Protein EngineeringMedImmune, Milstein BuildingGranta ParkCambridgeUK
| | - Danica B. Stanimirovic
- National Research Council of CanadaHuman Health Therapeutics Research CentreOttawaONCanada
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Rationale and Design of a Prospective, Multicenter, Observational Study Evaluating Iron Deficiency in Patients Hospitalized for Heart Failure (FERIC-RO). REV ROMANA MED LAB 2018. [DOI: 10.2478/rrlm-2018-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: Several landmark studies, which enrolled heart failure (HF) patients who were ambulatory at the time of inclusion, identified iron deficiency (ID) as an important therapeutic target: intravenous iron administration with ferric carboxymaltose (FCM) improves morbidity, exercise capacity, and quality of life in patients with HF and reduced EF (HFrEF). However, there is still limited knowledge about ID prevalence during hospitalization for Worsening Chronic HF (WCHF) and about the relationship between ID during hospitalization and post-discharge outcomes. Although previous studies documented ID as an independent risk factor for poor outcomes in HFrEF, its prognostic significance in HF patients with EF>40% remains unclear.
Method and Results: The FERIC-RO study is a prospective, multicenter, observational study with longitudinal follow up, conducted in 9 Romanian hospitals that will include 200 consecutive patients admitted for worsening HF. A comprehensive description of the Iron metabolism biomarkers will be performed on discharge and 1-month follow up. The primary endpoint is defined as the prevalence of ID on discharge and 1-month post-discharge, and the secondary endpoints include: all-cause re-hospitalization and all-cause-mortality at 1 and 3 months follow up, and quality of life on discharge and 1-month.
Conclusions: FERIC-RO will provide new evidence about the prevalence and the predictors of ID in patients hospitalized for WCHF regardless of LVEF. Furthermore, the study will explore the relationship between in-hospital ID and post-discharge outcomes. The results of FERIC-RO will thus be highly relevant to the management of patients hospitalized for AHF.
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Stefanova KI, Delcheva GT, Maneva AI, Batalov AZ, Geneva-Popova MG, Karalilova RV, Simitchiev KK. Pathobiochemical Mechanisms Relating Iron Homeostasis with Parameters of Inflammatory Activity and Autoimmune Disorders in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Folia Med (Plovdiv) 2018; 60:124-132. [DOI: 10.1515/folmed-2017-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Aim: To find the correlations between the parameters of iron homeostasis, inflammatory activity and autoimmune disorders in rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
Materials and methods: The present study included 114 patients with RA and 42 healthy controls. We determined the parameters of iron homeostasis: serum iron, total iron binding capacity (TIBC), ferritin and soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), the parameters of inflammatory activity: C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and prohepcidin, and the parameters of autoimmune disorders: rheumatoid factor (RF), anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (antiCCP) antibodies and DAS 28.
Results: The levels of sTfR, CRP, IL-6 and prohepcidin were significantly higher in RA patients than those in the controls and the level of serum iron was significantly lower in RA than that in the control group. Unlike the controls, in RA, there was a significant positive correlation of sTfR with the parameters of inflammatory activity (IL-6, prohepcidin, ESR) and with the parameters of autoimmune disorders (DAS 28, RF, antiCCP). A negative correlation of serum iron with sTfR was found only in RA patients. Prohepcidin positively correlated with the parameters of inflammation (CRP, ESR) and with the parameters for evaluation of autoimmune disorders (DAS 28 and RF) in the RA group.
Conclusion: Our study shows that the simultaneous determination of the two parameters sTfR and prohepcidin is most informative for evaluation of the changes in iron homeostasis in RA. The increase of both parameters provides information for tissue iron deficiency (assessed by the level of sTfR), caused by the inflammation when prohepcidin is expressed.
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Nedić O, Šunderić M, Gligorijević N, Malenković V, Miljuš G. Analysis of Four Circulating Complexes of Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins in Human Blood during Aging. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 82:1200-1206. [PMID: 29037141 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297917100133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The primary role of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) is to regulate availability of IGFs for interacting with receptors, but IGFBPs perform IGF-independent actions as well. The availability and activity of IGFBPs in the circulation is influenced primarily by their concentration and structural modifications, but possibly also by interaction with major plasma proteins such as transferrin, alpha-2-macroglobulin (α2M), and fibrinogen. Four types of circulating IGFBP complexes were examined in this study by immuno- and ligand-binding assays in adults of different age. The amounts of IGFBP-3/transferrin and IGFBP-1/fibrinogen complexes were similar in middle- and old-aged persons, whereas the amounts of IGFBP-1 (or -2)/α2M monomer complexes were lower in the old-aged group and negatively correlated with total IGFBP-1 (or -2) amounts in blood. In contrast to IGFBP-1, IGFBP-2 was present in significantly greater quantities in complexes with α2M dimer than α2M monomer in older individuals. IGFBP complexes did not bind 125I-labeled IGF-I in amounts detectable by ligand blotting. According to the results of this study, the quantities of IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-2, which interact with α2M, are age-dependent and, in the case of complexes with α2M monomer, they are negatively correlated with the total circulating levels of these two IGFBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Nedić
- INEP-Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
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Peterson RD, Wilund KR, Cunningham BT, Andrade JE. Comparison of Methods Study between a Photonic Crystal Biosensor and Certified ELISA to Measure Biomarkers of Iron Deficiency in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17102203. [PMID: 28946680 PMCID: PMC5677296 DOI: 10.3390/s17102203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The total analytical error of a photonic crystal (PC) biosensor in the determination of ferritin and soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) as biomarkers of iron deficiency anemia in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients was evaluated against certified ELISAs. Antigens were extracted from sera of CKD patients using functionalized iron-oxide nanoparticles (fAb-IONs) followed by magnetic separation. Immuno-complexes were recognized by complementary detection Ab affixed to the PC biosensor surface, and their signals were followed using the BIND instrument. Quantification was conducted against actual protein standards. Total calculated error (TEcalc) was estimated based on systematic (SE) and random error (RE) and compared against total allowed error (TEa) based on established quality specifications. Both detection platforms showed adequate linearity, specificity, and sensitivity for biomarkers. Means, SD, and CV were similar between biomarkers for both detection platforms. Compared to ELISA, inherent imprecision was higher on the PC biosensor for ferritin, but not for sTfR. High SE or RE in the PC biosensor when measuring either biomarker resulted in TEcalc higher than the TEa. This did not influence the diagnostic ability of the PC biosensor to discriminate CKD patients with low iron stores. The performance of the PC biosensor is similar to certified ELISAs; however, optimization is required to reduce TEcalc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross D Peterson
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Kenneth R Wilund
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Brian T Cunningham
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Juan E Andrade
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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Barffour MA, Schulze KJ, Coles CL, Chileshe J, Kalungwana N, Arguello M, Siamusantu W, Moss WJ, West KP, Palmer AC. High Iron Stores in the Low Malaria Season Increase Malaria Risk in the High Transmission Season in a Prospective Cohort of Rural Zambian Children. J Nutr 2017; 147:1531-1536. [PMID: 28701387 DOI: 10.3945/jn.117.250381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Higher iron stores, defined by serum ferritin (SF) concentration, may increase malaria risk.Objective: We evaluated the association between SF assessed during low malaria season and the risk of malaria during high malaria season, controlling for inflammation.Methods: Data for this prospective study were collected from children aged 4-8 y (n = 745) participating in a biofortified maize efficacy trial in rural Zambia. All malaria cases were treated at baseline (September 2012). We used baseline SF and malaria status indicated by positive microscopy at endline (March 2013) to define exposure and outcome, respectively. Iron status was defined as deficient (corrected or uncorrected SF <12 or <15 μg/L, depending on age <5 or ≥5 y, respectively), moderate (<75 μg/L, excluding deficient), or high (≥75 μg/L). We used a modified Poisson regression to model the risk of malaria in the high transmission seasons (endline) as a function of iron status assessed in the low malaria seasons (baseline).Results: We observed an age-dependent, positive dose-response association between ferritin in the low malaria season and malaria incidence during the high malaria season in younger children. In children aged <6 y (but not older children), we observed a relative increase in malaria risk in the moderate iron status [incidence rate ratio (IRR) with SF: 1.56; 95% CI: 0.64, 3.86; IRR with inflammation-corrected SF: 1.92; 95% CI: 0.75, 4.93] and high iron status (IRR with SF: 2.66; 95% CI: 1.10, 6.43; or IRR with corrected SF: 2.93; 95% CI: 1.17, 7.33) categories compared with the deficient iron status category. The relative increase in malaria risk for children with high iron status was statistically significant only among those with a concurrently normal serum soluble transferrin receptor concentration (<8.3 mg/L; IRR: 1.97; 95% CI: 1.20, 7.37).Conclusions: Iron adequacy in 4- to 8-y-old children in rural Zambia was associated with increased malaria risk. Our findings underscore the need to integrate iron interventions with malaria control programs. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01695148.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell A Barffour
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Kerry J Schulze
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Christian L Coles
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | | | | | - Margia Arguello
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - William J Moss
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Keith P West
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Amanda C Palmer
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD;
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Thomas L, Thomas C. Detection of iron restriction in anaemic and non-anaemic patients: New diagnostic approaches. Eur J Haematol 2017; 99:262-268. [PMID: 28618058 DOI: 10.1111/ejh.12914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to detect iron restriction in non-anaemic patients and iron-restricted erythropoiesis (IRE) in patients with anaemia. METHOD Haematologic indices and biochemical markers of iron deficiency (ID) were determined using the clinically accepted cut-off level for serum ferritin of ≤30 μg/L as reference of ID. To evaluate the prevalence of iron restriction and IRE in patients with higher ferritin levels, we used the thresholds of the markers of ID as reference. RESULTS In the anaemic group, 17.1% of patients with ferritin levels >30 μg/L had IRE. The number of patients with IRE declined with increasing ferritin concentration. Approximately 14% of patients without anaemia and ferritin levels >30 μg/L had iron restriction because of iron-sequestration syndromes. About 30% of the anaemic patients with IRE had ferritin concentrations in the range >300 μg/L, but no patient of the non-anaemic group. CONCLUSIONS Detection of iron restriction and IRE in patients with ferritin levels >30 μg/L is not possible with a single test used in isolation. Based on the results, we have developed a scoring system to provide optimal guidance for the evaluation of iron restriction in non-anaemic patients and iron-restricted erythropoiesis (IRE) in patients with anaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lothar Thomas
- Central laboratory for Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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Stefanova KI, Delcheva GT, Maneva AI, Batalov AZ, Geneva-Popova MG, Karalilova RV, Simitchiev KK. Pathobiochemical Mechanisms Relating Iron Homeostasis to Parameters of Inflammatory Activity and Autoimmune Disorders in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Folia Med (Plovdiv) 2016; 58:257-263. [DOI: 10.1515/folmed-2016-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Aim: To find the correlations between the parameters of iron homeostasis, inflammatory activity and autoimmune disorders in rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
Materials and methods: The present study included 114 patients with RA and 42 healthy controls. We determined the parameters of iron homeostasis: serum iron, total iron binding capacity (TIBC), ferritin and soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), the parameters of inflammatory activity: C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and prohepcidin, and the parameters of autoimmune disorders: rheumatoid factor (RF), anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (antiCCP) antibodies, and DAS 28.
Results: The levels of sTfR, CRP, IL-6 and prohepcidin were significantly higher in RA patients than those in the controls and the level of serum iron was significantly lower in RA than that in the control group. Unlike the controls, in RA, there was a significant positive correlation of sTfR with the parameters of inflammatory activity (IL-6, prohepcidin, ESR) and with the parameters of autoimmune disorders (DAS 28, RF, antiCCP). A negative correlation of serum iron with sTfR was found only in RA patients. Prohepcidin positively correlated with the parameters of inflammation (CRP, ESR) and with the parameters for evaluation of autoimmune disorders (DAS 28 and RF) in the RA group.
Conclusion: Our study shows that the simultaneous determination of the two parameters sTfR and prohepcidin is most informative in evaluating the changes in iron homeostasis in RA. The increase of both parameters provides information for tissue iron deficiency (assessed by the level of sTfR), caused by the inflammation when prohepcidin is expressed.
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Abstract
Anaemia is a condition in which the number of red cells necessary to meet the body's physiological requirements is insufficient. Iron deficiency anaemia and the anaemia of chronic disease are the two most common causes of anaemia worldwide;1 iron homeostasis plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of both diseases. An understanding of how iron studies can be used to distinguish between these diseases is therefore essential not only for diagnosis but also in guiding management. This review will primarily focus on iron deficiency anaemia and anaemia of chronic disease; however, iron overload in anaemia will also be briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Y Peng
- The Centre for Haemostasis and Thrombosis, Department of Haematology, St George's Hospital, London, UK
| | - James Uprichard
- The Centre for Haemostasis and Thrombosis, Department of Haematology, St George's Hospital, London, UK
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15
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MRI Reporter Genes for Noninvasive Molecular Imaging. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21050580. [PMID: 27213309 PMCID: PMC6273230 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21050580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is one of the most important imaging technologies used in clinical diagnosis. Reporter genes for MRI can be applied to accurately track the delivery of cell in cell therapy, evaluate the therapy effect of gene delivery, and monitor tissue/cell-specific microenvironments. Commonly used reporter genes for MRI usually include genes encoding the enzyme (e.g., tyrosinase and β-galactosidase), the receptor on the cells (e.g., transferrin receptor), and endogenous reporter genes (e.g., ferritin reporter gene). However, low sensitivity limits the application of MRI and reporter gene-based multimodal imaging strategies are common including optical imaging and radionuclide imaging. These can significantly improve diagnostic efficiency and accelerate the development of new therapies.
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Enko D, Wagner H, Kriegshäuser G, Kimbacher C, Stolba R, Halwachs-Baumann G. Assessment of human iron status: A cross-sectional study comparing the clinical utility of different laboratory biomarkers and definitions of iron deficiency in daily practice. Clin Biochem 2015; 48:891-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Ali S. Questions and answers. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2015. [DOI: 10.4103/1110-7782.159479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Yoon SH, Kim DS, Yu ST, Shin SR, Choi DY. The usefulness of soluble transferrin receptor in the diagnosis and treatment of iron deficiency anemia in children. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2015; 58:15-9. [PMID: 25729394 PMCID: PMC4342776 DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2015.58.1.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) is a truncated extracellular form of the membrane transferrin receptor produced by proteolysis. Concentrations of serum sTfR are related to iron status and erythropoiesis in the body. We investigated whether serum sTfR levels can aid in diagnosis and treatment of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in children. METHODS Ninety-eight patients with IDA were enrolled and were classified according to age at diagnosis. Group 1 comprised 78 children, aged 6-59 months, and group 2 comprised 20 adolescents, aged 12-16 years. RESULTS In group 1, patients' serum sTfR levels correlated negatively with mean corpuscular volume; hemoglobin (Hb), ferritin, and serum iron levels; and transferrin saturation and positively with total iron binding capacity (TIBC) and red cell distribution width. In group 2, patients' serum sTfR levels did not correlate with ferritin levels and TIBC, but had a significant relationship with other iron indices. Hb and serum sTfR levels had a significant inverse relationship in both groups; however, in group 1, there was no correlation between Hb and serum ferritin levels. In 30 patients of group 1, serum sTfR levels were significantly decreased with an increase in Hb levels after iron supplementation for 1 month. CONCLUSION Serum sTfR levels significantly correlated with other diagnostic iron parameters of IDA and inversely correlated with an increase in Hb levels following iron supplementation. Therefore, serum sTfR levels can be a useful marker for the diagnosis and treatment of IDA in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Hoon Yoon
- Department of Pediatrics, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Korea
| | - Dong Sup Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Korea
| | - Seung Taek Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Korea
| | - Sae Ron Shin
- Department of Family Medicine, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Korea
| | - Du Young Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Korea
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Rogler G, Vavricka S. Anemia in inflammatory bowel disease: an under-estimated problem? Front Med (Lausanne) 2015; 1:58. [PMID: 25646159 PMCID: PMC4298217 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2014.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anemia is one of the most frequent complications and/or extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Iron deficiency is the most important cause of anemia in Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis patients. Iron deficiency even without anemia may impact the quality of life of our IBD patients. In the last 10 years, the understanding of the pathology of iron-deficiency anemia and “anemia of chronic diseases” has increased; new diagnostic tools have been developed and new therapeutic strategies have been discussed. Hepcidin has been identified to be a central regulator of iron absorption from the intestine and of iron plasma levels. Hepcidin is regulated by iron deficiency but also as an acute phase protein by pro-inflammatory mediators such as interleukin-6. Innovative diagnostic tools have not been introduced in clinical routine or are not available for routine diagnostics. As iron substitution therapy is easy these days with a preference for intravenous substitution, the impact of differential diagnosis of anemia in IBD patients is underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Rogler
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zürich , Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Stephan Vavricka
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zürich , Zürich , Switzerland ; Division of Gastroenterology, Triemlispital , Zürich , Switzerland
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Penha-Gonçalves C, Gozzelino R, de Moraes LV. Iron overload in Plasmodium berghei-infected placenta as a pathogenesis mechanism of fetal death. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:155. [PMID: 25071574 PMCID: PMC4077027 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium infection during gestation may lead to severe clinical manifestations including abortion, stillbirth, intrauterine growth retardation, and low birth weight. Mechanisms underlying such poor pregnancy outcomes are still unclear. In the animal model of severe placental malaria (PM), in utero fetal death frequently occurs and mothers often succumb to infection before or immediately after delivery. Plasmodium berghei-infected erythrocytes (IEs) continuously accumulate in the placenta, where they are then phagocytosed by fetal-derived placental cells, namely trophoblasts. Inside the phagosomes, disruption of IEs leads to the release of non-hemoglobin bound heme, which is subsequently catabolized by heme oxygenase-1 into carbon monoxide, biliverdin, and labile iron. Fine-tuned regulatory mechanisms operate to maintain iron homeostasis, preventing the deleterious effect of iron-induced oxidative stress. Our preliminary results demonstrate that iron overload in trophoblasts of P. berghei-infected placenta is associated with fetal death. Placentas which supported normally developing embryos showed no iron accumulation within the trophoblasts. Placentas from dead fetuses showed massive iron accumulation, which was associated with parasitic burden. Here we present preliminary data suggesting that disruption of iron homeostasis in trophoblasts during the course of PM is a consequence of heme accumulation after intense IE engulfment. We propose that iron overload in placenta is a pathogenic component of PM, contributing to fetal death. The mechanism through which it operates still needs to be elucidated.
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Yang G, Shi W, Hu X, Zhang J, Gong Z, Guo X, Ren Z, Zeng F. Therapeutic effects of induced pluripotent stem cells in chimeric mice with β-thalassemia. Haematologica 2014; 99:1304-11. [PMID: 24816238 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2013.087916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although β-thalassemia is one of the most common human genetic diseases, there is still no effective treatment other than bone marrow transplantation. Induced pluripotent stem cells have been considered good candidates for the future repair or replacement of malfunctioning organs. As a basis for developing transgenic induced pluripotent stem cell therapies for thalassemia, β(654) induced pluripotent stem cells from a β(654) -thalassemia mouse transduced with the normal human β-globin gene, and the induced pluripotent stem cells with an erythroid-expressing reporter GFP were used to produce chimeric mice. Using these chimera models, we investigated changes in various pathological indices including hematologic parameters and tissue pathology. Our data showed that when the chimerism of β(654) induced pluripotent stem cells with the normal human β-globin gene in β(654) mice is over 30%, the pathology of anemia appeared to be reversed, while chimerism ranging from 8% to 16% provided little improvement in the typical β-thalassemia phenotype. Effective alleviation of thalassemia-related phenotypes was observed when chimerism with the induced pluripotent stem cells owning the erythroid-expressing reporter GFP in β(654) mouse was greater than 10%. Thus, 10% or more expression of the exogenous normal β-globin gene reduces the degree of anemia in our β-thalassemia mouse model, whereas treatment with β(654) induced pluripotent stem cells which had the normal human β-globin gene had stable therapeutic effects but in a more dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanheng Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Insitute of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University Key Laboratory of Embryo Molecular Biology, Ministry of Health of China and Shanghai Laboratory of Embryo and Reproduction Engineering, China
| | - Wansheng Shi
- Insitute of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University
| | - Xingyin Hu
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Insitute of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University Key Laboratory of Embryo Molecular Biology, Ministry of Health of China and Shanghai Laboratory of Embryo and Reproduction Engineering, China
| | - Jingzhi Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Key Laboratory of Embryo Molecular Biology, Ministry of Health of China and Shanghai Laboratory of Embryo and Reproduction Engineering, China
| | - Zhijuan Gong
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Key Laboratory of Embryo Molecular Biology, Ministry of Health of China and Shanghai Laboratory of Embryo and Reproduction Engineering, China
| | - Xinbing Guo
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Key Laboratory of Embryo Molecular Biology, Ministry of Health of China and Shanghai Laboratory of Embryo and Reproduction Engineering, China
| | - Zhaorui Ren
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Key Laboratory of Embryo Molecular Biology, Ministry of Health of China and Shanghai Laboratory of Embryo and Reproduction Engineering, China
| | - Fanyi Zeng
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Insitute of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University Key Laboratory of Embryo Molecular Biology, Ministry of Health of China and Shanghai Laboratory of Embryo and Reproduction Engineering, China
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Ebner N, von Haehling S. Iron deficiency in heart failure: a practical guide. Nutrients 2013; 5:3730-9. [PMID: 24064572 PMCID: PMC3798931 DOI: 10.3390/nu5093730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is an element necessary for cells due to its capacity of transporting oxygen and electrons. One of the important co-morbidities in heart failure is iron deficiency. Iron has relevant biological functions, for example, the formation of haemoglobin, myoglobin and numerous enzymatic groups. The prevalence of iron deficiency increases with the severity of heart failure. For a long time, the influence of iron deficiency was underestimated especially in terms of worsening of cardiovascular diseases and of developing anaemia. In recent years, studies with intravenous iron agents in patients with iron deficiency and cardiovascular diseases indicated new insights in the improvement of therapy. Experimental studies support the understanding of iron metabolism. Many physicians remain doubtful of the use of intravenous iron due to reports of side effects. The aim of this review is to describe iron metabolism in humans, to highlight the influence of iron deficiency on the course and symptoms of heart failure, discuss diagnostic tools of iron deficiency and provide guidance on the use of intravenous iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Ebner
- Applied Cachexia Research, Department of Cardiology, Charité Medical School, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin 13353, Germany; E-Mail:
| | - Stephan von Haehling
- Applied Cachexia Research, Department of Cardiology, Charité Medical School, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin 13353, Germany; E-Mail:
- Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR), Charité Medical School, Campus Mitte, Berlin 10117, Germany
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +49-30-450-553506; Fax: +49-30-450-7553506
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Iqbal MP, Mehboobali N, Tareen AK, Yakub M, Iqbal SP, Iqbal K, Haider G. Association of body iron status with the risk of premature acute myocardial infarction in a Pakistani population. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67981. [PMID: 23840800 PMCID: PMC3695953 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coronary artery disease is very common in Pakistani population. Some of the studies carried out on Western populations have shown a relationship between body iron status as determined by the ratio of concentrations of serum soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) to ferritin and the risk of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). In order to investigate whether increased body iron status has any relationship with the risk of premature AMI in Pakistani population, a case-control study was carried out. Methodology/Principal findings In this case-control study, 203 consecutive AMI patients [146 males and 57 females; age range 18–45 years] admitted to the National Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases, Karachi, were enrolled with informed consent. In addition, 205 healthy controls whose gender and age (within 3 years) matched the patients, and who had a similar socio-economic background were recruited. Fasting venous blood was obtained and assessed for plasma/serum folate, vitamin B12, homocysteine, total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, sTfR and ferritin and blood lead. It was found that serum concentration of ferritin and blood lead levels were significantly higher in AMI patients compared to their age and gender-matched healthy controls (p value <0.05), while the concentrations of vitamin B12 and HDL-cholesterol were significantly lower in AMI patients compared to controls (p value <0.01). The ratio of sTfR to ferritin was significantly lower in AMI patients compared to controls [mean±SD/median (IQR) values 84.7±295/28.9 (38.4) vs 255±836/49.4 (83.8), respectively; p value <0.001]. Compared with the highest quartile of sTfR/ferritin (low body iron status), the OR for the risk of AMI was 3.29(95% CI, 1.54–7.03) for the lowest quartile (quartile 1) when the model was adjusted for vitamin B12 and HDL-cholesterol (p value for trend <0.01). Conclusions/Significance This study shows a positive association between total body iron status and risk of premature AMI in a Pakistani population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Perwaiz Iqbal
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
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Guillemot J, Canuel M, Essalmani R, Prat A, Seidah NG. Implication of the proprotein convertases in iron homeostasis: proprotein convertase 7 sheds human transferrin receptor 1 and furin activates hepcidin. Hepatology 2013; 57:2514-24. [PMID: 23390091 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The first seven members of the proprotein convertase (PC) family activate protein precursors by cleavage after basic residues. While PC7 has no known specific substrates, it shows redundancy with other PCs. A genome-wide association study suggested that circulating levels of shed human transferrin receptor 1 (hTfR1) are regulated by PC7. We thus examined whether hTfR1 constitutes a specific substrate for PC7. Coexpression of hTfR1 with PCs in several cell lines indicated that PC7 is the only convertase that sheds this receptor into the medium. Site-directed mutagenesis showed that cleavage occurs at the unusual site KTECER100 ↓LA, in which the P1 Arg100 and P6 Lys95 are critical. Pharmacological treatments revealed that shedding of hTfR1 by PC7 requires endocytosis into acidic clathrin-coated vesicles. A PC7 chimera, in which the transmembrane domain and the cytosolic tail of PC7 were replaced by that of the convertase furin, lost its ability to cleave the receptor, demonstrating the importance of these domains in the regulation of PC7 function. Analysis of primary hepatocytes from mice lacking furin, PC5, PACE4, or PC7 revealed that hepcidin, which limits iron availability in the circulation, is specifically generated by furin and not by PC7. Finally, depletion of iron in the medium of hepatoma cell lines incubated with the iron chelator desferrioxamine resulted in PC7 down-regulation. CONCLUSION Among the PC family members, only furin activates hepcidin in hepatocytes, and uniquely the full-length membrane-bound PC7 can directly shed hTfR1 by cleavage at Arg100 ↓. Our results support the notion that, when iron is limiting, hTfR1 levels increase at least in part by way of the down-regulation of PC7 expression. (HEPATOLOGY 2013;).
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Guillemot
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal (IRCM), Affiliated to the University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Khatami S, Dehnabeh SR, Mostafavi E, Kamalzadeh N, Yaghmaei P, Saeedi P, Shariat F, Bagheriyan H, Zeinali S, Akbari MT. Evaluation and Comparison of Soluble Transferrin Receptor in Thalassemia Carriers and Iron Deficient Patients. Hemoglobin 2013; 37:387-95. [DOI: 10.3109/03630269.2013.780248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Yang CG, Liu SS, Sun B, Wang XL, Wang N, Chen SL. Iron-metabolic function and potential antibacterial role of Hepcidin and its correlated genes (Ferroportin 1 and Transferrin Receptor) in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 34:744-755. [PMID: 23274081 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptide plays an important role in fish immunity. The small molecular antimicrobial peptide Hepcidin in turbot was studied and reported in this paper. The Ferroportin 1 (FPN1) and Transferrin Receptor (TFR) genes, which are related to Hepcidin, were cloned in turbot. The characteristics of Hepcidin and its related genes were studied, including an analysis of the expression patterns and cloning of the Hepcidin promoter, the relationship between Hepcidin and NF-κB and the regulation of iron-metabolism. The results showed that the promoter of SmHepcidin contains the binding sites of NF-κB, and NF-κB may directly or indirectly receive feedback signals from SmHepcidin. In the liver, spleen and kidney, in which there was an increased SmHepcidin expression level, SmFPN1 dramatically decreased and SmTFR was also either decreased or exhibited no obvious change after bacterial/viral infection and an injection of exogenous Hepcidin protein. RNAi experiments in turbot kidney cells confirmed the expression changes of these gene patterns. Furthermore, the administration of exogenous Hepcidin protein, which regulates the level of chelatable iron in cells, further confirmed the function of Hepcidin in iron metabolism. It is speculated that the rapidly increased expression of SmHepcidin may induce changes in the expression of related genes, and that the in vivo chelatable iron concentration which participates in the antibacterial process was also changed when exogenous pathogens are present in turbot. It is suggested that SmHepcidin plays a defensive role against pathogenic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Geng Yang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China
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Chen CY, Tsai MM, Chi HC, Lin KH. Biological significance of a thyroid hormone-regulated secretome. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2013; 1834:2271-84. [PMID: 23429180 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The thyroid hormone, 3,3,5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3), modulates several physiological processes, including cellular growth, differentiation, metabolism and proliferation, via interactions with thyroid hormone response elements (TREs) in the regulatory regions of target genes. Several intracellular and extracellular protein candidates are regulated by T3. Moreover, T3-regulated secreted proteins participate in physiological processes or cellular transformation. T3 has been employed as a marker in several disorders, such as cardiovascular disorder in chronic kidney disease, as well as diseases of the liver, immune system, endocrine hormone metabolism and coronary artery. Our group subsequently showed that T3 regulates several tumor-related secretory proteins, leading to cancer progression via alterations in extracellular matrix proteases and tumor-associated signaling pathways in hepatocellular carcinomas. Therefore, elucidation of T3/thyroid hormone receptor-regulated secretory proteins and their underlying mechanisms in cancers should facilitate the identification of novel therapeutic targets. This review provides a detailed summary on the known secretory proteins regulated by T3 and their physiological significance. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: An Updated Secretome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yi Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
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Abstract
It has been nearly 15 years since the first review on pregnancy and iron deficiency was published in Nutrition Reviews. Many unresolved issues raised in that seminal review have been addressed. New proteins involved in nonheme and heme iron transport have been identified in the enterocyte, and information on the roles of these proteins in the placenta is evolving. The systemic iron regulatory hormone, hepcidin, has since been identified as a key regulator of iron homeostasis. Additional data on the efficacy and consequences of prenatal iron supplementation are available. Emerging data on developmental changes in iron absorption across early infancy have further emphasized the need to ensure that the iron endowment of the neonate at birth is optimal. This is especially important, given growing evidence linking neonatal iron status with subsequent cognitive and neurobehavioral outcomes. Along with the many advances, new questions and gaps in knowledge have been identified. This review summarizes new data on maternal iron utilization across pregnancy as it impacts the pregnant woman and the iron status of the neonate at birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Cao
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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Kruger HS, Balk LJ, Viljoen M, Meyers TM. Positive association between dietary iron intake and iron status in HIV-infected children in Johannesburg, South Africa. Nutr Res 2012; 33:50-8. [PMID: 23351410 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2012.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 11/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Anemia is a common complication of pediatric HIV infection and is associated with suboptimal cognitive performance and growth failure. Routine iron supplementation is not provided to South African HIV-infected children. We hypothesized that dietary iron intake without supplementation is sufficient to protect against iron deficiency (ID) in HIV-infected children receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. In this prospective study, the difference between dietary intakes of iron-deficient children (soluble transferrin receptor >9.4 mg/L) and iron-sufficient children after 18 months on highly active antiretroviral therapy was examined. The association between iron intake and hemoglobin (Hb) concentration was also assessed. Longitudinal data collected for 18 months from 58 HIV-infected African children were assessed by generalized estimation equations, with adjustment for demographic information, dietary intakes, growth parameters, and CD4%. After adjustment for covariates, the longitudinal association between dietary iron intake and Hb concentration remained significant. This association shows that for every 1-mg increase in iron intake per day, Hb increases by 1.1 g/L (P < .001). Mean Hb increased significantly after 18 months of follow-up (106 ± 14 to 129 ± 14 g/L, P < .01), but soluble transferrin receptor also increased (7.7 ± 2.7 to 8.9 ± 3.0 mg/L, P < .01). The incidence of ID increased from 15.2% at baseline to 37.2% after 18 months. Children with animal protein intakes greater than >20 g/d had significantly lower odds for ID at 18 months than did children with lower intakes (odds ratio, 0.40; 95% confidence interval, 0.21-0.77). Dietary iron intake was insufficient to protect against ID, pointing to a need for low-dose iron supplementation for iron-deficient HIV-infected children and interventions to increase the consumption of animal protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herculina S Kruger
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
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Halwachs-Baumann G. Diagnosis of anaemia: old things rearranged. Wien Med Wochenschr 2012; 162:478-88. [PMID: 23135251 DOI: 10.1007/s10354-012-0149-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Anaemia is one of the most leading causes of morbidity and mortality, as declared by the World Health Organisation. This syndrome is characterised by low haemoglobin levels and nonspecific clinical symptoms such as weakness, fatigue and dyspnoea. The symptoms are unspecific as the underlying causes are heterogeneous. Thus, good knowledge of the useful biomarkers and their correct assignment is needed to allow rapid and targeted diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Halwachs-Baumann
- Department for Laboratory Medicine, Central Hospital Steyr, Sierningerstrasse 170, 4400 Steyr, Austria.
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Liu Y, Wang J. Effects of DMSA-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles on the transcription of genes related to iron and osmosis homeostasis. Toxicol Sci 2012; 131:521-36. [PMID: 23086747 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, we checked the effect of 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid-coated Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles on gene expression of mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cells and found that the transcription of several important genes related to intracellular iron homeostasis were significantly changed. We thus speculated that the cellular iron homeostasis might be disturbed by this nanoparticle through releasing iron ion in cells. To verify this speculation, we first confirmed the transcriptional changes of several key iron homeostasis- related genes, such as Tfrc, Trf, and Lcn2, using quantitative PCR, and found that an iron ion chelator, desferrioxamine, could alleviate the transcriptional alterations of two typical genes, Tfrc and Lcn2. Then, we designed and validated a method based on centrifugation for assaying intracellular irons in ion and nanoparticle state. After extensive measures of intracellular iron in two forms and total iron, we found that the intracellular iron ion significantly increased with intracellular total iron and nanoparticle iron, demonstrating degradation of this nanoparticle into iron ion in cells. We next mimicked the intralysosomal environment in vitro and verified that the internalized iron nanoparticle could release iron ion in lysosome. We found that as another important compensatory response to intracellular overload of iron ion, cells significantly downregulated the expressions of genes belonging to solute carrier family which are responsible for transferring many organic solutes into cells, such as Slc5a3 and Slc44a1, in order to prevent more organic solutes into cells and thus lower the intracellular osmosis. Based on these findings, we profiled a map of gene effects after cells were treated with this iron nanoparticle and concluded that the iron nanoparticles might be more detrimental to cell than iron ion due to its intracellular internalization fashion, nonspecific endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
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Katsanos KH, Tatsioni A, Natsi D, Sigounas D, Christodoulou DK, Tsianos EV. Recombinant human erythropoietin in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and refractory anemia: a 15-year single center experience. J Crohns Colitis 2012; 6:56-61. [PMID: 22261528 DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY To describe our 15-year experience on the patients' response and safety to the use of EPO in IBD patients with refractory anemia. PATIENTS-METHODS Single center retrospective chart analysis of all IBD patients receiving EPO for the period 1994-2009. Patients with resistant anemia not responding to I.V. iron therapy were enrolled. Concommitant medication, medical and laboratory data on short and long-term patients' responses and safety were recorded. RESULTS In total 820 IBD files were reviewed and among 78 patients treated with I.V. iron we identified 26 patients who received EPO in concordance to our inclusion criteria. Azathioprine or methotrexate was administered in 17 patients and 7 patients received concomitant Infliximab. After EPO, 22/26 patients (84.6%) responded and peripheral blood parameters were significantly improved and blood transfusions were significantly decreased (p<0.001). Erythropoietin dose was increased in three non-responders while two patients required emergency transfusions. No adverse events were recorded. CONCLUSIONS In anemic IBD patients who are refractory to I.V. iron monotherapy, administration of EPO significantly improved peripheral blood parameters with safety. Prospective controlled trials are needed to confirm positive patients' response to EPO and identify those patients who are more likely to benefit.
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The effects of carbohydrate ingestion during endurance running on post-exercise inflammation and hepcidin levels. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 112:1889-98. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-2156-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2010] [Accepted: 08/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Chen J, Enns CA. Hereditary hemochromatosis and transferrin receptor 2. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2011; 1820:256-63. [PMID: 21864651 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multicellular organisms regulate the uptake of calories, trace elements, and other nutrients by complex feedback mechanisms. In the case of iron, the body senses internal iron stores, iron requirements for hematopoiesis, and inflammatory status, and regulates iron uptake by modulating the uptake of dietary iron from the intestine. Both the liver and the intestine participate in the coordination of iron uptake and distribution in the body. The liver senses inflammatory signals and iron status of the organism and secretes a peptide hormone, hepcidin. Under high iron or inflammatory conditions hepcidin levels increase. Hepcidin binds to the iron transport protein, ferroportin (FPN), promoting FPN internalization and degradation. Decreased FPN levels reduce iron efflux out of intestinal epithelial cells and macrophages into the circulation. Derangements in iron metabolism result in either the abnormal accumulation of iron in the body, or in anemias. The identification of the mutations that cause the iron overload disease, hereditary hemochromatosis (HH), or iron-refractory iron-deficiency anemia has revealed many of the proteins used to regulate iron uptake. SCOPE OF THE REVIEW In this review we discuss recent data concerning the regulation of iron homeostasis in the body by the liver and how transferrin receptor 2 (TfR2) affects this process. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS TfR2 plays a key role in regulating iron homeostasis in the body. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The regulation of iron homeostasis is important. One third of the people in the world are anemic. HH is the most common inherited disease in people of Northern European origin and can lead to severe health complications if left untreated. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Transferrins: Molecular mechanisms of iron transport and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juxing Chen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology L215, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR 97239, USA
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Abstract
The aim of the study was to compare contents of individual protein fractions determined by electrophoresis in blood serum of healthy periparturient goats. Eight clinically healthy white shorthaired goats were examined. Blood samples of these goats were taken from v. jugularis three weeks and two weeks before the anticipated parturition, on the parturition day, 7 days after the parturition, and 28 days after the parturition. Individual protein fractions, albumins, α1-, α2-, β1-, β2- and γ-globulins were identified by electrophoretic analysis of blood serum. Percentage shares of individual protein fractions were converted from total protein values to g·l-1 values. The results indicated that individual serum protein fractions in periparturient goats showed significant dynamics of change. There were no significant differences between samples taken before the parturition and on the parturition day (except for the increase of β2 from 2.5 ± 0.3 g·l-1 observed 3 weeks before the parturition to 3.2 ± 0.4 g·l-1 measured 2 weeks before the parturition, and the decrease of γG levels from 9.5 ± 2.6 g·l-1 observed three weeks before the parturition to 8.1 ± 1.7 g·l-1 found on the parturition day), yet most indicators measured after the parturition were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than on the parturition day (values in g·l-1 observed on the parturition day versus values measured 28 days after the parturition: total protein 60.6 ± 4.3 vs. 71.3 ± 2.4, albumins 37.4 ± 2.9 vs. 42.7 ± 1.0, α2 3.4 ± 0.5 vs. 4.1 ± 0.8, β1 5.6 ± 0.5 vs. 6.3 ± 0.9, γG 8.1 ± 1.7 vs. 12.3 ± 1.9). The results bring new knowledge on the values of individual fractions of serum proteins in healthy goats, which is necessary for diagnostic interpretation of pathological findings in animals and also for experimental studies.
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Speeckaert MM, Speeckaert R, Delanghe JR. Biological and clinical aspects of soluble transferrin receptor. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2011; 47:213-28. [DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2010.550461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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McGrowder D, Brown P, Alexander-Lindo RL, Budall S, Irving R, Gordon L. The Use of Soluble Transferrin Receptor in the Detection of rHuEPO abuse in Sports. BIOCHEMISTRY INSIGHTS 2010. [DOI: 10.4137/bci.s3943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) increases the number of circulating erythrocytes and muscle oxygenation. The recombinant forms of EPO have indiscriminately been used by athletes, mainly in endurance sports to increase their erythrocytes concentration, thus generating a better delivery of oxygen to the muscle tissue. The administration of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) except for therapeutic use was prohibited by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and its unauthorized use considered as doping. In the last few years, a number of studies using parameters indicative of accelerated erythropoiesis have investigated a number of indirect methods for the detection of rHuEPO abuse. No single indirect marker has been found that can satisfactorily demonstrated rHuEPO misuse. Soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) is a new marker of iron status and erythropoietic activity. It has been included in multivariable blood testing models for the detection of performance enhancing EPO abuse in sports. Indirect markers of altered erythropoiesis give reliable evidence of current or discontinued rHuEPO usage. This review describes the physical, biological and pharmacokinetic properties of endogenous EPO and its recombinant form. It also discusses the available strategies for the detection of rHuEPO abuse in sports, involving the use of sTfR concentration directly or in mathematical multivariate models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donovan McGrowder
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica
| | - Paul Brown
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences (Biochemistry Section), Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica
| | - Ruby Lisa Alexander-Lindo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences (Biochemistry Section), Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica
| | - Shirley Budall
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences (Biochemistry Section), Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica
| | - Rachael Irving
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences (Biochemistry Section), Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica
| | - Lorenzo Gordon
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica
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Cylwik B, Chrostek L, Daniluk M, Koput A, Szmitkowski M. The assessment of serum soluble transferrin receptor in alcoholics. Clin Exp Med 2009; 10:73-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10238-009-0062-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 08/08/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Chouliaras GL, Premetis E, Tsiftis G, Drosatou P, Papassotiriou I, Stamoulakatou A, Lycopoulou L. Serum transferrin receptors: Distribution and diagnostic performance in pre-school children. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2009; 43:163-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2009.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2009] [Revised: 03/13/2009] [Accepted: 03/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The most prevalent haematologic disturbance associated with HIV in children (apart from CD4 lymphocytopenia) is anaemia. Anaemia associated with HIV arises from multiple mechanisms, including the direct inhibitory effect of HIV on red cell precursors, other locally prevalent and/or opportunistic infections, micronutrient deficiency, anaemia of chronic disease, and as a consequence of medicines given for HIV and/or other concurrent illnesses. Iron deficiency is the most common cause of nutritional anaemia globally. There is significant geographical overlap of areas of the world where iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) and paediatric HIV are distributed. Given the high prevalence of IDA, it is likely that many HIV-infected children also are iron deficient. The contribution of iron deficiency to anaemia in HIV-infected children has been described but is incompletely understood. Currently, iron supplementation for anaemic infants and children is routinely practiced without any obvious effect in most developing countries, which bear most of the burden of global paediatric HIV infections.Because iron deficiency and IDA are common in HIV-infected children in high-prevalence areas and because there are concerns about possible deleterious effects of iron, this review aims to assess the evidence for iron supplementation for reducing morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected children. OBJECTIVES To determine whether iron supplementation improves clinical, immunologic, and virologic outcomes in children infected with HIV SEARCH STRATEGY: We used the comprehensive search strategy developed specifically by the Cochrane HIV/AIDS Review Group to identify HIV/AIDS randomised controlled trials, and searched the following electronic databases: MEDLINE (searched November 2007); Embase (searched December 2007); and CENTRAL (December 2007). This search was supplemented with a search of AIDSearch (searched December 2007) and NLM Gateway (searched December 2007) to identify relevant conference abstracts, as well as a search of the reference lists of all eligible articles. The search was not limited by language or publication status. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of iron supplementation in any form and dose in HIV-infected children aged 12 years and younger. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We independently screened the results of the search to select potentially relevant studies and to retrieve the full articles. We independently applied the inclusion criteria to the potentially relevant studies. No studies were identified that fulfilled the selection criteria. MAIN RESULTS No RCTs of iron supplementation in HIV-infected children were found. IMPLICATIONS FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE The current clinical practice of iron supplementation in HIV-infected children is based on weak evidence comprising observational studies and expert opinions. IMPLICATIONS FOR RESEARCH High-quality RCTs of iron supplementation are urgently required, especially in areas with significant overlap of high prevalence of HIV, iron deficiency anaemia, and malaria. Policy makers should prioritise funding for these trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifedayo Adetifa
- Tuberculosis Office, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Atlantic Boulevard, Fajara, PO Box 273, Banjul, Gambia.
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Kell DB. Iron behaving badly: inappropriate iron chelation as a major contributor to the aetiology of vascular and other progressive inflammatory and degenerative diseases. BMC Med Genomics 2009; 2:2. [PMID: 19133145 PMCID: PMC2672098 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2008] [Accepted: 01/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The production of peroxide and superoxide is an inevitable consequence of aerobic metabolism, and while these particular 'reactive oxygen species' (ROSs) can exhibit a number of biological effects, they are not of themselves excessively reactive and thus they are not especially damaging at physiological concentrations. However, their reactions with poorly liganded iron species can lead to the catalytic production of the very reactive and dangerous hydroxyl radical, which is exceptionally damaging, and a major cause of chronic inflammation. REVIEW We review the considerable and wide-ranging evidence for the involvement of this combination of (su)peroxide and poorly liganded iron in a large number of physiological and indeed pathological processes and inflammatory disorders, especially those involving the progressive degradation of cellular and organismal performance. These diseases share a great many similarities and thus might be considered to have a common cause (i.e. iron-catalysed free radical and especially hydroxyl radical generation).The studies reviewed include those focused on a series of cardiovascular, metabolic and neurological diseases, where iron can be found at the sites of plaques and lesions, as well as studies showing the significance of iron to aging and longevity. The effective chelation of iron by natural or synthetic ligands is thus of major physiological (and potentially therapeutic) importance. As systems properties, we need to recognise that physiological observables have multiple molecular causes, and studying them in isolation leads to inconsistent patterns of apparent causality when it is the simultaneous combination of multiple factors that is responsible.This explains, for instance, the decidedly mixed effects of antioxidants that have been observed, since in some circumstances (especially the presence of poorly liganded iron) molecules that are nominally antioxidants can actually act as pro-oxidants. The reduction of redox stress thus requires suitable levels of both antioxidants and effective iron chelators. Some polyphenolic antioxidants may serve both roles.Understanding the exact speciation and liganding of iron in all its states is thus crucial to separating its various pro- and anti-inflammatory activities. Redox stress, innate immunity and pro- (and some anti-)inflammatory cytokines are linked in particular via signalling pathways involving NF-kappaB and p38, with the oxidative roles of iron here seemingly involved upstream of the IkappaB kinase (IKK) reaction. In a number of cases it is possible to identify mechanisms by which ROSs and poorly liganded iron act synergistically and autocatalytically, leading to 'runaway' reactions that are hard to control unless one tackles multiple sites of action simultaneously. Some molecules such as statins and erythropoietin, not traditionally associated with anti-inflammatory activity, do indeed have 'pleiotropic' anti-inflammatory effects that may be of benefit here. CONCLUSION Overall we argue, by synthesising a widely dispersed literature, that the role of poorly liganded iron has been rather underappreciated in the past, and that in combination with peroxide and superoxide its activity underpins the behaviour of a great many physiological processes that degrade over time. Understanding these requires an integrative, systems-level approach that may lead to novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B Kell
- School of Chemistry and Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess St, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
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Freixenet N, Remacha A, Berlanga E, Caixàs A, Giménez-Palop O, Blanco-Vaca F, Bach V, Baiget M, Sánchez Y, Félez J, González-Clemente JM. Serum soluble transferrin receptor concentrations are increased in central obesity. Results from a screening programme for hereditary hemochromatosis in men with hyperferritinemia. Clin Chim Acta 2008; 400:111-6. [PMID: 19000667 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2008.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2008] [Revised: 10/21/2008] [Accepted: 10/21/2008] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A decrease in the serum concentrations of the soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) is considered a good index of tissue iron. Because obesity is associated with hyperferritinemia and this is considered a sign of iron overload, a decrease in sTfR would be expected for the obese. We evaluated whether obese men with hyperferritinemia, detected in a genetic screening programme for hereditary hemochromatosis (HH), have lower serum concentrations of sTfR than their non-obese counterparts. METHODS 75 men (age: 55.4+/-12.4 years) with hyperferritinemia (serum ferritin--SF > 200 microg/L) and no known conditions of iron overload were evaluated for body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), blood pressure, traditional indices of iron status, sTfR, fasting plasma glucose, lipid profile, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), highly-sensitive C-reactive protein, hepatic enzymes and HFE gene mutations of HH. RESULTS sTfR correlated with BMI (r=0.289; p=0.014) and with WC (r=0.420; p<0.001). Thirty-two subjects were obese (BM > or = 30 kg/m(2)) and had a significantly higher sTfR (2.95 (2.22-3.28) vs 2.28 (1.88-2.91) mg/L; p=0.013), hemoglobin (157+/-12 vs 152+/-11 gr/L; p=0.049) and HOMA-IR (1.38 (1.04-2.69) vs 1.02 (0.60-1.55) mg/L; p=0.009) than the non-obese. WC explained separately more variability of the sTfR than BMI (r(2)=0.177; p=0.002 and r=0.077; p=0.042, respectively), after adjusting for potential confounders. CONCLUSION An increase in serum concentrations of sTfR is associated with central obesity in men with hyperferritinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Freixenet
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital de Sabadell, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain
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Zhang AS, Enns CA. Iron homeostasis: recently identified proteins provide insight into novel control mechanisms. J Biol Chem 2008; 284:711-5. [PMID: 18757363 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r800017200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential nutrient required for a variety of biochemical processes. It is a vital component of the heme in hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochromes and is also an essential cofactor for non-heme enzymes such as ribonucleotide reductase, the limiting enzyme for DNA synthesis. When in excess, iron is toxic because it generates superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals that react readily with biological molecules, including proteins, lipids, and DNA. As a result, humans possess elegant control mechanisms to maintain iron homeostasis by coordinately regulating iron absorption, iron recycling, and mobilization of stored iron. Disruption of these processes causes either iron-deficient anemia or iron overload disorders. In this minireview, we focus on the roles of recently identified proteins in the regulation of iron homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Sheng Zhang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
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DANISE P, MACONI M, MORELLI G, DI PALMA A, RESCIGNO G, ESPOSITO C, AVINO D, TALENTO B. Reference limits and behaviour of serum transferrin receptor in children 610years of age. Int J Lab Hematol 2008; 30:306-11. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-553x.2007.00960.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Intravenous iron therapy restores functional iron deficiency induced by infliximab. J Crohns Colitis 2007; 1:97-105. [PMID: 21172191 DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2007.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2007] [Accepted: 08/16/2007] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Infliximab (IFX) and iron sucrose (FeS) are of high value in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We aimed to assess the relative role of both therapies in IBD related anaemia and their safety when used in combination. METHODS IBD patients with anaemia receiving a first series of FeS infusions in addition to IFX were prospectively followed. We investigated serum kinetics of erythropoietin (EPO), soluble transferrin receptors (sTFRs) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). RESULTS Data analysis included 87 patients of whom 49.4% achieved the target Hb level of 12.0 g/dL. IFX resulted in a significant increase of EPO and sTFR compared to baseline pre-IFX levels (p=0.029 and p=0.005 respectively) and after a 12-week combined FeS and IFX treatment, EPO and sTFR levels dropped significantly compared to pre-FeS levels (p<0.001 for both). Infusion related adverse events were recorded in 2 IFX treated patients (2.3%, 0.7% of the infusions) and were mild. Disease activity and quality of life were not affected. CONCLUSIONS In anaemic IBD patients treated with IFX, combined administration of FeS is safe. Infliximab significantly increases serum EPO and sTFR levels resulting in an increased functional iron deficiency, which is restored after combined treatment with I.V. iron sucrose.
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Kogan AE, Filatov VL, Kara AN, Levina AA, Katrukha AG. Comparison of soluble and placental transferrin receptors as standards for the determination of soluble transferrin receptor in humans. Int J Lab Hematol 2007; 29:335-40. [PMID: 17824913 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2257.2006.00874.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Transferrin receptor is a transmembrane protein that mediates iron transport from blood into cells. The extracellular part of this receptor circulates in blood as soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) and the immunological determination of this parameter is widely used in clinical practice. This study aimed at comparing the properties of sTfR and placental TfR (pTfR) and to evaluate the validity of pTfR as a standard for the determination of sTfR in human serum. sTfR and pTfR were studied by immunofluorescent assay and fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) gel filtration. Serum sTfR levels were calculated using sTfR or pTfR as a standard. The immunological activity of pTfR was lower than that of sTfR in all anti-TfR monoclonal antibody pairs. Upon FPLC gel filtration, pTfR eluted in a void volume of the column as a protein with a molecular weight (MW) of >1500 kDa, whereas the MW of sTfR corresponded to 237 kDa. This could be a result of micelle formation by pTfR because of its hydrophobic intracellular part. The serum sTfR levels calculated against sTfR were 2.5 times lower than those calculated against pTfR. Serum sTfR levels are overestimated when pTfR is used as the standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Kogan
- Department of Biochemistry, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
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Verner AM, Manderson J, Lappin TRJ, McCance DR, Halliday HL, Sweet DG. Influence of maternal diabetes mellitus on fetal iron status. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2007; 92:F399-401. [PMID: 17095546 PMCID: PMC2675368 DOI: 10.1136/adc.2006.097279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of maternal diabetes on fetal iron status using serum transferrin receptors (STfR) and their ratio to ferritin (TfR-F index) in cord blood. METHODS Iron, ferritin, erythropoietin, STfR and haemoglobin concentration were measured and TfR-F index calculated in 97 maternal/cord blood pairs. Forty-nine women had type 1 diabetes (diagnosed before pregnancy) and these were compared with forty-eight non- diabetic controls. The women with type 1 diabetes were recruited consecutively from attendance at the joint antenatal endocrine clinic while the control group of women was recruited from consecutive attendance at the remaining antenatal clinics. RESULTS The infants of the diabetic women had significantly lower levels of ferritin (47 vs 169 mug/l; p<0.01) and higher STfR (17.4 vs 12.9 mg/l; p<0.01) and TfR-F index (10.4 vs 5.8; p<0.01) than controls. They were also significantly more acidotic at birth (7.25 vs 7.30; p<0.01), were born at an earlier gestation (36.7 vs 39.7 weeks; p<0.01) and had higher z Scores for weight (0.53 vs 0.02; p = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS Maternal diabetes causes depletion of fetal iron stores and is associated with higher fetal iron demands as indicated by higher STfR level and TfR-F index in cord blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Maria Verner
- Regional Neonatal Unit, Royal Maternity Hospital, Grosvenor Road, Belfast BT12 6BB, Northern Ireland
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Choi JW. Features of iron deficiency anemia without increment in soluble transferrin receptor concentration. Am J Hematol 2007; 82:685-6. [PMID: 17315212 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.20896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Pfeiffer CM, Cook JD, Mei Z, Cogswell ME, Looker AC, Lacher DA. Evaluation of an automated soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) assay on the Roche Hitachi analyzer and its comparison to two ELISA assays. Clin Chim Acta 2007; 382:112-6. [PMID: 17511979 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2007.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2007] [Revised: 04/05/2007] [Accepted: 04/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) assays are currently not standardized. This hinders data comparison between studies and also affects the use of a recently proposed model to estimate body iron. METHODS We evaluated the analytical performance of a fully automated sTfR immunoturbidimetric assay (Roche Diagnostics) and compared it with two ELISA assays (Ramco Laboratories and an in-house ELISA assay used in the body iron model). RESULTS The Roche assay showed excellent intra- and inter-assay precision (CV<5%). Prolonged exposure of serum samples to room temperature and multiple freeze-thaw cycles did not affect sTfR concentrations. Receiver-operator characteristic curve analysis demonstrated that the Roche assay (area-under-the-curve (AUC)=0.882) was superior to the Ramco assay (AUC=0.794) in predicting iron deficiency (defined as serum ferritin <10 microg/L; P=0.013). Method comparison between the Roche and the two ELISA assays showed good correlations (r>0.8); however, sTfR values by the Roche assay were on average 30% lower than values obtained with the two ELISA assays. CONCLUSIONS sTfR data measured with an immunoturbidimetric assay can be compared to a commonly used ELISA assay, and can be used in the body iron model through regression equations obtained in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Pfeiffer
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Atlanta, GA 30345, USA.
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T. LEXIKON DER MEDIZINISCHEN LABORATORIUMSDIAGNOSTIK 2007. [PMCID: PMC7119912 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-49520-8_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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