The effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine depletors and monoamine oxidase inhibitors on color changes of the fiddler crab, Uca pugilator: further evidence in support of the hypothesis that 5-hydroxytryptamine controls the release of red pigment-dispersing hormone

A glycogen storage disease type 1a patient with type 2 diabetes

Background

Glycogen storage disease type 1a (GSD1a) is an inborn genetic disease caused by glucose-6-phosphatase-α (G6Pase-α) deficiency and is often observed to lead to endogenous glucose production disorders manifesting as hypoglycemia, hyperuricemia, hyperlipidemia, lactic acidemia, hepatomegaly, and nephromegaly. The development of GSD1a with diabetes is relatively rare, and the underlying pathogenesis remains unclear.

Case presentation

Here we describe a case of a 25-year-old Chinese female patient with GSD1a, who developed uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) as a young adult. The patient was diagnosed with GSD1a disease at the age of 10 and was subsequently treated with an uncooked cornstarch diet. Recently, the patient was treated in our hospital for vomiting and electrolyte imbalance and was subsequently diagnosed with T2DM. Owing to the impaired secretory function of the patient’s pancreatic islets, liver dysfunction, hypothyroidism, severe hyperlipidemia, and huge hepatic adenoma, we adopted diet control, insulin therapy, and hepatic adenoma resection to alleviate this situation. The WES discovered compound heterozygous mutations at the exon 5 of G6PC gene at 17th chromosome in the patient, c.648G>T (p.L216 L, NM_000151.4, rs80356484) in her father and c.674T>C (p.L225 P, NM_000151.4, rs1555560128) in her mother. c.648G>T is a well-known splice-site mutation, which causes CTG changing to CTT at protein 216 and creates a new splicing site 91 bp downstream of the authentic splice site, though both codons encode leucine. c.674T>C is a known missense mutation that causes TGC to become CGC at protein 225, thereby changing from coding for leucine to coding for proline.

Conclusion

We report a rare case of GSD1a with T2DM. On the basis of the pathogenesis of GSD1a, we recommend attentiveness to possible development of fasting hypoglycemia caused by GSD and postprandial hyperglycemia from diabetes. As the disease is better identified and treated, and as patients with GSD live longer, this challenge may appear more frequently. Therefore, it is necessary to have a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease and explore suitable treatment options.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12920-022-01344-3.

Hepatic glycogen storage disease: A case report

A 14-year-old male patient was admitted due to recurrent epistaxis for twelve years and growth retardation for more than five years. Physical examination revealed that he had hepatosplenomegaly, mild liver function abnormalities and fasting hypoglycemia. He was diagnosed with hepatic glycogen storage disease by a liver biopsy. Glycogen storage disease is a rare clinical entity whose prognosis greatly relies on early diagnosis and reasonable treatment.

Proteome-wide analysis of nonsynonymous single-nucleotide variations in active sites of human proteins

An enzyme's active site is essential to normal protein activity such that any disruptions at this site may lead to dysfunction and disease. Nonsynonymous single-nucleotide variations (nsSNVs), which alter the amino acid sequence, are one type of disruption that can alter the active site. When this occurs, it is assumed that enzyme activity will vary because of the criticality of the site to normal protein function. We integrate nsSNV data and active site annotations from curated resources to identify all active-site-impacting nsSNVs in the human genome and search for all pathways observed to be associated with this data set to assess the likely consequences. We find that there are 934 unique nsSNVs that occur at the active sites of 559 proteins. Analysis of the nsSNV data shows an over-representation of arginine and an under-representation of cysteine, phenylalanine and tyrosine when comparing the list of nsSNV-impacted active site residues with the list of all possible proteomic active site residues, implying a potential bias for or against variation of these residues at the active site. Clustering analysis shows an abundance of hydrolases and transferases. Pathway and functional analysis shows several pathways over- or under-represented in the data set, with the most significantly affected pathways involved in carbohydrate metabolism. We provide a table of 32 variation-substrate/product pairs that can be used in targeted metabolomics experiments to assay the effects of specific variations. In addition, we report the significant prevalence of aspartic acid to histidine variation in eight proteins associated with nine diseases including glycogen storage diseases, lacrimo-auriculo-dento-digital syndrome, Parkinson's disease and several cancers.