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Kumari P, Upadhyay P, Tripathi KM, Gupta R, Kulshrestha V, Awasthi K. Sulphonated poly(ethersulfone)/carbon nano-onions-based nanocomposite membranes with high ion-conducting channels for salt removal via electrodialysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:87343-87352. [PMID: 37421532 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28570-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we are reporting the carbon nano onions (CNO)-based sulphonated poly(ethersulfone) (SPES) composite membranes by varying CNO content in SPES matrix for water desalination applications. CNOs were cost-effectively synthesized using flaxseed oil as a carbon source in an energy efficient flame pyrolysis process. The physico- and electrochemical properties of nanocomposite membranes were evaluated and compared to pristine SPES. Moreover, the chemical characterisation of composite membranes and CNOs were illustrated using techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and universal tensile machine (UTM). In the series of nanocomposite membranes, SPES-0.25 composite membrane displayed the highest water uptake (WU), ion exchange membrane (IEC) and ionic conductivity (IC) values that were enhanced by 9.25%, ~ 44.78% and ~ 6.10%, respectively, compared to pristine SPES membrane. The electrodialytic performance can be achieved maximum when membranes possess low power consumption (PC) and high energy efficiency (Ee). Therefore, the value of Ee and Pc for SPES-0.25 membrane has been determined to be 99.01 ± 0.97% and 0.92 ± 0.01 kWh kg-1, which are 1.12 and 1.11 times higher than the pristine SPES membrane. Hence, integrating CNO nanoparticles into the SPES matrix enhanced the ion-conducting channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Kumari
- Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Rajasthan, 302017, India
| | - Prashant Upadhyay
- CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemical Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar, 364002, India
| | - Kumud Malika Tripathi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Petroleum and Energy, Vishakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, 530003, India
| | - Ragini Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Rajasthan, 302017, India
- Materials Research Centre, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Rajasthan, 302017, India
| | - Vaibhav Kulshrestha
- CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemical Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar, 364002, India
| | - Kamlendra Awasthi
- Department of Physics, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Rajasthan, 302017, India.
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Luo Y, Liu Y, Shen J, Van der Bruggen B. Application of Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis in Environmental Protection and Resource Recovery: A Review. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:829. [PMID: 36135848 PMCID: PMC9504215 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12090829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED) is a new membrane separation technology composed of electrodialysis (ED) through a bipolar membrane (BPM). Under the action of an electric field, H2O can be dissociated to H+ and OH-, and the anions and cations in the solution can be recovered as acids and bases, respectively, without adding chemical reagents, which reduces the application cost and carbon footprint, and leads to simple operation and high efficiency. Its application is becoming more widespread and promising, and it has become a research hotspot. This review mainly introduces the application of BMED to recovering salts in the form of acids and bases, CO2 capture, ammonia nitrogen recovery, and ion removal and recovery from wastewater. Finally, BMED is summarized, and future prospects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Luo
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, College of Carbon Neutral Modern Industry, Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Yaoxing Liu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, College of Carbon Neutral Modern Industry, Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ProcESS-Process Engineering for Sustainable System, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jiangnan Shen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Bart Van der Bruggen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ProcESS-Process Engineering for Sustainable System, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
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3
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Sedneva TA, Ivanenko VI, Belikov ML. Special Features of Electro-Membrane Recovery of Acids and Alkalis from the Water-Soluble Wastes of Nuclear Power Plants. RUSS J ELECTROCHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1023193522010116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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4
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Synthesis of two cationic Coordination polymers for the exploration of anion exchange properties. Polyhedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2021.115528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Removal of Excess Alkali from Sodium Naphthenate Solution by Electrodialysis Using Bilayer Membranes for Subsequent Conversion to Naphthenic Acids. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11120980. [PMID: 34940481 PMCID: PMC8705609 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11120980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The processing of solutions containing sodium salts of naphthenic acids (sodium naphthenate) is in high demand due to the high value of the latter. Such solutions usually include an excessive amount of alkali and a pH of around 13. Bipolar electrodialysis can convert sodium naphthenates into naphthenic acids; however, until pH 6.5, the naphthenic acids are not released from the solution. The primary process leading to a decrease in pH is the removal of excess alkali that implies that some part of electricity is wasted. In this work, we propose a technique for the surface modification of anion-exchange membranes with sulfonated polyetheretherketone, with the formation of bilayer membranes that are resistant to poisoning by the naphthenate anions. We investigated the electrochemical properties of the obtained membranes and their efficiency in a laboratory electrodialyzer. Modified membranes have better electrical conductivity, a high current efficiency for hydroxyl ions, and a low tendency to poisoning than the commercial membrane MA-41. We propose that the primary current carrier is the hydroxyl ion in both electromembrane systems with the MA-41 and MA-41M membranes. At the same time, for the modified MA-41M membrane, the concentration of hydroxyl ions in the anion-exchanger phase is higher than in the MA-41 membrane, which leads to almost five-fold higher values of the specific permeability coefficient. The MA-41M membranes are resistant to poisoning by naphthenic acids anions during at least six cycles of processing of the sodium naphthenate solution.
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6
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Rajput A, Sharma J, Raj SK, Kulshrestha V. Dehydrofluorinated poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) based crosslinked cation exchange membrane for brackish water desalination via electrodialysis. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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7
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Kamcev J. Reformulating the
permselectivity‐conductivity
tradeoff relation in
ion‐exchange
membranes. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jovan Kamcev
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Macromolecular Science and Engineering University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex Ann Arbor Michigan USA
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Jiang S, Sun H, Wang H, Ladewig BP, Yao Z. A comprehensive review on the synthesis and applications of ion exchange membranes. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 282:130817. [PMID: 34091294 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ion exchange membranes (IEMs) are undergoing prosperous development in recent years. More than 30,000 papers which are indexed by Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE) have been published on IEMs during the past twenty years (2001-2020). Especially, more than 3000 papers are published in the year of 2020, revealing researchers' great interest in this area. This paper firstly reviews the different types (e.g., cation exchange membrane, anion exchange membrane, proton exchange membrane, bipolar membrane) and electrochemical properties (e.g., permselectivity, electrical resistance/ionic conductivity) of IEMs and the corresponding working principles, followed by membrane synthesis methods, including the common solution casting method. Especially, as a promising future direction, green synthesis is critically discussed. IEMs are extensively applied in various applications, which can be generalized into two big categories, where the water-based category mainly includes electrodialysis, diffusion dialysis and membrane capacitive deionization, while the energy-based category mainly includes reverse electrodialysis, fuel cells, redox flow battery and electrolysis for hydrogen production. These applications are comprehensively discussed in this paper. This review may open new possibilities for the future development of IEMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanxue Jiang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China; Barrer Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Haishu Sun
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Huijiao Wang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Bradley P Ladewig
- Barrer Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Institute for Micro Process Engineering (IMVT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Zhiliang Yao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China.
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Gao W, Wei X, Chen J, Jin J, Wu K, Meng W, Wang K. Recycling Lithium from Waste Lithium Bromide to Produce Lithium Hydroxide. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11100759. [PMID: 34677525 PMCID: PMC8538373 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11100759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lithium resources face risks of shortages owing to the rapid development of the lithium industry. This makes the efficient production and recycling of lithium an issue that should be addressed immediately. Lithium bromide is widely used as a water-absorbent material, a humidity regulator, and an absorption refrigerant in the industry. However, there are few studies on the recovery of lithium from lithium bromide after disposal. In this paper, a bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED) process is proposed to convert waste lithium bromide into lithium hydroxide, with the generation of valuable hydrobromic acid as a by-product. The effects of the current density, the feed salt concentration, and the initial salt chamber volume on the performance of the BMED process were studied. When the reaction conditions were optimized, it was concluded that an initial salt chamber volume of 200 mL and a salt concentration of 0.3 mol/L provided the maximum benefit. A high current density leads to high energy consumption but with high current efficiency; therefore, the optimum current density was identified as 30 mA/cm2. Under the optimized conditions, the total economic cost of the BMED process was calculated as 2.243 USD·kg−1LiOH. As well as solving the problem of recycling waste lithium bromide, the process also represents a novel production methodology for lithium hydroxide. Given the prices of lithium hydroxide and hydrobromic acid, the process is both environmentally friendly and economical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Gao
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration of Anhui Province, School of Biology, Food and Environment, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China; (W.G.); (J.C.); (J.J.); (K.W.); (W.M.); (K.W.)
| | - Xinlai Wei
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration of Anhui Province, School of Biology, Food and Environment, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China; (W.G.); (J.C.); (J.J.); (K.W.); (W.M.); (K.W.)
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Sewage Purification and Eco-Restoration Materials, Hefei 230088, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Jun Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration of Anhui Province, School of Biology, Food and Environment, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China; (W.G.); (J.C.); (J.J.); (K.W.); (W.M.); (K.W.)
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Sewage Purification and Eco-Restoration Materials, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Jie Jin
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration of Anhui Province, School of Biology, Food and Environment, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China; (W.G.); (J.C.); (J.J.); (K.W.); (W.M.); (K.W.)
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Sewage Purification and Eco-Restoration Materials, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Ke Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration of Anhui Province, School of Biology, Food and Environment, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China; (W.G.); (J.C.); (J.J.); (K.W.); (W.M.); (K.W.)
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Sewage Purification and Eco-Restoration Materials, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Wenwen Meng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration of Anhui Province, School of Biology, Food and Environment, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China; (W.G.); (J.C.); (J.J.); (K.W.); (W.M.); (K.W.)
| | - Keke Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration of Anhui Province, School of Biology, Food and Environment, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China; (W.G.); (J.C.); (J.J.); (K.W.); (W.M.); (K.W.)
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10
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Stenina IA, Yaroslavtsev AB. Ionic Mobility in Ion-Exchange Membranes. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:198. [PMID: 33799886 PMCID: PMC7998860 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11030198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Membrane technologies are widely demanded in a number of modern industries. Ion-exchange membranes are one of the most widespread and demanded types of membranes. Their main task is the selective transfer of certain ions and prevention of transfer of other ions or molecules, and the most important characteristics are ionic conductivity and selectivity of transfer processes. Both parameters are determined by ionic and molecular mobility in membranes. To study this mobility, the main techniques used are nuclear magnetic resonance and impedance spectroscopy. In this comprehensive review, mechanisms of transfer processes in various ion-exchange membranes, including homogeneous, heterogeneous, and hybrid ones, are discussed. Correlations of structures of ion-exchange membranes and their hydration with ion transport mechanisms are also reviewed. The features of proton transfer, which plays a decisive role in the membrane used in fuel cells and electrolyzers, are highlighted. These devices largely determine development of hydrogen energy in the modern world. The features of ion transfer in heterogeneous and hybrid membranes with inorganic nanoparticles are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrey B. Yaroslavtsev
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 31, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
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11
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Recovery of Acid and Base from Sodium Sulfate Containing Lithium Carbonate Using Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11020152. [PMID: 33671622 PMCID: PMC7927085 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11020152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lithium carbonate is an important chemical raw material that is widely used in many contexts. The preparation of lithium carbonate by acid roasting is limited due to the large amounts of low-value sodium sulfate waste salts that result. In this research, bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED) technology was developed to treat waste sodium sulfate containing lithium carbonate for conversion of low-value sodium sulfate into high-value sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide. Both can be used as raw materials in upstream processes. In order to verify the feasibility of the method, the effects of the feed salt concentration, current density, flow rate, and volume ratio on the desalination performance were determined. The conversion rate of sodium sulfate was close to 100%. The energy consumption obtained under the best experimental conditions was 1.4 kWh·kg-1. The purity of the obtained sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide products reached 98.32% and 98.23%, respectively. Calculated under the best process conditions, the total process cost of BMED was estimated to be USD 0.705 kg-1 Na2SO4, which is considered low and provides an indication of the potential economic and environmental benefits of using applying this technology.
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12
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Achoh AR, Zabolotsky VI, Lebedev KA, Sharafan MV, Yaroslavtsev AB. Electrochemical Properties and Selectivity of Bilayer Ion-Exchange Membranes in Ternary Solutions of Strong Electrolytes. MEMBRANES AND MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s2517751621010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Dursun L, Ata ON, Kanca A. Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis for Binary Salt Water Treatment: Valorization of Type and Concentration of Electrolytes. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c06151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lale Dursun
- Chemical Engineering Department, Ataturk University, Lab. 3, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Osman Nuri Ata
- Chemical Engineering Department, Ataturk University, 2-16, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Arzu Kanca
- Chemical Engineering Department, Ataturk University, Z-38, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
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14
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Martí-Calatayud MC, Sancho-Cirer Poczatek M, Pérez-Herranz V. Trade-Off between Operating Time and Energy Consumption in Pulsed Electric Field Electrodialysis: A Comprehensive Simulation Study. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:43. [PMID: 33430109 PMCID: PMC7827754 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Electrodialysis (ED) has been recently introduced in a variety of processes where the recovery of valuable resources is needed; thus, enabling sustainable production routes for a circular economy. However, new applications of ED require optimized operating modes ensuring low energy consumptions. The application of pulsed electric field (PEF) electrodialysis has been demonstrated to be an effective option to modulate concentration polarization and reduce energy consumption in ED systems, but the savings in energy are usually attained by extending the operating time. In the present work, we conduct a comprehensive simulation study about the effects of PEF signal parameters on the time and energy consumption associated with ED processes. Ion transport of NaCl solutions through homogeneous cation-exchange membranes is simulated using a 1-D model solved by a finite-difference method. Increasing the pulse frequency up to a threshold value is effective in reducing the specific energy consumption, with threshold frequencies increasing with the applied current density. Varying the duty cycle causes opposed effects in the time and energy usage needed for a given ED operation. More interestingly, a new mode of PEF functions with the application of low values of current during the relaxation phases has been investigated. This novel PEF strategy has been demonstrated to simultaneously improve the time and the specific energy consumption of ED processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel César Martí-Calatayud
- IEC Group, ISIRYM, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camí de Vera s/n, 46022 València, Spain; (M.S.-C.P.); (V.P.-H.)
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15
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Water Splitting and Transport of Ions in Electromembrane System with Bilayer Ion-Exchange Membrane. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:membranes10110346. [PMID: 33207651 PMCID: PMC7697576 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10110346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Bilayer ion-exchange membranes are mainly used for separating single and multiply charged ions. It is well known that in membranes in which the layers have different charges of the ionogenic groups of the matrix, the limiting current decreases, and the water splitting reaction accelerates in comparison with monolayer (isotropic) ion-exchange membranes. We study samples of bilayer ion-exchange membranes with very thin cation-exchange layers deposited on an anion-exchange membrane-substrate in this work. It was revealed that in bilayer membranes, the limiting current’s value is determined by the properties of a thin surface film (modifying layer). A linear regularity of the dependence of the non-equilibrium effective rate constant of the water-splitting reaction on the resistance of the bipolar region, which is valid for both bilayer and bipolar membranes, has been revealed. It is shown that the introduction of the catalyst significantly reduces the water-splitting voltage, but reduces the selectivity of the membrane. It is possible to regulate the fluxes of salt ions and water splitting products (hydrogen and hydroxyl ions) by changing the current density. Such an ability makes it possible to conduct a controlled process of desalting electrolytes with simultaneous pH adjustment.
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16
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Gurreri L, Tamburini A, Cipollina A, Micale G. Electrodialysis Applications in Wastewater Treatment for Environmental Protection and Resources Recovery: A Systematic Review on Progress and Perspectives. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:E146. [PMID: 32660014 PMCID: PMC7408617 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10070146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a comprehensive review of studies on electrodialysis (ED) applications in wastewater treatment, outlining the current status and the future prospect. ED is a membrane process of separation under the action of an electric field, where ions are selectively transported across ion-exchange membranes. ED of both conventional or unconventional fashion has been tested to treat several waste or spent aqueous solutions, including effluents from various industrial processes, municipal wastewater or salt water treatment plants, and animal farms. Properties such as selectivity, high separation efficiency, and chemical-free treatment make ED methods adequate for desalination and other treatments with significant environmental benefits. ED technologies can be used in operations of concentration, dilution, desalination, regeneration, and valorisation to reclaim wastewater and recover water and/or other products, e.g., heavy metal ions, salts, acids/bases, nutrients, and organics, or electrical energy. Intense research activity has been directed towards developing enhanced or novel systems, showing that zero or minimal liquid discharge approaches can be techno-economically affordable and competitive. Despite few real plants having been installed, recent developments are opening new routes for the large-scale use of ED techniques in a plethora of treatment processes for wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandro Tamburini
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi di Palermo, viale delle Scienze Ed. 6, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (L.G.); (A.C.); (G.M.)
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17
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Stankiewicz AI, Nigar H. Beyond electrolysis: old challenges and new concepts of electricity-driven chemical reactors. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00116c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
With renewable electricity becoming the most widely available, versatile energy form on Earth, the electricity-driven chemical reactors will play crucial role in the transition to green, environmentally-neutral manufacturing of fuels and chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej I. Stankiewicz
- Process and Energy Department
- Delft University of Technology
- 2628 CB Delft
- The Netherlands
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering
| | - Hakan Nigar
- Process and Energy Department
- Delft University of Technology
- 2628 CB Delft
- The Netherlands
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18
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Ueda H, Nishiyama K, Yoshimoto S. Highly charged fullerene anions electrochemically stabilized by anionic polymers. Electrochem commun 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2019.106619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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19
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Terin DV, Kardash MM, Druzhinina TV, Tsyplyaev SV. Effect of Structural Heterogeneity of Polikon Mosaic Materials on Their Properties. MEMBRANES AND MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGIES 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s2517751619050093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Epsztein R, Shaulsky E, Qin M, Elimelech M. Activation behavior for ion permeation in ion-exchange membranes: Role of ion dehydration in selective transport. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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21
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Conversion of water-organic solution of sodium naphtenates into naphtenic acids and alkali by electrodialysis with bipolar membranes. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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22
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Ramdin M, Morrison ART, de Groen M, van Haperen R, de Kler R, van den Broeke LJP, Trusler JPM, de Jong W, Vlugt TJH. High Pressure Electrochemical Reduction of CO 2 to Formic Acid/Formate: A Comparison between Bipolar Membranes and Cation Exchange Membranes. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019; 58:1834-1847. [PMID: 30774193 PMCID: PMC6369647 DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b04944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
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A high pressure semicontinuous batch
electrolyzer is used to convert
CO2 to formic acid/formate on a tin-based cathode using
bipolar membranes (BPMs) and cation exchange membranes (CEMs). The
effects of CO2 pressure up to 50 bar, electrolyte concentration,
flow rate, cell potential, and the two types of membranes on the current
density (CD) and Faraday efficiency (FE) for formic acid/formate are
investigated. Increasing the CO2 pressure yields a high
FE up to 90% at a cell potential of 3.5 V and a CD of ∼30 mA/cm2. The FE decreases significantly at higher cell potentials
and current densities, and lower pressures. Up to 2 wt % formate was
produced at a cell potential of 4 V, a CD of ∼100 mA/cm2, and a FE of 65%. The advantages and disadvantages of using
BPMs and CEMs in electrochemical cells for CO2 conversion
to formic acid/formate are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahinder Ramdin
- Engineering Thermodynamics, Process & Energy Department, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Leeghwaterstraat 39, 2628CB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew R T Morrison
- Large-Scale Energy Storage, Process & Energy Department, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Leeghwaterstraat 39, 2628CB Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | - Rien van Haperen
- Coval Energy, Wilhelminasingel 14, 4818AA Breda, The Netherlands
| | - Robert de Kler
- Coval Energy, Wilhelminasingel 14, 4818AA Breda, The Netherlands
| | | | - J P Martin Trusler
- Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Wiebren de Jong
- Large-Scale Energy Storage, Process & Energy Department, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Leeghwaterstraat 39, 2628CB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Thijs J H Vlugt
- Engineering Thermodynamics, Process & Energy Department, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Leeghwaterstraat 39, 2628CB Delft, The Netherlands
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Pawlowski S, Crespo JG, Velizarov S. Profiled Ion Exchange Membranes: A Comprehensible Review. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20010165. [PMID: 30621185 PMCID: PMC6337161 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Profiled membranes (also known as corrugated membranes, micro-structured membranes, patterned membranes, membranes with designed topography or notched membranes) are gaining increasing academic and industrial attention and recognition as a viable alternative to flat membranes. So far, profiled ion exchange membranes have shown to significantly improve the performance of reverse electrodialysis (RED), and particularly, electrodialysis (ED) by eliminating the spacer shadow effect and by inducing hydrodynamic changes, leading to ion transport rate enhancement. The beneficial effects of profiled ion exchange membranes are strongly dependent on the shape of their profiles (corrugations/patterns) as well as on the flow rate and salts’ concentration in the feed streams. The enormous degree of freedom to create new profile geometries offers an exciting opportunity to improve even more their performance. Additionally, the advent of new manufacturing methods in the membrane field, such as 3D printing, is anticipated to allow a faster and an easier way to create profiled membranes with different and complex geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwin Pawlowski
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry - Clean Technologies and Processes (LAQV), REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, FCT, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
| | - João G Crespo
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry - Clean Technologies and Processes (LAQV), REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, FCT, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Svetlozar Velizarov
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry - Clean Technologies and Processes (LAQV), REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, FCT, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
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24
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Peculiarities of transport-structural parameters of ion-exchange membranes in solutions containing anions of carboxylic acids. J Memb Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Melnikov S, Sheldeshov N, Zabolotsky V, Loza S, Achoh A. Pilot scale complex electrodialysis technology for processing a solution of lithium chloride containing organic solvents. Sep Purif Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2017.07.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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