Preparation and comparative evaluation of PVC/PbO and PVC/PbO/graphite based conductive nanocomposites

Two series, A and B, of PVC based nanocomposite polymer membranes (nCPMs) were prepared using PbO only and PbO/graphite mixture as a filler by solution casting method. Seven samples with varying compositions (5–35%) of filler particles were prepared for each series and were compared by thickness measurements, porosity, water uptake, swelling degree, ionic conductivity, ion exchange capacity (IEC), membrane potential and transport number. The maximum values for these characteristics were observed as 0.402 mm, 0.77, 141.3%, 0.11, 0.0033 Scm−1, 8.6 milli-eq.g−1, 0.19 V and 0.01391 for series-A composites whereas that of 0.367 mm, 0.83, 63.4%, 0.019, 0.00981 Scm−1, 5.21 milli-eq.g−1, 0.13 V and 0.0108 for series-B nCPMs respectively. The SEM images of membranes showed greater voids produced in the series-B compared to series-A composites. The maximum Ionic conductivity, IEC, membrane potential and transport number were observed for membrane with 25% PbO/graphite, 20% PbO and 35% PbO particles respectively.