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Jang I, S A Carneiro J, Crawford JO, Cho YJ, Parvin S, Gonzalez-Casamachin DA, Baltrusaitis J, Lively RP, Nikolla E. Electrocatalysis in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers. Chem Rev 2024; 124:8233-8306. [PMID: 38885684 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Interest in energy-to-X and X-to-energy (where X represents green hydrogen, carbon-based fuels, or ammonia) technologies has expanded the field of electrochemical conversion and storage. Solid oxide electrochemical cells (SOCs) are among the most promising technologies for these processes. Their unmatched conversion efficiencies result from favorable thermodynamics and kinetics at elevated operating temperatures (400-900 °C). These solid-state electrochemical systems exhibit flexibility in reversible operation between fuel cell and electrolysis modes and can efficiently utilize a variety of fuels. However, electrocatalytic materials at SOC electrodes remain nonoptimal for facilitating reversible operation and fuel flexibility. In this Review, we explore the diverse range of electrocatalytic materials utilized in oxygen-ion-conducting SOCs (O-SOCs) and proton-conducting SOCs (H-SOCs). We examine their electrochemical activity as a function of composition and structure across different electrochemical reactions to highlight characteristics that lead to optimal catalytic performance. Catalyst deactivation mechanisms under different operating conditions are discussed to assess the bottlenecks in performance. We conclude by providing guidelines for evaluating the electrochemical performance of electrode catalysts in SOCs and for designing effective catalysts to achieve flexibility in fuel usage and mode of operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inyoung Jang
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Juliana S A Carneiro
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Joshua O Crawford
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Yoon Jin Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Sahanaz Parvin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Diego A Gonzalez-Casamachin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Jonas Baltrusaitis
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Ryan P Lively
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Eranda Nikolla
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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2
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A Recent Review of Primary Hydrogen Carriers, Hydrogen Production Methods, and Applications. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13030562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen is a promising energy carrier, especially for transportation, owing to its unique physical and chemical properties. Moreover, the combustion of hydrogen gas generates only pure water; thus, its wide utilization can positively affect human society to achieve global net zero CO2 emissions by 2050. This review summarizes the characteristics of the primary hydrogen carriers, such as water, methane, methanol, ammonia, and formic acid, and their corresponding hydrogen production methods. Additionally, state-of-the-art studies and hydrogen energy applications in recent years are also included in this review. In addition, in the conclusion section, we summarize the advantages and disadvantages of hydrogen carriers and hydrogen production techniques and suggest the challenging tasks for future research.
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Amaya Dueñas D, Ullmer D, Riedel M, Tomberg M, Heddrich M, Ansar S. Critical Operating Conditions for Co‐SOEC Reactors for Syngas Production with Fischer‐Tropsch Recirculation. CHEM-ING-TECH 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.202255067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. M. Amaya Dueñas
- German Aerospace Center (DLR) Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics Pfaffenwaldring 38–40 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - D. Ullmer
- German Aerospace Center (DLR) Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics Pfaffenwaldring 38–40 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - M. Riedel
- German Aerospace Center (DLR) Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics Pfaffenwaldring 38–40 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - M. Tomberg
- German Aerospace Center (DLR) Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics Pfaffenwaldring 38–40 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - M. P. Heddrich
- German Aerospace Center (DLR) Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics Pfaffenwaldring 38–40 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - S. A. Ansar
- German Aerospace Center (DLR) Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics Pfaffenwaldring 38–40 70569 Stuttgart Germany
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Shen M, Ai F, Ma H, Xu H, Zhang Y. Progress and prospects of reversible solid oxide fuel cell materials. iScience 2021; 24:103464. [PMID: 34934912 PMCID: PMC8661483 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Reversible solid oxide fuel cell (RSOFC) is an energy device that flexibly interchanges between electrical and chemical energy according to people's life and production needs. The development of cell materials affects the stability and cost of the cell, but also restricts its market-oriented development. After decades of research by scientists, a lot of achievements and progress have been made on RSOFC materials. According to the composition and requirements of each component of RSOFC, this article summarizes the research progress based on materials and discusses the merits and demerits of current cell materials in electrochemical performance. According to the efficiency of different materials in solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC mode) and solid oxide electrolyzer (SOEC mode), the challenges encountered by RSOFC in the operation are evaluated, and the future development of RSOFC materials is boldly prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghai Shen
- College of Health Science and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Fujin Ai
- College of Health Science and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Hailing Ma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
| | - Hui Xu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
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Hoerlein MP, Riegraf M, Costa R, Schiller G, Friedrich KA. A parameter study of solid oxide electrolysis cell degradation: Microstructural changes of the fuel electrode. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.04.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Zheng Y, Wang J, Yu B, Zhang W, Chen J, Qiao J, Zhang J. A review of high temperature co-electrolysis of H 2O and CO 2 to produce sustainable fuels using solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs): advanced materials and technology. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 46:1427-1463. [PMID: 28165079 DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00403b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
High-temperature solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) are advanced electrochemical energy storage and conversion devices with high conversion/energy efficiencies. They offer attractive high-temperature co-electrolysis routes that reduce extra CO2 emissions, enable large-scale energy storage/conversion and facilitate the integration of renewable energies into the electric grid. Exciting new research has focused on CO2 electrochemical activation/conversion through a co-electrolysis process based on the assumption that difficult C[double bond, length as m-dash]O double bonds can be activated effectively through this electrochemical method. Based on existing investigations, this paper puts forth a comprehensive overview of recent and past developments in co-electrolysis with SOECs for CO2 conversion and utilization. Here, we discuss in detail the approaches of CO2 conversion, the developmental history, the basic principles, the economic feasibility of CO2/H2O co-electrolysis, and the diverse range of fuel electrodes as well as oxygen electrode materials. SOEC performance measurements, characterization and simulations are classified and presented in this paper. SOEC cell and stack designs, fabrications and scale-ups are also summarized and described. In particular, insights into CO2 electrochemical conversions, solid oxide cell material behaviors and degradation mechanisms are highlighted to obtain a better understanding of the high temperature electrolysis process in SOECs. Proposed research directions are also outlined to provide guidelines for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zheng
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology (INET), Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, 30 Shuang'qing Road, Beijing 100084, P. R. China.
| | - Jianchen Wang
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology (INET), Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, 30 Shuang'qing Road, Beijing 100084, P. R. China.
| | - Bo Yu
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology (INET), Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, 30 Shuang'qing Road, Beijing 100084, P. R. China.
| | - Wenqiang Zhang
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology (INET), Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, 30 Shuang'qing Road, Beijing 100084, P. R. China.
| | - Jing Chen
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology (INET), Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, 30 Shuang'qing Road, Beijing 100084, P. R. China.
| | - Jinli Qiao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 Ren'min North Road, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China.
| | - Jiujun Zhang
- NRC Energy, Mining & Environment, National Research Council of Canada, 4250 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1W5, Canada. and College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China.
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Monzón H, Laguna-Bercero MA. The influence of the reducing conditions on the final microstructure and performance of nickel-yttria stabilized zirconia cermets. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.10.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Sar J, Schefold J, Brisse A, Djurado E. Durability test on coral Ce0.9Gd0.1O2-δ-La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ with La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ current collector working in SOFC and SOEC modes. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.03.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Graves C, Chatzichristodoulou C, Mogensen MB. Kinetics of CO/CO2 and H2/H2O reactions at Ni-based and ceria-based solid-oxide-cell electrodes. Faraday Discuss 2016; 182:75-95. [PMID: 26284532 DOI: 10.1039/c5fd00048c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The solid oxide electrochemical cell (SOC) is an energy conversion technology that can be operated reversibly, to efficiently convert chemical fuels to electricity (fuel cell mode) as well as to store electricity as chemical fuels (electrolysis mode). The SOC fuel-electrode carries out the electrochemical reactions CO2 + 2e(-) ↔ CO + O(2-) and H2O + 2e(-) ↔ H2 + O(2-), for which the electrocatalytic activities of different electrodes differ considerably. The relative activities in CO/CO2 and H2/H2O and the nature of the differences are not well studied, even for the most common fuel-electrode material, a composite of nickel and yttria/scandia stabilized zirconia (Ni-SZ). Ni-SZ is known to be more active for H2/H2O than for CO/CO2 reactions, but the reported relative activity varies widely. Here we compare AC impedance and DC current-overpotential data measured in the two gas environments for several different electrodes comprised of Ni-SZ, Gd-doped CeO2 (CGO), and CGO nanoparticles coating Nb-doped SrTiO3 backbones (CGOn/STN). 2D model and 3D porous electrode geometries are employed to investigate the influence of microstructure, gas diffusion and impurities.Comparing model and porous Ni-SZ electrodes, the ratio of electrode polarization resistance in CO/CO2vs. H2/H2O decreases from 33 to 2. Experiments and modelling suggest that the ratio decreases due to a lower concentration of impurities blocking the three phase boundary and due to the nature of the reaction zone extension into the porous electrode thickness. Besides showing higher activity for H2/H2O reactions than CO/CO2 reactions, the Ni/SZ interface is more active for oxidation than reduction. On the other hand, we find the opposite behaviour in both cases for CGOn/STN model electrodes, reporting for the first time a higher electrocatalytic activity of CGO nanoparticles for CO/CO2 than for H2/H2O reactions in the absence of gas diffusion limitations. We propose that enhanced surface reduction at the CGOn/gas two phase boundary in CO/CO2 and in cathodic polarization can explain why the highest reaction rate is obtained for CO2 electrolysis. Large differences observed between model electrode kinetics and porous electrode kinetics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Graves
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Risø Campus, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Christodoulos Chatzichristodoulou
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Risø Campus, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Mogens B Mogensen
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Risø Campus, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
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Understanding degradation of solid oxide electrolysis cells through modeling of electrochemical potential profiles. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.12.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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An in situ near-ambient pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy study of Mn polarised anodically in a cell with solid oxide electrolyte. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.05.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Graves C, Ebbesen SD, Jensen SH, Simonsen SB, Mogensen MB. Eliminating degradation in solid oxide electrochemical cells by reversible operation. NATURE MATERIALS 2015; 14:239-244. [PMID: 25532070 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
One promising energy storage technology is the solid oxide electrochemical cell (SOC), which can both store electricity as chemical fuels (electrolysis mode) and convert fuels to electricity (fuel-cell mode). The widespread use of SOCs has been hindered by insufficient long-term stability, in particular at high current densities. Here we demonstrate that severe electrolysis-induced degradation, which was previously believed to be irreversible, can be completely eliminated by reversibly cycling between electrolysis and fuel-cell modes, similar to a rechargeable battery. Performing steam electrolysis continuously at high current density (1 A cm(-2)), initially at 1.33 V (97% energy efficiency), led to severe microstructure deterioration near the oxygen-electrode/electrolyte interface and a corresponding large increase in ohmic resistance. After 4,000 h of reversible cycling, however, no microstructural damage was observed and the ohmic resistance even slightly improved. The results demonstrate the viability of applying SOCs for renewable electricity storage at previously unattainable reaction rates, and have implications for our fundamental understanding of degradation mechanisms that are usually assumed to be irreversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Graves
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Risø Campus, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Sune Dalgaard Ebbesen
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Risø Campus, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Søren Højgaard Jensen
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Risø Campus, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Søren Bredmose Simonsen
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Risø Campus, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Mogens Bjerg Mogensen
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Risø Campus, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
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Hansen JB. Solid oxide electrolysis – a key enabling technology for sustainable energy scenarios. Faraday Discuss 2015; 182:9-48. [PMID: 26495443 DOI: 10.1039/c5fd90071a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Production of fuels and chemicals from steam and/or CO2 with solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOEC) and electricity have attracted considerable interest recently. This paper is an extended version of the introductory lecture presented at the first Faraday Discussions meeting on the subject. The focus is on the state of the art of cells, stacks and systems. Thermodynamics, performance and degradation are addressed. Remaining challenges and potential application of the technology are discussed from an industrial perspective.
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Mahmood A, Bano S, Yu JH, Lee KH. Effect of operating conditions on the performance of solid electrolyte membrane reactor for steam and CO2 electrolysis. J Memb Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kiebach R, Norrman K, Chatzichristodoulou C, Chen M, Sun X, Ebbesen SD, Mogensen MB, Hendriksen PV. TOF-SIMS characterization of impurity enrichment and redistribution in solid oxide electrolysis cells during operation. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:14949-58. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt01053a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Mandt T, Korte C, Breuer U, Weber A, Ziegner M, Uhlenbruck S, Menzler N, Stolten D. Sr-Diffusion in Ce0.8Gd0.2O2-δ Layers for SOFC Application. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1557/opl.2013.629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTIn this study Sr2+ diffusion along Ce0.8Gd0.2O2-δ (CGO) grain boundaries is investigated. Model samples with different grain boundary densities were prepared by different thin film tech-niques. Diffusion experiments were performed by annealing and subsequent ToF-SIMS analysis. The activation energy of grain boundary diffusion is determined as 492 kJ/mol, which is 2/3 of the bulk diffusion activation energy 739 kJ/mol, deduced from literature data [1-5].The formation of an electrical blocking SrZrO3 layer due to grain boundary diffusion of Sr2+ through a CGO barrier layer may limit the long term stability of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells based on Zr0.85Y0.15O2-δ electrolytes and La0.58Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ cathodes. The grain boundary diffusivity and the CGO grain boundary density highly influence the kinetic of the SrZrO3 formation. Aim of this study is to gain data for a prediction of the maximum lifetime of a SOFC system, limited by the increasing cell resistivity due to SrZrO3 formation. Specifications for the CGO barrier layer preparation concerning grain boundary density are determined.
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Hagen A, Traulsen ML, Kiebach WR, Johansen BS. Spectroelectrochemical cell for in situ studies of solid oxide fuel cells. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2012; 19:400-407. [PMID: 22514176 DOI: 10.1107/s0909049512006760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are able to produce electricity and heat from hydrogen- or carbon-containing fuels with high efficiencies and are considered important cornerstones for future sustainable energy systems. Performance, activation and degradation processes are crucial parameters to control before the technology can achieve breakthrough. They have been widely studied, predominately by electrochemical testing with subsequent micro-structural analysis. In order to be able to develop better SOFCs, it is important to understand how the measured electrochemical performance depends on materials and structural properties, preferably at the atomic level. A characterization of these properties under operation is desired. As SOFCs operate at temperatures around 1073 K, this is a challenge. A spectroelectrochemical cell was designed that is able to study SOFCs at operating temperatures and in the presence of relevant gases. Simultaneous spectroscopic and electrochemical evaluation by using X-ray absorption spectroscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Hagen
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, DTU, Risoe Campus, Frederiksborgvej 399, Roskilde 4000, Denmark.
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