Association of of IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RN) and interleukin-1β genes (IL-1β) polymorphisms with recurrent pregnancy loss in Iranian Azeri women

Alarmins and their pivotal role in the pathogenesis of spontaneous abortion: insights for therapeutic intervention

Alarmins are a class of molecules released when affected cells damaged or undergo apoptosis. They contain various chemotactic and immunomodulatory proteins or peptides. These molecules regulate the immune response by interacting with pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and play important roles in inflammatory response, tissue repair, infection defense, and cancer treatment. Spontaneous abortion (SA) is a common pregnancy-related disease, and its pathogenesis has been puzzling clinicians, so it needs to be further studied. In this paper, we first reviewed the research status of various alarmins and SA, focusing on the role of high mobility box 1 (HMGB1), interleukin33 (IL-33), interleukin1β (IL-1β) and S-100 protein (S100 protein) in immune response, inflammation, embryonic development and abortion. Subsequently, this paper summarized the effect of alarmins on pregnancy outcome by influencing angiogenesis-related factors. Finally, from the perspective of aseptic inflammation, the pro-inflammatory signaling pathways involved in various alarmins and their targeted drugs were reviewed. By focusing on specific molecules in alarmins and their receptors and signaling pathways, we can more accurately conduct drug research and development. The purpose of this review is to explore the role of alarmins in SA, and provide important references for early detection of abortion risk, revealing the disease mechanism, developing new therapies and improving the prognosis of patients.

Relationship between common interleukin 1-beta gene polymorphisms and the risk of gestational disorders: An updated meta-analysis

Background: To quantitatively estimate the relationship between IL-1β -511C>T, -31T>C, and +3954C>T polymorphisms and risk of gestational disorders. Methods: In this meta-analysis, eligible publications were searched in Web of Knowledge, MEDLINE, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases (updated April 2020), using appropriate or relevant keywords. Case-control population-based reports were included if provided with genotypic frequencies of both studied groups. Statistical analyses were performed using the MetaGenyo web tool software, where a P value less than 0.05 indicated a significant association. For the assessment of between-study variations, heterogeneity analysis was applied with the I² statistics. Results: A total of thirteen studies were included. We observed a significant association between IL-1β-31T>C polymorphism and reduced risk of gestational disorders under codominant CT vs. CC [OR= 0.74, CI (0.59-0.92)], and dominant CT+TT vs. CC [OR= 0.74, CI (0.60-0.91)] contrasted genetic models. The stratified analysis considering the disease type showed that the 511C>T variant, under the recessive CC vs. CT+TT model, enhanced the risk of preterm birth by 1.29 fold. Conclusion: Our results failed to support an association between two IL-1β polymorphisms, 511C>T and +3954C>T, with the overall risk of gestational disorders. In contrast, the 31T>C variant reduced the incidence of such diseases. Further studies are encouraged to get more precise estimates of effect sizes.

Association of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and TGFβ1 Gene Polymorphisms with Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) is a common pregnancy-associated complication of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) which is an endocrine malfunction disease. Patients with PCOS may have several underlying contributing and interrelated factors, which have been reported in women with RSA. The incidence rate between PCOS and RSA remains uncertain. The aim of this study is to determine the possible association of IL-1β-511C/T, IL-6-174G/C, TNF-α-1031T/C, and TGFβ1-509T/C with RSA patients with or without PCOS. A total of 140 RSA patients, 70 of which were PCOS patients, and 140 healthy females with no history of RSA or PCOS were included in this study. PCR amplification, genotyping, and sequence analysis were employed to investigate the presence of the polymorphisms. The genotypic and allelic frequencies were calculated separately for each subject. Out of the four studied polymorphisms, the IL-1β-511C/T genotype in RSA without PCOS patients (12.7%) was significantly different compared with that in control subjects (p = 0.047). For IL-6-174C/G, there was a tendency towards more CC carriers among RSA with PCOS patients (10%) than in controls (3%). The GG genotype in RSA women with PCOS (60%) was significantly different compared with that in control subjects (p = 0.033), and the GC genotype in RSA with PCOS patients (30%) showed a marginal significant difference compared with that in control subjects (p = 0.050). Significant difference was identified in the allelic frequencies in RSA patients with PCOS compared to controls (p = 0.025). IL-6-174G/C and TNF-α-1031T/C polymorphisms are significantly associated with RSA patients in Saudi patients with PCOS, while the IL-1β-511C/T polymorphism is significantly associated with RSA patients without PCOS.