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de Oliveira FD, Santos PRDS, de Oliveira MF, de Assis AC. Galea spixii embryos have potential to produce steroid hormones. Anim Reprod 2023; 19:e20220091. [PMID: 36686856 PMCID: PMC9844670 DOI: 10.1590/1984-3143-ar2022-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogens and progestogens are hormones produced by maternal organs and it is required for recognition and maintenance of pregnancy. In addition, the embryo may also be a source. For this, the aim was to identify steroidogenic expression on Galea spixii embryos early in the embryonic period. Embryos were collected on Days 10 and 15 of gestation; some were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for morphological and immunohistochemical analysis (P450arom), whereas others had RNA extracted to determine presence of CYP19a1 gene. In addition, for immunochemistry, maternal ovaries were collected as positive control tissues. Maternal tissues had positive staining for aromatase, whereas none of the embryos stained for P450 aromatase. Based on qPCR reactions, CYP19a1 gene were expressed in all embryos. Galea spixii embryos expressed steroidogenic genes during the post-implantation period, indicating they have the potential to produce steroid hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franceliusa Delys de Oliveira
- Departamento de Cirurgia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Paulo Ramos da Silva Santos
- Departamento de Cirurgia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Antônio Chaves de Assis
- Departamento de Cirurgia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil,Corresponding author:
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Sun W, Hu C, Wang T, Wang J, Zhang J, Gao F, Ou Q, Tian H, Jin C, Xu J, Zhang J, Xu GT, Lu L. Glia Maturation Factor Beta as a Novel Biomarker and Therapeutic Target for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:744331. [PMID: 34796110 PMCID: PMC8593204 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.744331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common types of cancer. The novel sensitive biomarkers and therapeutic targets are urgently needed for the early diagnosis of HCC and improvement of clinical outcomes. Glia maturation factor-β (GMFB) is a growth and differentiation factor for both glia and neurons and has been found to be tightly involved in inflammation and neurodegeneration conditions. In our study, the expression level of GMFB was significantly up-regulated in patients with HCC and positively co-expression with tumor node metastases (TNM) stage and histopathological grade of HCC. The high expression level of GMFB was remarkably associated with poor overall survival, which mainly occurred in males rather than females. Multivariate analysis revealed GMFB to be an independent prognostic factor for overall survival in patients with HCC. Results of Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG pathways analysis showed that down-regulation of pathways related to protein translation and mitochondria function were enriched. Protein-protein interaction analysis revealed the central role of mitochondria protein in HCC. The downregulation of genes involved in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis was observed among the co-expression genes of GMFB. Knockdown of GMFB in Hep3B significantly inhibited proliferation, migration, and invasion of Hep3B cells, and also downregulated the expression levels of some of metal matrix proteinase (MMP), increased mtDNA copy number and loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential. GMFB influences the malignancy rate of HCC possibly through regulation of the expression of MMPs, mtDNA function and glycolysis. We proposed that GMFB was a promising HCC diagnostic and prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth's People Hospital and Laboratory of Clinical Visual Science of Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Changchang Hu
- Department of General Surgery of Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guizhou, China
| | - Tianyu Wang
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth's People Hospital and Laboratory of Clinical Visual Science of Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jieping Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth's People Hospital and Laboratory of Clinical Visual Science of Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Furong Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth's People Hospital and Laboratory of Clinical Visual Science of Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingjian Ou
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth's People Hospital and Laboratory of Clinical Visual Science of Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haibin Tian
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth's People Hospital and Laboratory of Clinical Visual Science of Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Caixia Jin
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth's People Hospital and Laboratory of Clinical Visual Science of Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingying Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth's People Hospital and Laboratory of Clinical Visual Science of Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingfa Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth's People Hospital and Laboratory of Clinical Visual Science of Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Tong Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth's People Hospital and Laboratory of Clinical Visual Science of Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lixia Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth's People Hospital and Laboratory of Clinical Visual Science of Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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Lan Z, Meng Z, Lian B, Liu M, Sun T, Sun H, Liu Z, Hu Z, Guo Q, Zhang J. Hippocampal Aromatase Knockdown Aggravates Ovariectomy-Induced Spatial Memory Impairment, Aβ Accumulation and Neural Plasticity Deficiency in Adult Female Mice. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:1188-1202. [PMID: 33559105 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03258-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian estrogens (mainly 17β estradiol, E2) have been involved in the regulation of the structure of hippocampus, the center of spatial memory. In recent years, high levels of aromatase (AROM), the estrogen synthase, has been localized in hippocampus; and this hippocampus-derived E2 seems to be functional in synaptic plasticity and spatial memory as ovarian E2 does. However, the contribution of ovarian E2 and hippocampal E2 to spatial memory and neural plasticity remains unclear. In this study, AROM-specific RNA interference AAVs (shAROM) were constructed and injected into the hippocampus of control or ovariectomized (OVX) mice. Four weeks later the spatial learning and memory behavior was examined with Morris water maze, the expression of hippocampal Aβ related proteins, selected synaptic proteins and CA1 synapse density, actin polymerization related proteins and CA1 spine density were also examined. The results showed that while OVX and hippocampal shAROM contributed similarly to most of the parameters examined, shAROM induced more increase in BACE1 (amyloidogenic β-secretase), more decrease in neprilysin (Aβ remover) and Profilin-1 (actin polymerization inducer). More importantly, combined OVX and shAROM treatment displayed most significant impairment of spatial learning and memory as well as decrease in synaptic plasticity compared to OVX or shAROM alone. In conclusion, the above results clearly demonstrated the crucial role of hippocampal E2 in the regulation of the structure and function of hippocampus besides ovarian E2, indicating that hippocampal E2 content should also be taken into consideration during estrogenic replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Lan
- Department of Neurobiology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhaoyou Meng
- Department of Neurobiology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Biyao Lian
- Department of Neurobiology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Pediatrics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mengying Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- The 305 Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Neurobiology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- The 63650 Hospital of PLA, Malan, China
| | - Huan Sun
- Department of Neurobiology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Center for Brain Science, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhi Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhenxin Hu
- Battalion One of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiang Guo
- Department of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing, China.
| | - Jiqiang Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Carruba G. Estrogens in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Friends or Foes? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13092085. [PMID: 33925807 PMCID: PMC8123464 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Today, we know that estrogen hormones are required for the development and function of many organs, such as the liver, in both males and females. However, in some circumstances, estrogen excess may be implicated in the appearance of various chronic diseases, including cancer. This review will inspect the results of several studies to better understand the mechanisms responsible for estrogens to change from protective into harmful hormones in human liver. Abstract Estrogens are recognized as key players in physiological regulation of various, classical and non-classical, target organs, and tissues, including liver development, homeostasis, and function. On the other hand, multiple, though dispersed, experimental evidence is highly suggestive for the implication of estrogen in development and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma. In this paper, data from our own studies and the current literature are reviewed to help understanding this apparent discrepancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Carruba
- Servizio di Internazionalizzazione e Ricerca Sanitaria (SIRS), Azienda di Rilievo Nazionale e di Alta Specializzazione (ARNAS)-Civico, Di Cristina, Benfratelli-Palermo, Piazza N. Leotta 2, 90127 Palermo, Italy
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