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Ramirez AVG, Filho DR, de Sá LBPC. Melatonin and its Relationships with Diabetes and Obesity: A Literature Review. Curr Diabetes Rev 2021; 17:e072620184137. [PMID: 32718296 DOI: 10.2174/1573399816666200727102357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is an important clinical entity, causing many public health issues. Around two billion people in the world are overweight and obese. Almost 40% of American adults are obese and Brazil has about 18 million obese people. Nowadays, 415 million people have diabetes, around 1 in every 11 adults. These numbers will rise to 650 million people within 20 years. Melatonin shows a positive profile on the regulation of the metabolism of the human body. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to carry out a broad narrative review of the metabolic profile and associations between melatonin, diabetes and obesity. METHODS Article reviews, systematic reviews, prospective studies, retrospective studies, randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled trials in humans recently published were selected and analyzed. A total of 368 articles were collated and submitted to the eligibility analysis. Subsequently, 215 studies were selected to compose the content part of the paper, and 153 studies composed the narrative review. RESULTS Studies suggest a possible role of melatonin in metabolic diseases such as obesity, T2DM and metabolic syndrome. Intervention studies using this hormone in metabolic diseases are still unclear regarding the possible benefit of it. There is so far no consensus about the possible role of melatonin as an adjuvant in the treatment of metabolic diseases. More studies are necessary to define possible risks and benefits of melatonin as a therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana V G Ramirez
- Clinic Ana Valeria (CAV)- Clinic of Nutrition and Health Science, Street Antônio José Martins Filho, 300, Sao Jose do Rio Preto SP, 15092-230, Brazil
| | - Durval R Filho
- Associacao Brasileira de Nutrologia (ABRAN)/Brazilian Association of Nutrology, Catanduva/SP, Rua Belo Horizonte, 909 - Centro, Catanduva SP, Brazil
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Díaz-García E, Jaureguizar A, Casitas R, García-Tovar S, Sánchez-Sánchez B, Zamarrón E, López-Collazo E, García-Río F, Cubillos-Zapata C. SMAD4 Overexpression in Patients with Sleep Apnoea May Be Associated with Cardiometabolic Comorbidities. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9082378. [PMID: 32722512 PMCID: PMC7464800 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is associated with several diseases related to metabolic and cardiovascular risk. Although the mechanisms involved in the development of these disorders may vary, OSA patients frequently present an increase in transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), the activity of which is higher still in patients with hypertension, diabetes or cardiovascular morbidity. Smad4 is a member of the small mother against decapentaplegic homologue (Smad) family of signal transducers and acts as a central mediator of TGFβ signalling pathways. In this study, we evaluate Smad4 protein and mRNA expression from 52 newly diagnosed OSA patients, with an apnoea-hypopnoea index (AHI) ≥30 and 26 healthy volunteers. These analyses reveal that OSA patients exhibit high levels of SMAD4 which correlates with variation in HIF1α, mTOR and circadian genes. Moreover, we associated high concentrations of Smad4 plasma protein with the presence of diabetes, dyslipidaemia and hypertension in these patients. Results suggest that increased levels of SMAD4, mediated by intermittent hypoxaemia and circadian rhythm deregulation, may be associated with cardiometabolic comorbidities in patients with sleep apnoea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Díaz-García
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre on Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (E.D.-G.); (A.J.); (R.C.); (B.S.-S.); (E.Z.); (E.L.-C.); (F.G.-R.)
- Respiratory Diseases Group, Respiratory Diseases Department, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPAZ, 28046 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Ana Jaureguizar
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre on Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (E.D.-G.); (A.J.); (R.C.); (B.S.-S.); (E.Z.); (E.L.-C.); (F.G.-R.)
- Respiratory Diseases Group, Respiratory Diseases Department, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPAZ, 28046 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Raquel Casitas
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre on Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (E.D.-G.); (A.J.); (R.C.); (B.S.-S.); (E.Z.); (E.L.-C.); (F.G.-R.)
- Respiratory Diseases Group, Respiratory Diseases Department, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPAZ, 28046 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Sara García-Tovar
- Respiratory Diseases Group, Respiratory Diseases Department, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPAZ, 28046 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Begoña Sánchez-Sánchez
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre on Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (E.D.-G.); (A.J.); (R.C.); (B.S.-S.); (E.Z.); (E.L.-C.); (F.G.-R.)
- Respiratory Diseases Group, Respiratory Diseases Department, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPAZ, 28046 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Ester Zamarrón
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre on Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (E.D.-G.); (A.J.); (R.C.); (B.S.-S.); (E.Z.); (E.L.-C.); (F.G.-R.)
- Respiratory Diseases Group, Respiratory Diseases Department, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPAZ, 28046 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Eduardo López-Collazo
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre on Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (E.D.-G.); (A.J.); (R.C.); (B.S.-S.); (E.Z.); (E.L.-C.); (F.G.-R.)
- The Innate Immune Response Group, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPAZ, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco García-Río
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre on Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (E.D.-G.); (A.J.); (R.C.); (B.S.-S.); (E.Z.); (E.L.-C.); (F.G.-R.)
- Respiratory Diseases Group, Respiratory Diseases Department, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPAZ, 28046 Madrid, Spain;
- Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Cubillos-Zapata
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre on Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (E.D.-G.); (A.J.); (R.C.); (B.S.-S.); (E.Z.); (E.L.-C.); (F.G.-R.)
- Respiratory Diseases Group, Respiratory Diseases Department, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPAZ, 28046 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence:
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The Mystery behind the Pineal Gland: Melatonin Affects the Metabolism of Cholesterol. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:4531865. [PMID: 31360294 PMCID: PMC6652030 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4531865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin may be considered a cardioprotective agent. Since atherogenesis is partly associated with the metabolism of lipoproteins, it seems plausible that melatonin affects cardiovascular risk by modulating the metabolism of cholesterol and its subfractions. Moreover, cholesterol-driven atherogenesis can be hypothetically reduced by melatonin, mainly due to the minimalization of harmful reactions triggered in the cardiovascular system by the reactive oxygen species-induced toxic derivatives of cholesterol. In this review, we attempted to summarize the available data on the hypolipemizing effects of melatonin, with some emphasis on the molecular mechanisms underlying these reactions. We aimed to attract readers' attention to the numerous gaps of knowledge present in the reviewed field and the essential irrelevance between the findings originating from different sources: clinical observations and in vitro mechanistic and molecular studies, as well as preclinical experiments involving animal models. Overall, such inconsistencies make it currently impossible to give a reliable opinion on the action of melatonin on the metabolism of lipoproteins.
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Nduhirabandi F, Maarman GJ. Melatonin in Heart Failure: A Promising Therapeutic Strategy? Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23071819. [PMID: 30037127 PMCID: PMC6099639 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure is a multifactorial clinical syndrome characterized by the inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood to the body. Despite recent advances in medical management, poor outcomes in patients with heart failure remain very high. This highlights a need for novel paradigms for effective, preventive and curative strategies. Substantial evidence supports the importance of endogenous melatonin in cardiovascular health and the benefits of melatonin supplementation in various cardiac pathologies and cardiometabolic disorders. Melatonin plays a crucial role in major pathological processes associated with heart failure including ischemic injury, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and cardiac remodeling. In this review, available evidence for the role of melatonin in heart failure is discussed. Current challenges and possible limitations of using melatonin in heart failure are also addressed. While few clinical studies have investigated the role of melatonin in the context of heart failure, current findings from experimental studies support the potential use of melatonin as preventive and adjunctive curative therapy in heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Nduhirabandi
- Cardioprotection Group, Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa (HICRA), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7935, South Africa.
| | - Gerald J Maarman
- Cardioprotection Group, Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa (HICRA), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7935, South Africa.
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