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Li J, Yu N, Li X, Cui M, Guo Q. The Single-Cell Sequencing: A Dazzling Light Shining on the Dark Corner of Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:759894. [PMID: 34745998 PMCID: PMC8566994 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.759894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumorigenesis refers to the process of clonal dysplasia that occurs due to the collapse of normal growth regulation in cells caused by the action of various carcinogenic factors. These “successful” tumor cells pass on the genetic templates to their generations in evolutionary terms, but they also constantly adapt to ever-changing host environments. A unique peculiarity known as intratumor heterogeneity (ITH) is extensively involved in tumor development, metastasis, chemoresistance, and immune escape. An understanding of ITH is urgently required to identify the diversity and complexity of the tumor microenvironment (TME), but achieving this understanding has been a challenge. Single-cell sequencing (SCS) is a powerful tool that can gauge the distribution of genomic sequences in a single cell and the genetic variability among tumor cells, which can improve the understanding of ITH. SCS provides fundamental ideas about existing diversity in specific TMEs, thus improving cancer diagnosis and prognosis prediction, as well as improving the monitoring of therapeutic response. Herein, we will discuss advances in SCS and review SCS application in tumors based on current evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Nan Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Qingdao Eighth People's Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Mengna Cui
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qie Guo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Carreres L, Jílková ZM, Vial G, Marche PN, Decaens T, Lerat H. Modeling Diet-Induced NAFLD and NASH in Rats: A Comprehensive Review. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9040378. [PMID: 33918467 PMCID: PMC8067264 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9040378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease, characterized by hepatic steatosis without any alcohol abuse. As the prevalence of NAFLD is rapidly increasing worldwide, important research activity is being dedicated to deciphering the underlying molecular mechanisms in order to define new therapeutic targets. To investigate these pathways and validate preclinical study, reliable, simple and reproducible tools are needed. For that purpose, animal models, more precisely, diet-induced NAFLD and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) models, were developed to mimic the human disease. In this review, we focus on rat models, especially in the current investigation of the establishment of the dietary model of NAFLD and NASH in this species, compiling the different dietary compositions and their impact on histological outcomes and metabolic injuries, as well as external factors influencing the course of liver pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydie Carreres
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Research Center Inserm U 1209/CNRS 5309, 38700 La Tronche, France; (L.C.); (Z.M.J.); (P.N.M.); (T.D.)
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France;
| | - Zuzana Macek Jílková
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Research Center Inserm U 1209/CNRS 5309, 38700 La Tronche, France; (L.C.); (Z.M.J.); (P.N.M.); (T.D.)
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France;
| | - Guillaume Vial
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France;
- Inserm U 1300, Hypoxia PathoPhysiology (HP2), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Patrice N. Marche
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Research Center Inserm U 1209/CNRS 5309, 38700 La Tronche, France; (L.C.); (Z.M.J.); (P.N.M.); (T.D.)
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France;
| | - Thomas Decaens
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Research Center Inserm U 1209/CNRS 5309, 38700 La Tronche, France; (L.C.); (Z.M.J.); (P.N.M.); (T.D.)
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France;
- Service D’hépato-Gastroentérologie, Pôle Digidune, CHU Grenoble Alpes, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Hervé Lerat
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Research Center Inserm U 1209/CNRS 5309, 38700 La Tronche, France; (L.C.); (Z.M.J.); (P.N.M.); (T.D.)
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France;
- Unité Mixte de Service UGA hTAG, Inserm US 046, CNRS UAR 2019, 38700 La Tronche, France
- Correspondence:
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A rare case of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with tumor thrombus in the bile duct. Clin J Gastroenterol 2020; 14:275-282. [PMID: 33125633 DOI: 10.1007/s12328-020-01275-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is a refractory liver malignancy; however, as its histological characteristics have been clarified, a good operative strategy for the subtypes of ICC can be expected. A 72-year-old woman was diagnosed with a large primary liver cancer with biliary tumor thrombus (BTT) and obstructive jaundice. An enhanced imaging modality showed hypervascular ICC or combined hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). As her liver functional parameters permitted major hepatectomy, preoperative biliary drainage was performed, followed by a radical left hepatectomy accompanied by tumor thrombectomy with D2 lymphadenectomy. During the operation, the BTT was found to have widely spread into the right hepatic duct and the common bile duct and was histologically diagnosed as an adenocarcinoma. As ductal cancer invasion was not macroscopically observed, the planned operation was completed. The postoperative histological diagnosis was determined by discussion to be a rare mass-forming ICC with BTT. Her postoperative course was uneventful, and a 1-year survival without tumor relapse was observed with adjuvant chemotherapy. In the field of biliary surgery, although advanced ICC still has a poor prognosis, curable surgical intervention is possible for specific findings, such as BTT and HCC with BTT.
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