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Qin L, Yao Y, Wang W, Qin Q, Liu J, Liu H, Yuan L, Yuan Y, Du X, Zhao B, Wu X, Qing B, Huang L, Wang G, Xiang Y, Qu X, Zhang X, Yang M, Xia Z, Liu C. Airway epithelial overexpressed cathepsin K induces airway remodelling through epithelial-mesenchymal trophic unit activation in asthma. Br J Pharmacol 2024. [PMID: 38853468 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Airway epithelial cells (AECs) regulate the activation of epithelial-mesenchymal trophic units (EMTUs) during airway remodelling through secretion of signalling mediators. However, the major trigger and the intrinsic pathogenesis of airway remodelling is still obscure. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The differing expressed genes in airway epithelia related to airway remodelling were screened and verified by RNA-sequencing and signalling pathway analysis. Then, the effects of increased cathepsin K (CTSK) in airway epithelia on airway remodelling and EMTU activation were identified both in vitro and in vivo, and the molecular mechanism was elucidated in the EMTU model. The potential of CTSK as an an effective biomarker of airway remodelling was analysed in an asthma cohort of differing severity. Finally, an inhibitor of CTSK was administered for potential therapeutic intervention for airway remodelling in asthma. KEY RESULTS The expression of CTSK in airway epithelia increased significantly along with the development of airway remodelling in a house dust mite (HDM)-stressed asthma model. Increased secretion of CTSK from airway epithelia induced the activation of EMTUs by activation of the PAR2-mediated pathway. Blockade of CTSK inhibited EMTU activation and alleviated airway remodelling as an effective intervention target of airway remodelling. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Increased expression of CTSK in airway epithelia is involved in the development of airway remodelling in asthma through EMTU activation, mediated partly through the PAR2-mediated signalling pathway. CTSK is a potential biomarker for airway remodelling, and may also be a useful intervention target for airway remodelling in asthma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Qin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Basic and Clinical Research Laboratory of Major Respiratory Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ye Yao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Weijie Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qingwu Qin
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Huijun Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lin Yuan
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yunchang Yuan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xizi Du
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bingrong Zhao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xinyu Wu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bei Qing
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Leng Huang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Respiratory Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Xiang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiangping Qu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xuewei Zhang
- Department of Health Management, Xiangya Hospital, Cental South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Zhenkun Xia
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chi Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Basic and Clinical Research Laboratory of Major Respiratory Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Gassner T, Chittilappilly C, Pirich T, Neuditschko B, Hackner K, Lind J, Aksoy O, Graichen U, Klee S, Herzog F, Wiesner C, Errhalt P, Pecherstorfer M, Podar K, Vallet S. Favorable impact of PD1/PD-L1 antagonists on bone remodeling: an exploratory prospective clinical study and ex vivo validation. J Immunother Cancer 2024; 12:e008669. [PMID: 38702145 PMCID: PMC11086513 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2023-008669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skeletal morbidity in patients with cancer has a major impact on the quality of life, and preserving bone health while improving outcomes is an important goal of modern antitumor treatment strategies. Despite their widespread use in early disease stages, the effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) on the skeleton are still poorly defined. Here, we initiated a comprehensive investigation of the impact of ICIs on bone health by longitudinal assessment of bone turnover markers in patients with cancer and by validation in a novel bioengineered 3D model of bone remodeling. METHODS An exploratory longitudinal study was conducted to assess serum markers of bone resorption (C-terminal telopeptide, CTX) and formation (procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide, PINP, and osteocalcin, OCN) before each ICI application (programmed cell death 1 (PD1) inhibitor or programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitor) for 6 months or until disease progression in patients with advanced cancer and no evidence of bone metastases. To validate the in vivo results, we evaluated osteoclast (OC) and osteoblast (OB) differentiation on treatment with ICIs. In addition, their effect on bone remodeling was assessed by immunohistochemistry, confocal microscopy, and proteomics analysis in a dynamic 3D bone model. RESULTS During the first month of treatment, CTX levels decreased sharply but transiently. In contrast, we observed a delayed increase of serum levels of PINP and OCN after 4 months of therapy. In vitro, ICIs impaired the maturation of preosteoclasts by inhibiting STAT3/NFATc1 signaling but not JNK, ERK, and AKT while lacking any direct effect on osteogenesis. However, using our bioengineered 3D bone model, which enables the simultaneous differentiation of OB and OC precursor cells, we confirmed the uncoupling of the OC/OB activity on exposure to ICIs by demonstrating impaired OC maturation along with increased OB differentiation. CONCLUSION Our study indicates that the inhibition of the PD1/PD-L1 signaling axis interferes with bone turnover and may exert a protective effect on bone by indirectly promoting osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Gassner
- Department of Basic and Translational Oncology and Hematology, Division of Molecular Oncology and Hematology, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Christina Chittilappilly
- Department of Basic and Translational Oncology and Hematology, Division of Molecular Oncology and Hematology, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Theo Pirich
- Department of Basic and Translational Oncology and Hematology, Division of Molecular Oncology and Hematology, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Benjamin Neuditschko
- Institute Krems Bioanalytics, IMC University of Applied Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Klaus Hackner
- Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria
- Division of Pneumology, University Hospital Krems, Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Judith Lind
- Department of Basic and Translational Oncology and Hematology, Division of Molecular Oncology and Hematology, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Osman Aksoy
- Department of Basic and Translational Oncology and Hematology, Division of Molecular Oncology and Hematology, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Uwe Graichen
- Department of General Health Studies, Division Biostatistics and Data Sciences, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Sascha Klee
- Department of General Health Studies, Division Biostatistics and Data Sciences, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Franz Herzog
- Institute Krems Bioanalytics, IMC University of Applied Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Christoph Wiesner
- Department of Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, IMC University of Applied Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Peter Errhalt
- Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria
- Division of Pneumology, University Hospital Krems, Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Martin Pecherstorfer
- Division of Internal Medicine 2, University Hospital Krems, Krems an der Donau, Austria
- Karl Landsteiner Institute of Supportive Cancer Therapy, Karl Landsteiner Gesellschaft, St. Poelten, Austria
| | - Klaus Podar
- Department of Basic and Translational Oncology and Hematology, Division of Molecular Oncology and Hematology, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria
- Division of Internal Medicine 2, University Hospital Krems, Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Sonia Vallet
- Department of Basic and Translational Oncology and Hematology, Division of Molecular Oncology and Hematology, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria
- Division of Internal Medicine 2, University Hospital Krems, Krems an der Donau, Austria
- Karl Landsteiner Institute of Supportive Cancer Therapy, Karl Landsteiner Gesellschaft, St. Poelten, Austria
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Chen J, Lin Y, Gen D, Chen W, Han R, Li H, Tang S, Zheng S, Zhong X. Integrated mRNA- and miRNA-sequencing analyses unveil the underlying mechanism of tobacco pollutant-induced developmental toxicity in zebrafish embryos. J Transl Med 2024; 22:253. [PMID: 38459561 PMCID: PMC10924323 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05050-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Tobacco pollutants are prevalent in the environment, leading to inadvertent exposure of pregnant females. Studies of these pollutants' toxic effects on embryonic development have not fully elucidated the potential underlying mechanisms. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to investigate the developmental toxicity induced by cigarette smoke extract (CSE) at concentrations of 0.25, 1, and 2.5% using a zebrafish embryo toxicity test and integrated transcriptomic analysis of microRNA (miRNA) and messenger RNA (mRNA). The findings revealed that CSE caused developmental toxicity, including increased mortality and decreased incubation rate, in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, CSE induced malformations and apoptosis, specifically in the head and heart of zebrafish larvae. We used mRNA and miRNA sequencing analyses to compare changes in the expression of genes and miRNAs in zebrafish larvae. The bioinformatics analysis indicates that the mechanism underlying CSE-induced developmental toxicity was associated with compromised genetic material damage repair, deregulated apoptosis, and disturbed lipid metabolism. The enrichment analysis and RT-qPCR show that the ctsba gene plays a crucial function in embryo developmental apoptosis, and the fads2 gene mainly regulates lipid metabolic toxicity. The results of this study improve the understanding of CSE-induced developmental toxicity in zebrafish embryos and contribute insights into the formulation of novel preventive strategies against tobacco pollutants during early embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiasheng Chen
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxin Lin
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Deyi Gen
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanxian Chen
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Han
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shijie Tang
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shukai Zheng
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoping Zhong
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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Koo S, Lee EJ, Xiong H, Yun DH, McDonald MM, Park SI, Kim JS. Real-Time Live Imaging of Osteoclast Activation via Cathepsin K Activity in Bone Diseases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318459. [PMID: 38105412 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Intravital fluorescence imaging of functional osteoclasts within their intact disease context provides valuable insights into the intricate biology at the microscopic level, facilitating the development of therapeutic approaches for osteoclast-associated bone diseases. However, there is a lack of studies investigating osteoclast activity within deep-seated bone lesions using appropriate fluorescent probes, despite the advantages offered by the multi-photon excitation system in enhancing deep tissue imaging resolution. In this study, we report on the intravital tracking of osteoclast activity in three distinct murine bone disease models. We utilized a cathepsin K (CatK)-responsive two-photon fluorogenic probe (CatKP1), which exhibited a notable fluorescence turn-on response in the presence of active CatK. By utilizing CatKP1, we successfully monitored a significant increase in osteoclast activity in hindlimb long bones and its attenuation through pharmacological intervention without sacrificing mice. Thus, our findings highlight the efficacy of CatKP1 as a valuable tool for unraveling pathological osteoclast behavior and exploring novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyoung Koo
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, Hyupsung University, Hwaseong, 18330, Korea
| | - Eun Jung Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Hao Xiong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Da Hyeon Yun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Michelle M McDonald
- Skeletal Diseases Program, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
- School of Medicine Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Serk In Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Korea
- Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Jong Seung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea
- TheranoChem Incorporation, Seoul, 02856, Korea
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Nip C, Wang L, Liu C. CD200/CD200R: Bidirectional Role in Cancer Progression and Immunotherapy. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3326. [PMID: 38137547 PMCID: PMC10741515 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
As an immune checkpoint molecule, CD200 serves a foundational role in regulating immune homeostasis and promoting self-tolerance. While CD200 expression occurs in various immune cell subsets and normal tissues, its aberrant expression patterns in hematologic malignancies and solid tumors have been linked to immune evasion and cancer progression under pathological conditions, particularly through interactions with its cognate receptor, CD200R. Through this CD200/CD200R signaling pathway, CD200 exerts its immunosuppressive effects by inhibiting natural killer (NK) cell activation, cytotoxic T cell functions, and M1-polarized macrophage activity, while also facilitating expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and Tregs. Moreover, CD200/CD200R expression has been linked to epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and distant metastasis, further illustrating its role in cancer progression. Conversely, CD200 has also been shown to exert anti-tumor effects in certain cancer types, such as breast carcinoma and melanoma, indicating that CD200 may exert bidirectional effects on cancer progression depending on the specific tumor microenvironment (TME). Regardless, modulating the CD200/CD200R axis has garnered clinical interest as a potential immunotherapeutic strategy for cancer therapy, as demonstrated by early-phase clinical trials. However, further research is necessary to fully understand the complex interactions of CD200 in the tumor microenvironment and to optimize its therapeutic potential in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Nip
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California, Davis, CA 95817, USA; (C.N.); (L.W.)
| | - Leyi Wang
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California, Davis, CA 95817, USA; (C.N.); (L.W.)
- Graduate Group in Integrative Pathobiology, University of California, Davis, CA 95817, USA
| | - Chengfei Liu
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California, Davis, CA 95817, USA; (C.N.); (L.W.)
- Graduate Group in Integrative Pathobiology, University of California, Davis, CA 95817, USA
- UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95817, USA
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Bai Z, Yan C, Chang D. Prediction and therapeutic targeting of the tumor microenvironment-associated gene CTSK in gastric cancer. Discov Oncol 2023; 14:200. [PMID: 37930479 PMCID: PMC10628060 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-023-00821-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cathepsin-K (CTSK) is overexpressed in Gastric cancer (GC) and the mechanism of its overexpression in GC is still unclear. The present work found CTSK as a potential predictive biomarker and immunotherapeutic target for GC based on the tumor microenvironment (TME). METHODS From public databases, gene expression profiles and clinical data of GC were downloaded to analyze the distribution of stromal and immune cells and tumor abundance in TME. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with TME were obtained by differential analysis, followed by cross-screening to obtain CTSK as a gene associated with TME. Next, a series of methods and tools were employed to explore the relationships between clinicopathological features of GC and CTSK expression as well as prognosis, tumor immune microenvironment, immune checkpoints and drug sensitivity. And GSEA was used to investigate the potential role of CTSK in the tumor microenvironment of GC. RESULTS From the dataset, we obtained a total of 656 DEGs associated with TME and the stromal component of TME was found to be closely involved in GC prognosis. CTSK was cross-screened as the key gene associated with TME by the PPI network and univariate Cox regression analysis. Pan-cancer analysis revealed significant high expression of CTSK in a variety of cancers. Subsequently, we hypothesized that high-expressed CTSK was closely correlated with poor prognosis and lymph node metastasis of tumors, and that CTSK, a GC TME-related gene, was largely involved in a range of biological behaviors of tumors, with a significant correlation between several immune cells. CONCLUSION CTSK was validated as a potential prognostic biomarker related to TME of GC and could be a promising next-generation immunotherapeutic target for GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilong Bai
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shanxi, China
| | - Chunyu Yan
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shanxi, China
| | - Dongmin Chang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shanxi, China.
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Almeida-Junior LA, de Carvalho MS, Almeida LKY, Silva-Sousa AC, Sousa-Neto MD, Silva RAB, Silva LAB, Paula-Silva FWG. TNF-α-TNFR1 Signaling Mediates Inflammation and Bone Resorption in Apical Periodontitis. J Endod 2023; 49:1319-1328.e2. [PMID: 37499863 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2023.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the proinflammatory axis TNF-α-TNFR1 in experimentally induced periapical inflammation and bone resorption in mice. METHODS After receiving Ethics Committee Approval (2019.1.139.58.0), experimental apical periodontitis was induced by means of inoculating oral microorganisms into the root canals of molars of mice. Genetically deficient tumor necrosis factor-α receptor-1 mice (TNFR1-/-; n = 50) response was compared with that of C57Bl6 wild-type mice (wild-type; n = 50) after 7, 14, 28, and 42 days. The analyses performed were micro-computed tomographic, histopathologic, histomicrobiological, and histometric evaluation, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining, immunohistochemistry, and quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Data were analyzed by using one-way analysis of variance, followed by Tukey or Bonferroni tests (α = 5%). RESULTS TNFR1-/- mice exhibited lower recruitment of neutrophils at 14, 28, and 42 days (P < .05), which resulted in reduced area and volume of apical periodontitis at 42 days (P < .05). The number of osteoclasts was also lower in TNFR1-/- animals at 14 and 42 days (P < .01), along with reduced synthesis of CTSK, MMP-9, and COX-2. Expression of RANKL, but not OPG, was reduced at 14 and 42 days (P < .001). The highest RANKL expression over OPG (ratio > 1) was found in wild-type animals at 7 (P < .0001) and 42 days (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Periapical inflammation and bone resorption were exacerbated in wild-type animals compared with TNFR1-/- mice, demonstrating that the TNF-α-TNFR1 signaling pathway mediated catabolic events in bone after root canal contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcio Santos de Carvalho
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lana Kei Yamamoto Almeida
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alice Corrêa Silva-Sousa
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Manoel Damião Sousa-Neto
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raquel Assed Bezerra Silva
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Léa Assed Bezerra Silva
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Song Z, Miao J, Miao M, Cheng B, Li S, Liu Y, Miao Q, Li Q, Gao M. Cathepsin K-Activated Probe for Fluoro-Photoacoustic Imaging of Early Osteolytic Metastasis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2300217. [PMID: 37341286 PMCID: PMC10460880 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202300217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Precise detection of early osteolytic metastases is crucial for their treatment but remains challenging in the clinic because of the limited sensitivity and specificity of traditional imaging techniques. Although fluorescence imaging offers attractive features for the diagnosis of osteolytic metastases, it is hampered by limited penetration depth. To address this issue, a fluoro-photoacoustic dual-modality imaging probe comprising a near-infrared dye caged by a cathepsin K (CTSK)-cleavable peptide sequence on one side and functionalized with osteophilic alendronate through a polyethylene glycol linker on the other side is reported. Through systematic in vitro and in vivo experiments, it is demonstrated that in response to CTSK, the probe generated both near-infrared fluorescent and photoacoustic signals from bone metastatic regions, thus offering a potential strategy for detecting deep-seated early osteolytic metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuorun Song
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionSchool for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD‐X)Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education InstitutionsSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123China
| | - Jia Miao
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionSchool for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD‐X)Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education InstitutionsSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123China
| | - Minqian Miao
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionSchool for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD‐X)Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education InstitutionsSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123China
| | - Baoliang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionSchool for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD‐X)Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education InstitutionsSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123China
| | - Shenhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionSchool for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD‐X)Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education InstitutionsSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123China
| | - Yinghua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionSchool for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD‐X)Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education InstitutionsSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123China
| | - Qingqing Miao
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionSchool for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD‐X)Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education InstitutionsSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123China
| | - Qing Li
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionSchool for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD‐X)Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education InstitutionsSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123China
| | - Mingyuan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionSchool for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD‐X)Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education InstitutionsSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123China
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Demeuse J, Massonnet P, Schoumacher M, Grifnée E, Huyghebaert L, Dubrowski T, Peeters S, Le Goff C, Cavalier E. Innovative workflow for the identification of cathepsin K cleavage sites in type I collagen. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1228:123864. [PMID: 37634391 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Since the late 1990s, cathepsin K cleavage sites in type I collagen have been extensively studied due to its ability to release bone resorption biomarkers such as CTX and NTX. However, gel-based methods and N-sequencing used in these studies lack sensitivity, especially for small to medium peptides. In this work, we propose a degradomics mass spectrometry-based workflow that combines protein digestion, Nano-LC-UDMSE, and several software tools to identify cathepsin K cleavage sites. This workflow not only identified previously known cleavage sites, but also discovered new ones. Multiple cleavage hotspots were found and described in type I α1 and type I α2 collagen, many of which coincided with pyridinoline crosslinks, known to stabilize the triple helix. Our results allowed us to establish a chronology of digestion and conclude that cathepsin K preferentially cleaves the extremities of type I collagen before the helical part. We also found that cathepsin K preferentially cleaves amino acid residues with long and hydrophobic lateral chains at the beginning of digestion, whereas no preferred amino acid residues were identified later in the digestion. In conclusion, our workflow successfully identified new cleavage sites and can be easily applied to other proteins or proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Demeuse
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, CIRM, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Philippe Massonnet
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Matthieu Schoumacher
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, CIRM, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Elodie Grifnée
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Loreen Huyghebaert
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Thomas Dubrowski
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Stéphanie Peeters
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Caroline Le Goff
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, CIRM, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Etienne Cavalier
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, CIRM, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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10
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Ohnishi T, Tran V, Sao K, Ramteke P, Querido W, Barve RA, van de Wetering K, Risbud MV. Loss of function mutation in Ank causes aberrant mineralization and acquisition of osteoblast-like-phenotype by the cells of the intervertebral disc. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:447. [PMID: 37468461 PMCID: PMC10356955 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05893-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Pathological mineralization of intervertebral disc is debilitating and painful and linked to disc degeneration in a subset of human patients. An adenosine triphosphate efflux transporter, progressive ankylosis (ANK) is a regulator of extracellular inorganic pyrophosphate levels and plays an important role in tissue mineralization. However, the function of ANK in intervertebral disc has not been fully explored. Herein we analyzed the spinal phenotype of Ank mutant mice (ank/ank) with attenuated ANK function. Micro-computed tomography and histological analysis showed that loss of ANK function results in the aberrant annulus fibrosus mineralization and peripheral disc fusions with cranial to caudal progression in the spine. Vertebrae in ank mice exhibit elevated cortical bone mass and increased tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase-positive endplate chondrocytes with decreased subchondral endplate porosity. The acellular dystrophic mineral inclusions in the annulus fibrosus were localized adjacent to apoptotic cells and cells that acquired osteoblast-like phenotype. Fourier transform infrared spectral imaging showed that the apatite mineral in the outer annulus fibrosus had similar chemical composition to that of vertebral bone. Transcriptomic analysis of annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus tissues showed changes in several biological themes with a prominent dysregulation of BMAL1/CLOCK circadian regulation. The present study provides new insights into the role of ANK in the disc tissue compartments and highlights the importance of local inorganic pyrophosphate metabolism in inhibiting the mineralization of this important connective tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ohnishi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Victoria Tran
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Kimheak Sao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Pranay Ramteke
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - William Querido
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Ruteja A Barve
- Department of Genetics, Genome Technology Access Centre at the McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Koen van de Wetering
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine and PXE International Center of Excellence in Research and Clinical Care, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Makarand V Risbud
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
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11
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Zhang C, Liu Z, Wang X, Zhang B, Cui L, Hu Q, Hu B, Cao K, Shan W, Shi H, Wang R. Cathepsin K promotes the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells through induction of SIAH1 ubiquitination and degradation. iScience 2023; 26:106852. [PMID: 37250786 PMCID: PMC10209540 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Seven in absentia homolog 1 (SIAH1) was reported to be downregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and played an important role in HCC progression; however, the underlying reason remains unknown. Here, we found that Cathepsin K (CTSK), a protein potentially interacting with SIAH1, inhibits SIAH1 protein level. CTSK was highly expressed in HCC tissues. CTSK inhibition or downregulation suppressed HCC cell proliferation, whereas CTSK overexpression had the opposite effect; it promotes HCC cell proliferation by regulating the SIAH1/protein kinase B (AKT) pathway, wherein promotes SIAH1 ubiquitination. Neural precursor cells expressing developmentally downregulated 4 (NEDD4) was found to be a potential upstream ubiquitin ligase of SIAH1. Further, CTSK could mediate SIAH1 ubiquitination and degradation by increasing SIAH1 autoubiquitination and recruiting NEDD4 to ubiquitinate SIAH1. Finally, the roles of CTSK were confirmed in a xenograft mouse model. In conclusion, oncogenic CTSK was upregulated in human HCC tissues and accelerated HCC cell proliferation by downregulating SIAH1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengming Zhang
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Research Center of Digestive Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiyi Liu
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Research Center of Digestive Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaotian Wang
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Research Center of Digestive Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Research Center of Digestive Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Licheng Cui
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Research Center of Digestive Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qinghe Hu
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Research Center of Digestive Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bin Hu
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Research Center of Digestive Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kuan Cao
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Research Center of Digestive Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wengang Shan
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Research Center of Digestive Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hengliang Shi
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Research Center of Digestive Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Renhao Wang
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Research Center of Digestive Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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12
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Binding mechanism of selective cathepsin K/S inhibition revealed from molecular simulations. Struct Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-023-02136-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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13
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Bafail A, Carneiro KMM, Kishen A, Prakki A. Effect of Odanacatib on the release of NTX (Amino Terminal Telopeptide) from LPS contaminated type I dentin collagen. Dent Mater 2023; 39:162-169. [PMID: 36608993 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2022.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluated the Odanacatib inhibitor treatment on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) contamination effect on cathepsin-K mediated dentin degradation by analysis of type I collagen C- and N-termini telopeptides. METHODS Pulverized and disks of human dentin were demineralized and LPS contaminated, or stored in deionized water (DW) for 12 h. Samples were challenged with lactic acid (LA). Aliquots of dentin powder were treated with 1 mL Odanacatib or stored in DW for 30 min. Dentin collagen degradation was determined by sub-product release of C-terminal (ICTP and CTX) and N-terminal (NTX) telopeptides, normalized to total protein (tp) concentration (n = 3). Dentin matrix was evaluated for gravimetric (n = 8) and ultrastructural changes. Data were analyzed by Student t-test, one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 5 %). RESULTS LA incubation significantly increased telopeptide release compared with DW (p < 0.05). In untreated groups, significantly higher CTXtp, NTXtp telopeptide rates were observed for LA+LPS samples compared with DW (p < 0.01). Odanacatib significantly reduced ICTPtp, CTXtp, and NTXtp telopeptide release for LPS, LA, and LA+LPS conditions. In untreated groups, LPS and LA+LPS challenge significantly increased dentin weight loss (p = 0.02). Within each storage condition, Odanacatib treatment did not affect weight change (p > 0.05) of dentin disks. SIGNIFICANCE This study showed that LPS contamination resulted in significantly higher rates of NTX than CTX from dentin matrix. Odanacatib significantly reduced telopeptide release rates of LPS contaminated dentin matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arwa Bafail
- Dental Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Karina Midori Mori Carneiro
- Dental Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anil Kishen
- Dental Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anuradha Prakki
- Dental Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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14
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Govindaraj RG, Thangapandian S, Schauperl M, Denny RA, Diller DJ. Recent applications of computational methods to allosteric drug discovery. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 9:1070328. [PMID: 36710877 PMCID: PMC9877542 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1070328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Interest in exploiting allosteric sites for the development of new therapeutics has grown considerably over the last two decades. The chief driving force behind the interest in allostery for drug discovery stems from the fact that in comparison to orthosteric sites, allosteric sites are less conserved across a protein family, thereby offering greater opportunity for selectivity and ultimately tolerability. While there is significant overlap between structure-based drug design for orthosteric and allosteric sites, allosteric sites offer additional challenges mostly involving the need to better understand protein flexibility and its relationship to protein function. Here we examine the extent to which structure-based drug design is impacting allosteric drug design by highlighting several targets across a variety of target classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv Gandhi Govindaraj
- Computational Chemistry, HotSpot Therapeutics Inc., Boston, MA, United States,*Correspondence: Rajiv Gandhi Govindaraj,
| | | | - Michael Schauperl
- Computational Chemistry, HotSpot Therapeutics Inc., Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - David J. Diller
- Computational Chemistry, HotSpot Therapeutics Inc., Boston, MA, United States
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15
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GAO X, SHEN S, NIU Q, MIAO W, HAN Y, HAO Z, AN N, YANG Y, ZHANG Y, ZHANG H, STOREY KB, CHANG H. Differential bone metabolism and protein expression in mice fed a high-fat diet versus Daurian ground squirrels following natural pre-hibernation fattening. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2022; 23:1042-1056. [PMID: 36518056 PMCID: PMC9758712 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2100798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study compared the effects on bone metabolism and morphology of pathological obesity induced by excessive fat intake in a non-hibernator (mice) versus healthy obesity due to pre-hibernation fattening in a hibernator (ground squirrels). Kunming mice were fed a high-fat diet to provide a model of pathological obesity (OB group). Daurian ground squirrels fattened naturally in their pre-hibernation season (PRE group) were used as a healthy obesity model. Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and three-point bending tests were used to determine the microstructure and mechanical properties of bone. Western blots were used to analyze protein expression levels related to bone metabolism (Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RunX2), osteocalcin (OCN), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteoprotegerin (OPG), receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), cathepsin K, matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9), patched protein homolog 1 (Ptch1), phosphorylated β-catenin (P-β-catenin), and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β)). Compared with controls, there was no obvious bone loss in the OB mice, and the stiffness of the femur was increased significantly. Compared with summer active squirrels, bone formation was enhanced but the mechanical properties did not change in the PRE group squirrels. In OB mice, western blots showed significantly increased expression levels of all proteins except RunX2, OPG, and Ptch1. PRE ground squirrels showed significantly increased expression of most proteins except OCN and Ptch1, which decreased significantly, and P-β-catenin and OPG, which did not change. In conclusion, for non-hibernating mice, moderate obesity had a certain protective effect on bones, demonstrating two-way regulation, increasing both bone loss and bone formation. For pre-hibernating ground squirrels, the healthy obesity acquired before hibernation had a positive effect on the microstructure of bones, and also enhanced the expression levels of proteins related to bone formation, bone resorption, and Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuli GAO
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi’an710069, China,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (College of Life Sciences, Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi’an710069, China
| | - Shenyang SHEN
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (College of Life Sciences, Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi’an710069, China
| | - Qiaohua NIU
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (College of Life Sciences, Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi’an710069, China
| | - Weilan MIAO
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (College of Life Sciences, Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi’an710069, China
| | - Yuting HAN
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (College of Life Sciences, Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi’an710069, China
| | - Ziwei HAO
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (College of Life Sciences, Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi’an710069, China
| | - Ning AN
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (College of Life Sciences, Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi’an710069, China
| | - Yingyu YANG
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (College of Life Sciences, Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi’an710069, China
| | - Yu ZHANG
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (College of Life Sciences, Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi’an710069, China
| | - Han ZHANG
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (College of Life Sciences, Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi’an710069, China
| | - Kenneth B. STOREY
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Hui CHANG
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi’an710069, China,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (College of Life Sciences, Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi’an710069, China,Hui CHANG,
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16
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Lecaille F, Chazeirat T, Saidi A, Lalmanach G. Cathepsin V: Molecular characteristics and significance in health and disease. Mol Aspects Med 2022; 88:101086. [PMID: 35305807 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human cysteine cathepsins form a family of eleven proteases (B, C, F, H, K, L, O, S, V, W, X/Z) that play important roles in a considerable number of biological and pathophysiological processes. Among them, cathepsin V, also known as cathepsin L2, is a lysosomal enzyme, which is mainly expressed in cornea, thymus, heart, brain, and skin. Cathepsin V is a multifunctional endopeptidase that is involved in both the release of antigenic peptides and the maturation of MHC class II molecules and participates in the turnover of elastin fibrils as well in the cleavage of intra- and extra-cellular substrates. Moreover, there is increasing evidence that cathepsin V may contribute to the progression of diverse diseases, due to the dysregulation of its expression and/or its activity. For instance, increased expression of cathepsin V is closely correlated with malignancies (breast cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, or colorectal cancer) as well vascular disorders (atherosclerosis, aortic aneurysm, hypertension) being the most prominent examples. This review aims to shed light on current knowledge on molecular aspects of cathepsin V (genomic organization, protein structure, substrate specificity), its regulation by protein and non-protein inhibitors as well to summarize its expression (tissue and cellular distribution). Then the core biological and pathophysiological roles of cathepsin V will be depicted, raising the question of its interest as a valuable target that can open up pioneering therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Lecaille
- Université de Tours, Tours, France; INSERM, UMR 1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), Team "Mécanismes protéolytiques dans l'inflammation", Tours, France.
| | - Thibault Chazeirat
- Université de Tours, Tours, France; INSERM, UMR 1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), Team "Mécanismes protéolytiques dans l'inflammation", Tours, France
| | - Ahlame Saidi
- Université de Tours, Tours, France; INSERM, UMR 1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), Team "Mécanismes protéolytiques dans l'inflammation", Tours, France
| | - Gilles Lalmanach
- Université de Tours, Tours, France; INSERM, UMR 1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), Team "Mécanismes protéolytiques dans l'inflammation", Tours, France.
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He Y, Huang J, Li Q, Xia W, Zhang C, Liu Z, Xiao J, Yi Z, Deng H, Xiao Z, Hu J, Li H, Zu X, Quan C, Chen J. Gut Microbiota and Tumor Immune Escape: A New Perspective for Improving Tumor Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5317. [PMID: 36358736 PMCID: PMC9656981 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is a large symbiotic community of anaerobic and facultative aerobic bacteria inhabiting the human intestinal tract, and its activities significantly affect human health. Increasing evidence has suggested that the gut microbiome plays an important role in tumor-related immune regulation. In the tumor microenvironment (TME), the gut microbiome and its metabolites affect the differentiation and function of immune cells regulating the immune evasion of tumors. The gut microbiome can indirectly influence individual responses to various classical tumor immunotherapies, including immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy and adoptive immunotherapy. Microbial regulation through antibiotics, prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) optimize the composition of the gut microbiome, improving the efficacy of immunotherapy and bringing a new perspective and hope for tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunbo He
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Jinliang Huang
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Qiaorong Li
- Department of Ultrasound, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410000, China
| | - Weiping Xia
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Chunyu Zhang
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Zhi Liu
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Jiatong Xiao
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Zhenglin Yi
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Hao Deng
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Zicheng Xiao
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Jiao Hu
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Huihuang Li
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Xiongbing Zu
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Chao Quan
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Jinbo Chen
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
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18
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Neff LS, Zhang Y, Van Laer AO, Baicu CF, Karavan M, Zile MR, Bradshaw AD. Mechanisms that limit regression of myocardial fibrosis following removal of left ventricular pressure overload. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2022; 323:H165-H175. [PMID: 35657618 PMCID: PMC9236876 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00148.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Left ventricular pressure overload (LVPO) can develop from antecedent diseases such as aortic valve stenosis and systemic hypertension and is characterized by accumulation of myocardial extracellular matrix (ECM). Evidence from patient and animal models supports limited reductions in ECM following alleviation of PO, however, mechanisms that control the extent and timing of ECM regression are undefined. LVPO, induced by 4 wk of transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in mice, was alleviated by removal of the band (unTAC). Cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area, collagen volume fraction (CVF), myocardial stiffness, and collagen degradation were assessed for: control, 2-wk TAC, 4-wk TAC, 4-wk TAC + 2-wk unTAC, 4-wk TAC + 4-wk unTAC, and 4-wk TAC + 6-wk unTAC. When compared with 4-wk TAC, 2-wk unTAC resulted in increased reactivity of collagen hybridizing peptide (CHP) (representing initiation of collagen degradation), increased levels of collagenases and gelatinases, decreased levels of collagen cross-linking enzymes, but no change in CVF. When compared with 2-wk unTAC, 4-wk unTAC demonstrated decreased CVF, which did not decline to control values. At 4-wk and 6-wk unTAC, CHP reactivity and mediators of ECM degradation were reduced versus 2-wk unTAC, whereas levels of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 increased. ECM homeostasis changed in a time-dependent manner after removal of LVPO and is characterized by early increases in collagen degradation, followed by a later dampening of this process. Tempered ECM degradation with time is predicted to contribute to the finding that normalization of hemodynamic overload alone does not completely regress myocardial fibrosis.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this study, a murine model demonstrated persistent interstitial fibrosis and myocardial stiffness following alleviation of pressure overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily S Neff
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Yuhua Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - An O Van Laer
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Catalin F Baicu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Mark Karavan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Michael R Zile
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
- The Ralph H. Johnson Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Amy D Bradshaw
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
- The Ralph H. Johnson Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina
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19
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Ahmadzadeh K, Vanoppen M, Rose CD, Matthys P, Wouters CH. Multinucleated Giant Cells: Current Insights in Phenotype, Biological Activities, and Mechanism of Formation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:873226. [PMID: 35478968 PMCID: PMC9035892 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.873226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes and macrophages are innate immune cells with diverse functions ranging from phagocytosis of microorganisms to forming a bridge with the adaptive immune system. A lesser-known attribute of macrophages is their ability to fuse with each other to form multinucleated giant cells. Based on their morphology and functional characteristics, there are in general three types of multinucleated giant cells including osteoclasts, foreign body giant cells and Langhans giant cells. Osteoclasts are bone resorbing cells and under physiological conditions they participate in bone remodeling. However, under pathological conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoporosis, osteoclasts are responsible for bone destruction and bone loss. Foreign body giant cells and Langhans giant cells appear only under pathological conditions. While foreign body giant cells are found in immune reactions against foreign material, including implants, Langhans giant cells are associated with granulomas in infectious and non-infectious diseases. The functionality and fusion mechanism of osteoclasts are being elucidated, however, our knowledge on the functions of foreign body giant cells and Langhans giant cells is limited. In this review, we describe and compare the phenotypic aspects, biological and functional activities of the three types of multinucleated giant cells. Furthermore, we provide an overview of the multinucleation process and highlight key molecules in the different phases of macrophage fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kourosh Ahmadzadeh
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Kourosh Ahmadzadeh, ; Carine Helena Wouters,
| | - Margot Vanoppen
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carlos D. Rose
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology Nemours Children’s Hospital, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Patrick Matthys
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carine Helena Wouters
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Division Pediatric Rheumatology, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- European Reference Network for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) at University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Kourosh Ahmadzadeh, ; Carine Helena Wouters,
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20
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Benýšek J, Buša M, Rubešová P, Fanfrlík J, Lepšík M, Brynda J, Matoušková Z, Bartz U, Horn M, Gütschow M, Mareš M. Highly potent inhibitors of cathepsin K with a differently positioned cyanohydrazide warhead: structural analysis of binding mode to mature and zymogen-like enzymes. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:515-526. [PMID: 35144520 PMCID: PMC8843313 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.2024527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin K (CatK) is a target for the treatment of osteoporosis, arthritis, and bone metastasis. Peptidomimetics with a cyanohydrazide warhead represent a new class of highly potent CatK inhibitors; however, their binding mechanism is unknown. We investigated two model cyanohydrazide inhibitors with differently positioned warheads: an azadipeptide nitrile Gü1303 and a 3-cyano-3-aza-β-amino acid Gü2602. Crystal structures of their covalent complexes were determined with mature CatK as well as a zymogen-like activation intermediate of CatK. Binding mode analysis, together with quantum chemical calculations, revealed that the extraordinary picomolar potency of Gü2602 is entropically favoured by its conformational flexibility at the nonprimed-primed subsites boundary. Furthermore, we demonstrated by live cell imaging that cyanohydrazides effectively target mature CatK in osteosarcoma cells. Cyanohydrazides also suppressed the maturation of CatK by inhibiting the autoactivation of the CatK zymogen. Our results provide structural insights for the rational design of cyanohydrazide inhibitors of CatK as potential drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Benýšek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.,First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Buša
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Rubešová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jindřich Fanfrlík
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Lepšík
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Brynda
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Matoušková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ulrike Bartz
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Martin Horn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Gütschow
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Mareš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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21
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Zhu D, Zhou W, Wang Z, Wang Y, Liu M, Zhang G, Guo X, Kang X. Periostin: An Emerging Molecule With a Potential Role in Spinal Degenerative Diseases. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:694800. [PMID: 34513869 PMCID: PMC8430223 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.694800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Periostin, an extracellular matrix protein, is widely expressed in a variety of tissues and cells. It has many biological functions and is related to many diseases: for example, it promotes cell proliferation and differentiation in osteoblasts, which are closely related to osteoporosis, and mediates cell senescence and apoptosis in chondrocytes, which are involved in osteoarthritis. Furthermore, it also plays an important role in mediating inflammation and reconstruction during bronchial asthma, as well as in promoting bone development, reconstruction, repair, and strength. Therefore, periostin has been explored as a potential biomarker for various diseases. Recently, periostin has also been found to be expressed in intervertebral disc cells as a component of the intervertebral extracellular matrix, and to play a crucial role in the maintenance and degeneration of intervertebral discs. This article reviews the biological role of periostin in bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, chondrocytes, and annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus cells, which are closely related to spinal degenerative diseases. The study of its pathophysiological effects is of great significance for the diagnosis and treatment of spinal degeneration, although additional studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daxue Zhu
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wupin Zhou
- The 947th Army Hospital of the Chinese PLA, Kashgar, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yidian Wang
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Mingqiang Liu
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guangzhi Zhang
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xudong Guo
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xuewen Kang
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
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22
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Goričan T, Ciber L, Petek N, Svete J, Novinec M. Synthesis and kinetic characterization of hyperbolic inhibitors of human cathepsins K and S based on a succinimide scaffold. Bioorg Chem 2021; 115:105213. [PMID: 34364050 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsins K and S are closely related papain-like cysteine peptidases and potential therapeutic targets for metabolic and inflammatory diseases such as osteoporosis and arthritis. Here we describe the reduction of a previously characterized succinimide (2,5-dioxopyrrolidine)-containing hyperbolic inhibitor of cathepsin K (methyl (RS)-N-[1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-3-yl]glycinate), to obtain a better and more selective compound (compound 4a - methyl (2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-3-yl)glycinate), which acted as a hyperbolic mixed inhibitor/activator similar to already known allosteric effectors of cathepsin K. We then investigated the potential of the succinimide scaffold as inhibitors of cathepsins K and/or S and synthesized a library of such compounds by 1,4-addition of α-amino acid esters and related compounds to N-substituted maleimides. From the generated library, we identified the first small molecule hyperbolic inhibitors of cathepsin S (methyl ((R)-2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-l-threoninate (compound R-4c) and 3-{[(1S,2R,3'S)-2-hydroxycyclohexyl]amino}pyrrolidine-2,5-dione (compound (1S,2R,3'S-10)). The former acted via a similar mechanism to compound 4a, while the latter was a hyperbolic specific inhibitor of cathepsin S. Given the versatility of the scaffold, the identified compounds will be used as the basis for the development of high-affinity hyperbolic inhibitors of the individual peptidases and to explore the potential of hyperbolic inhibitors for the inhibition of cysteine cathepsins in in vitro models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjaša Goričan
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Luka Ciber
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nejc Petek
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jurij Svete
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Novinec
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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23
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Habič A, Novak M, Majc B, Lah Turnšek T, Breznik B. Proteases Regulate Cancer Stem Cell Properties and Remodel Their Microenvironment. J Histochem Cytochem 2021; 69:775-794. [PMID: 34310223 DOI: 10.1369/00221554211035192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteolytic activity is perturbed in tumors and their microenvironment, and proteases also affect cancer stem cells (CSCs). CSCs are the therapy-resistant subpopulation of cancer cells with tumor-initiating capacity that reside in specialized tumor microenvironment niches. In this review, we briefly summarize the significance of proteases in regulating CSC activities with a focus on brain tumor glioblastoma. A plethora of proteases and their inhibitors participate in CSC invasiveness and affect intercellular interactions, enhancing CSC immune, irradiation, and chemotherapy resilience. Apart from their role in degrading the extracellular matrix enabling CSC migration in and out of their niches, we review the ability of proteases to modulate CSC properties, which prevents their elimination. When designing protease-oriented therapies, the multifaceted roles of proteases should be thoroughly investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamarija Habič
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,The Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Metka Novak
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bernarda Majc
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,The Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tamara Lah Turnšek
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,The Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Barbara Breznik
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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24
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Khan IZ, Del Guzzo CA, Shao A, Cho J, Du R, Cohen AO, Owens DM. The CD200-CD200R axis promotes squamous cell carcinoma metastasis via regulation of cathepsin K. Cancer Res 2021; 81:5021-5032. [PMID: 34183355 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-3251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The CD200-CD200R immunoregulatory signaling axis plays an etiological role in the survival and spread of numerous cancers primarily through suppression of anti-tumor immune surveillance. Our previous work outlined a pro-metastatic role for the CD200-CD200R axis in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) that is independent of direct T cell suppression but modulates the function of infiltrating myeloid cells. To identify effectors of the CD200-CD200R axis important for cSCC metastasis, we conducted RNA-Seq profiling of infiltrating CD11B+Cd200R+ cells isolated from CD200+ versus CD200-null cSCCs and identified the cysteine protease cathepsin K (Ctsk) to be highly upregulated in CD200+ cSCCs. CD11B+Cd200R+ cells expressed phenotypic markers associated with myeloid-derived suppressor cell-like cells and tumor-associated macrophages and were the primary source of Ctsk expression in cSCC. A Cd200R+ myeloid cell-cSCC co-culture system showed that induction of Ctsk was dependent on engagement of the CD200-CD200R axis, indicating that Ctsk is a target gene of this pathway in the cSCC tumor microenvironment. Inhibition of Ctsk, but not matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), significantly blocked cSCC cell migration in vitro. Finally, targeted CD200 disruption in tumor cells and Ctsk pharmacological inhibition significantly reduced cSCC metastasis in vivo. Collectively, these findings support the conclusion that CD200 stimulates cSCC invasion and metastasis via induction of Ctsk in CD200R+ infiltrating myeloid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rong Du
- Dermatology, Columbia University
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25
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Zhu L, Tang Y, Li XY, Keller ET, Yang J, Cho JS, Feinberg TY, Weiss SJ. Osteoclast-mediated bone resorption is controlled by a compensatory network of secreted and membrane-tethered metalloproteinases. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/529/eaaw6143. [PMID: 32024800 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw6143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Osteoclasts actively remodel both the mineral and proteinaceous components of bone during normal growth and development as well as pathologic states ranging from osteoporosis to bone metastasis. The cysteine proteinase cathepsin K confers osteoclasts with potent type I collagenolytic activity; however, cathepsin K-null mice, as well as cathepsin K-mutant humans, continue to remodel bone and degrade collagen by as-yet-undefined effectors. Here, we identify a cathepsin K-independent collagenolytic system in osteoclasts that is composed of a functionally redundant network of the secreted matrix metalloproteinase MMP9 and the membrane-anchored matrix metalloproteinase MMP14. Unexpectedly, whereas deleting either of the proteinases individually leaves bone resorption intact, dual targeting of Mmp9 and Mmp14 inhibited the resorptive activity of mouse osteoclasts in vitro and in vivo and human osteoclasts in vitro. In vivo, Mmp9/Mmp14 conditional double-knockout mice exhibited marked increases in bone density and displayed a highly protected status against either parathyroid hormone- or ovariectomy-induced pathologic bone loss. Together, these studies characterize a collagenolytic system operative in mouse and human osteoclasts and identify the MMP9/MMP14 axis as a potential target for therapeutic interventions for bone-wasting disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxin Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China. .,Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yi Tang
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Xiao-Yan Li
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Evan T Keller
- Department of Pathology, Department of Urology and the Institute of Gerontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jingwen Yang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China.,School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jung-Sun Cho
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Tamar Y Feinberg
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Stephen J Weiss
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. .,Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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26
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Cathepsin K: A Novel Diagnostic and Predictive Biomarker for Renal Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13102441. [PMID: 34069976 PMCID: PMC8157838 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Our understanding of renal tumors has increased in the last years with the description of several novel entities. The expanding morphological spectrum complicates the pathologist’s diagnosis, often requiring immunohistochemical analysis. The role of cathepsin K immunoexpression is widened as a diagnostic tool in several renal tumors. This review describes the usefulness of cathepsin K in the differential diagnosis of renal neoplasms, highlighting the biological knowledge underpinning its expression. Moreover, cathepsin K seems to be a downstream marker of different genetic alterations, with a possible role as a predictive marker that may prospectively guide the development of therapeutic approaches as a molecular target. Abstract Cathepsin K is a papain-like cysteine protease with high matrix-degrading activity. Among several cathepsins, cathepsin K is the most potent mammalian collagenase, mainly expressed by osteoclasts. This review summarizes most of the recent findings of cathepsin K expression, highlighting its role in renal tumors for diagnostic purposes and as a potential molecular target. Indeed, cathepsin K is a recognized diagnostic tool for the identification of TFE3/TFEB-rearranged renal cell carcinoma, TFEB-amplified renal cell carcinoma, and pure epithelioid PEComa/epithelioid angiomyolipoma. More recently, its expression has been observed in a subgroup of eosinophilic renal neoplasms molecularly characterized by TSC/mTOR gene mutations. Interestingly, both TSC mutations or TFE3 rearrangement have been reported in pure epithelioid PEComa/epithelioid angiomyolipoma. Therefore, cathepsin K seems to be a downstream marker of TFE3/TFEB rearrangement, TFEB amplification, and mTOR pathway activation. Given the established role of mTOR inhibitors as a pharmacological option in renal cancers, cathepsin K could be of use as a predictive marker of therapy response and as a potential target. In the future, uropathologists may implement the use of cathepsin K to establish a diagnosis among renal tumors with clear cells, papillary architecture, and oncocytic features.
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27
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Richard ET, Morinaga K, Zheng Y, Sundberg O, Hokugo A, Hui K, Zhou Y, Sasaki H, Kashemirov BA, Nishimura I, McKenna CE. Design and Synthesis of Cathepsin-K-Activated Osteoadsorptive Fluorogenic Sentinel (OFS) Probes for Detecting Early Osteoclastic Bone Resorption in a Multiple Myeloma Mouse Model. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:916-927. [PMID: 33956423 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We describe the design and synthesis of OFS-1, an Osteoadsorptive Fluorogenic Sentinel imaging probe that is adsorbed by hydroxyapatite (HAp) and bone mineral surfaces, where it generates an external fluorescent signal in response to osteoclast-secreted cathepsin K (Ctsk). The probe consists of a bone-anchoring bisphosphonate moiety connected to a Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) internally quenched fluorescent (IQF) dye pair, linked by a Ctsk peptide substrate, GHPGGPQG. Key structural features contributing to the effectiveness of OFS-1 were defined by structure-activity relationship (SAR) and modeling studies comparing OFS-1 with two cognates, OFS-2 and OFS-3. In solution or when preadsorbed on HAp, OFS-1 exhibited strong fluorescence when exposed to Ctsk (2.5-20 nM). Time-lapse photomicrographs obtained after seeding human osteoclasts onto HAp-coated well plates containing preadsorbed OFS-1 revealed bright fluorescence at the periphery of resorbing cells. OFS-1 administered systemically detected early osteolysis colocalized with orthotopic engraftment of RPMI-8226-Luc human multiple myeloma cells at a metastatic skeletal site in a humanized mouse model. OFS-1 is thus a promising new imaging tool for detecting abnormal bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T Richard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States.,Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Kenzo Morinaga
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.,Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Section of Oral Implantology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka 814-0193, Japan
| | - Yiying Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Oskar Sundberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Akishige Hokugo
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.,Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Kimberly Hui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Yipin Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Hodaka Sasaki
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Implantology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Boris A Kashemirov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Ichiro Nishimura
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Charles E McKenna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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28
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Inhibition of Cathepsin K Alleviates Autophagy-Related Inflammation in Periodontitis-Aggravating Arthritis. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00498-20. [PMID: 32900814 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00498-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and periodontitis share many epidemiological and pathological features, with emerging studies reporting a relationship between the two diseases. Recently, RA and periodontitis have been associated with autophagy. In the present study, we investigated the effects of cathepsin K (CtsK) inhibition on RA with periodontitis in a mouse model and its immunological function affecting autophagy. To topically inhibit CtsK periodontitis with arthritis in the animal model, adeno-associated virus (AAV) transfection was performed in periodontal and knee joint regions. Transfection of small interfering RNA (siRNA) was performed to inhibit CtsK in RAW264.7 cells. The effects of CtsK inhibition on the autophagy pathway were then evaluated in both in vivo and in vitro experiments. RA and periodontitis aggravated destruction and inflammation in their respective lesion areas. Inhibition of CtsK had multiple effects: (i) reduced destruction of alveolar bone and articular tissue, (ii) decreased macrophage numbers and inflammatory cytokine expression in the synovium, and (iii) alleviated expression of the autophagy-related transcription factor EB (TFEB) and microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3) at the protein level in knee joints. Inhibition of CtsK in vitro reduced the expression of autophagy-related proteins and related inflammatory factors. Our data revealed that the inhibition of CtsK resisted the destruction of articular tissues and relieved inflammation from RA with periodontitis. Furthermore, CtsK was implicated as an imperative regulator of the autophagy pathway in RA and macrophages.
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Rocha GV, Bastos LS, Costa MGS. Identification of potential allosteric binding sites in cathepsin K based on intramolecular communication. Proteins 2020; 88:1675-1687. [PMID: 32683717 DOI: 10.1002/prot.25985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Network theory methods and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are accepted tools to study allosteric regulation. Indeed, dynamic networks built upon correlation analysis of MD trajectories provide detailed information about communication paths between distant sites. In this context, we aimed to understand whether the efficiency of intramolecular communication could be used to predict the allosteric potential of a given site. To this end, we performed MD simulations and network theory analyses in cathepsin K (catK), whose allosteric sites are well defined. To obtain a quantitative measure of the efficiency of communication, we designed a new protocol that enables the comparison between properties related to ensembles of communication paths obtained from different sites. Further, we applied our strategy to evaluate the allosteric potential of different catK cavities not yet considered for drug design. Our predictions of the allosteric potential based on intramolecular communication correlate well with previous catK experimental and theoretical data. We also discuss the possibility of applying our approach to other proteins from the same family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisele V Rocha
- Programa de Computação Científica, Vice-Presidência de Educação, Informação e Comunicação, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratoire de Biologie et de Pharmacologie Appliquée, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Cachan, France
| | - Leonardo S Bastos
- Programa de Computação Científica, Vice-Presidência de Educação, Informação e Comunicação, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Department of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Mauricio G S Costa
- Programa de Computação Científica, Vice-Presidência de Educação, Informação e Comunicação, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratoire de Biologie et de Pharmacologie Appliquée, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Cachan, France
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Involvement of Cathepsins in Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses in Periodontitis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:4517587. [PMID: 32328131 PMCID: PMC7150685 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4517587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is an infectious disease whereby the chronic inflammatory process of the periodontium stimulated by bacterial products induces specific host cell responses. The activation of the host cell immune system upregulates the production of inflammatory mediators, comprising cytokines and proteolytic enzymes, which contribute to inflammation and bone destruction. It has been well known that periodontitis is related to systemic inflammation which links to numerous systemic diseases, including diabetes and arteriosclerosis. Furthermore, periodontitis has been reported in association with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the brain. Regarding immune responses and inflammation, cathepsin B (CatB) plays pivotal role for the induction of IL-1β, cathepsin K- (CatK-) dependent active toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) signaling, and cathepsin S (CatS) which involves in regulating both TLR signaling and maturation of the MHC class II complex. Notably, both the production and proteolytic activities of cathepsins are upregulated in chronic inflammatory diseases, including periodontitis. In the present review, we focus on the roles of cathepsins in the innate and adaptive immune responses within periodontitis. We believe that understanding the roles of cathepsins in the immune responses in periodontitis would help to elucidate the therapeutic strategies of periodontitis, thus benefit for reduction of systemic diseases as well as neurodegenerative diseases in the global aging society.
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He SW, Du X, Wang GH, Wang JJ, Xie B, Gu QQ, Zhang M, Gu HJ. Identification and characterization of a cathepsin K homologue that interacts with pathogen bacteria in black rockfish, Sebastes schlegelii. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 98:499-507. [PMID: 32001355 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin K belongs to the family of cysteine cathepsins. It is well known that the cysteine cathepsins participate in various physiological processes and host immune defense in mammals. However, in teleost fish, the function of cathepsin K is very limited. In the present study, a cathepsin K homologue (SsCTSK) from the teleost black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii) was identified and examined at expression and functional levels. In silico analysis showed that three domains, including signal peptide, cathepsin propeptide inhibitor I29 domain, and functional domain Pept_C1, are existed in SsCTSK. SsCTSK also possesses a peptidase domain with three catalytically essential residues (Cys25, His162 and Asn183). Phylogenetic profiling indicated that SsCTSK was evolutionally close to the cathepsin K of other teleost fish. Expression of SsCTSK occurred in multiple tissues and was induced by bacterial infection. Purified recombinant SsCTSK (rSsCTSK) exhibited apparent maximal peptidase activity at 45 °C, and its enzymatic activity was remarkably declined in the presence of the cathepsin inhibitor E-64. Moreover, rSsCTSK possesses the ability to bind with PAMPs and bacteria. Finally, knockdown of SsCTSK expression facilitated bacterial invasion in black rockfish. Collectively, these results indicated that SsCTSK functions as a cysteine protease and may serves as a target for pathogen manipulation of host defense system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Wen He
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Xue Du
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Guang-Hua Wang
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Jing-Jing Wang
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Bing Xie
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Qin-Qin Gu
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
| | - Han-Jie Gu
- Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Hainan Academy of Tropical Agricultural Resource, CATAS, Haikou, 571101, China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Functional Components Research and Utilization of Marine Bio-resources, Haikou, 571101, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Burris
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University and St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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Dai R, Wu Z, Chu HY, Lu J, Lyu A, Liu J, Zhang G. Cathepsin K: The Action in and Beyond Bone. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:433. [PMID: 32582709 PMCID: PMC7287012 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin K (CatK) is one of the most potent proteases in lysosomal cysteine proteases family, of which main function is to mediate bone resorption. Currently, CatK is among the most attractive targets for anti-osteoporosis drug development. Although many pharmaceutical companies are working on the development of selective inhibitors for CatK, there is no FDA approved drug till now. Odanacatib (ODN) developed by Merck & Co. is the only CatK inhibitor candidate which demonstrated high therapeutic efficacy in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis in Phase III clinical trials. Unfortunately, the development of ODN was finally terminated due to the cardio-cerebrovascular adverse effects. Therefore, it arouses concerns on the undesirable CatK inhibition in non-bone sites. It is known that CatK has far-reaching actions throughout various organs besides bone. Many studies have also demonstrated the involvement of CatK in various diseases beyond the musculoskeletal system. This review not only summarized the functional roles of CatK in bone and beyond bone, but also discussed the potential relevance of the CatK action beyond bone to the adverse effects of inhibiting CatK in non-bone sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongchen Dai
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zeting Wu
- International Medical Service Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Hang Yin Chu
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Aiping Lyu
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
- *Correspondence: Jin Liu,
| | - Ge Zhang
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
- Ge Zhang,
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Hepp N, Frederiksen AL, Dunø M, Jørgensen NR, Langdahl B, Vedtofte P, Hove HB, Hindsø K, Jensen JEB. Multiple Fractures and Impaired Bone Fracture Healing in a Patient with Pycnodysostosis and Hypophosphatasia. Calcif Tissue Int 2019; 105:681-686. [PMID: 31489468 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-019-00605-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pycnodysostosis (PYCD) is a rare recessive inherited skeletal disease, characterized by short stature, brittle bones, and recurrent fractures, caused by variants in the Cathepsin K encoding gene that leads to impaired osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. Hypophosphatasia (HPP) is a dominant or recessive inherited condition representing a heterogeneous phenotype with dental symptoms, recurrent fractures, and musculoskeletal problems. The disease results from mutation(s) in the tissue non-specific alkaline phosphate encoding gene with reduced activity of alkaline phosphatase and secondarily defective mineralization of bone and teeth. Here, we present the first report of a patient with the coexistence of PYCD and HPP. This patient presented typical clinical findings of PYCD, including short stature, maxillary hypoplasia, and sleep apnoea. However, the burden of disease was caused by over 30 fractures, whereupon most showed delayed healing and non-union. Biochemical analysis revealed suppressed bone resorption and low bone formation capacity. We suggest that the coexistence of impaired bone resorption and mineralization may explain the severe bone phenotype with poor fracture healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Hepp
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre University Hospital Copenhagen, Kettegård Alle 30, 2650, Hvidovre, Denmark.
| | - Anja Lisbeth Frederiksen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Winsløws Vej 4, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health, University of Southern Denmark, Winsløwparken 19. 3, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Morten Dunø
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University Hospital Copenhagen Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niklas Rye Jørgensen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Valdemar Hansens Vej 13, 2600, Glostrup, Denmark
- OPEN, Odense Patient Data Explorative Network, Odense University Hospital/Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, J.B.Winsløws Vej 9, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Bente Langdahl
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul Jensens Boulevard 99, G317, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Poul Vedtofte
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Copenhagen Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hanne B Hove
- Center for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 6, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Klaus Hindsø
- Paediatric Section, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University Hospital Copenhagen Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens-Erik Beck Jensen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre University Hospital Copenhagen, Kettegård Alle 30, 2650, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Wei W, Ren J, Yin W, Ding H, Lu Q, Tan L, Deng S, Liu J, Yang Q, Wang J, Wang M, Yue Y, Hao L. Inhibition of Ctsk modulates periodontitis with arthritis via downregulation of TLR9 and autophagy. Cell Prolif 2019; 53:e12722. [PMID: 31737959 PMCID: PMC6985664 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The mechanisms underlying the effects of Toll‐like receptor 9 (TLR9) and autophagy on rheumatoid arthritis (RA)‐aggravated periodontitis are unclear. We aimed to explore a novel target, cathepsin K (Ctsk)‐mediated TLR9‐related autophagy, during the progress of periodontitis with RA. Materials and Methods DBA/J1 mouse model of periodontitis with RA was created by local colonization of Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) and injection of collagen. The expression of Ctsk was inhibited by adeno‐associated virus (AAV). Micro‐CT, immunohistochemistry (IHC), Western blot and quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) were used to detect the expression of TLR9‐related autophagy in periodontitis with RA. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODN) were applied in macrophages. Western blot, immunofluorescence (IF) and qRT‐PCR were used to verify the in vivo results. Results RA can promote periodontitis bone destruction in the lesion area, while inhibiting Ctsk could effectively alleviate this effect. The infiltration of macrophages, TLR9, autophagy proteins (TFEB and LC3) and inflammatory cytokines increased in the periodontitis‐with‐RA group and was reduced by the inhibition of Ctsk in the periodontal region. Macrophage stimulation confirmed the in vivo results. With the activation of TLR9 by CpG ODN, inhibition of Ctsk could suppress both TLR9 downstream signalling proteins and autophagy‐related proteins. Conclusions This study advanced a novel role for Ctsk in TLR9 and autophagy to explain the interaction between periodontitis and RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Jie Ren
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Wuwei Yin
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China.,Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Handong Ding
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiuyu Lu
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Liangyu Tan
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Shibing Deng
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Jie Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Qin Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiajia Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Min Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuan Yue
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Liang Hao
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
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Tian M, Cao M, Zhang L, Fu Q, Yang N, Tan F, Song L, Su B, Li C. Characterization and initial functional analysis of cathepsin K in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 93:153-160. [PMID: 31319206 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsins are the best-known group of proteases in lysosomes, playing a significant role in immune responses. Cathepsin K (CTSK) is abundantly and selectively expressed in osteoclasts, dendritic cells and monocyte-derived macrophages, where it is involved in ECM degradation and bone remodeling. A growing body of evidences have indicated the vital roles of cathepsin K in innate immune responses. Here, one CTSK gene was captured in turbot (SmCTSK) with a 993 bp open reading frame (ORF). The genomic structure analysis showed that SmCTSK had 7 exons similar to other vertebrate species. The syntenic analysis revealed that CTSK had the same neighboring genes across all the selected species, which suggested the synteny encompassing CTSK region was conserved during vertebrate evolution. Subsequently, SmCTSK was widely expressed in all the examined tissues, with the highest expression level in spleen and the lowest expression level in liver. In addition, SmCTSK was significantly down-regulated in intestine following Gram-negative bacteria Vibrio anguillarum immersion challenge, but up-regulated in three tissues (gill, skin and intestine) following Gram-positive bacteria Streptococcus iniae immersion challenge. Finally, the rSmCTSK showed strong binding ability to all the examined microbial ligands. Taken together, our results suggested SmCTSK played vital roles in fish innate immune responses against infection. However, the knowledge of SmCTSK is still limited in teleost species, further studies should be carried out to better characterize its comprehensive roles in teleost mucosal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Tian
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Min Cao
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Ning Yang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Fenghua Tan
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Lin Song
- College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao, 266011, China
| | - Baofeng Su
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.
| | - Chao Li
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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Rebernik M, Snoj T, Klemenčič M, Novinec M. Interplay between tetrameric structure, enzymatic activity and allosteric regulation of human dipeptidyl-peptidase I. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 675:108121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.108121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Liang W, Wang F, Chen Q, Dai J, Escara-Wilke J, Keller ET, Zimmermann J, Hong N, Lu Y, Zhang J. Targeting cathepsin K diminishes prostate cancer establishment and growth in murine bone. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2019; 145:1999-2012. [PMID: 31172267 PMCID: PMC6658578 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-019-02950-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The processes of prostate cancer (PCa) invasion and metastasis are facilitated by proteolytic cascade involving multiple proteases, such as matrix metalloproteinases, serine proteases and cysteine proteases including cathepsin K (CatK). CatK is predominantly secreted by osteoclasts and specifically degrades collagen I leading to bone destruction. PCa and breast cancer preferentially metastasize to the bone. Importantly, CatK expression level is greater in PCa bone metastatic sites compared to primary tumor and normal prostate tissues. However, the underlying mechanism of CatK during PCa metastases into the bone remains to be elucidated. We investigated the functional role of CatK during the PCa establishment and growth process in the murine bone. METHODS CatK mRNA expression was validated by RT-PCR, protein expression by immunoblotting in PCa LNCaP, C4-2B, and PC3 cells as well as in PCa tissues. Its protein production was measured using ELISA assay. The effect of both knockdowns via siRNA and CatK inhibitor was compared in regard to PCa cell invasion. We further studied the dose-dependent CatK inhibitor effect on conditioned media-induced bone resorption. In setting up an animal model, C4-2B cells were injected into the tibiae of SCID mice. The animals treated with either vehicle or CatK inhibitor for 8 weeks at the time of tumor cell injection (tumor establishment model; protocol I) or 4 weeks after tumor cell injection (tumor progression model; protocol II) were applied to histological and histomorphometric analyses. RESULTS We confirmed CatK expression in PCa LNCaP, C4-2B, and PC3 cells as well as in PCa tissues. Furthermore, we observed the inhibitory effects of a selective CatK inhibitor on PCa cell invasion. The CatK inhibitor dose-dependently inhibited PCa-conditioned media-induced bone resorption. Upon injection of C4-2B cells into the tibiae of SCID mice, the selective CatK inhibitor significantly prevented the tumor establishment in protocol I, and reduced the tumor growth in bone in protocol II. It also decreased serum PSA levels in both animal models. The inhibitory effects of the CatK inhibitor were enhanced in combination with zoledronic acid (ZA). CONCLUSION The selective CatK inhibitor may prevent the establishment and progression of PCa in bone, thus making it a novel therapeutic approach for advanced PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiping Liang
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-Related Diseases, Guangxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Fuhao Wang
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiuyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinlu Dai
- Department of Pathology and Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - June Escara-Wilke
- Department of Pathology and Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Evan T Keller
- Department of Pathology and Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Johann Zimmermann
- Novartis Pharma Ltd., Basel, Switzerland.,Polyphor Ltd, Hegenheimermattweg 125, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Ni Hong
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi Lu
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-Related Diseases, Guangxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China. .,School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China. .,Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15240, USA.
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Xue ST, Wang YL, Han XW, Yi H, Jiang W, Si SY, Guo HF, Li ZR. Novel cathepsin K inhibitors block osteoclasts in vitro and increase spinal bone density in zebrafish. RSC Adv 2019; 9:8600-8607. [PMID: 35518710 PMCID: PMC9061869 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra10338k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin K (Cat K) is a predominant cysteine protease and highly potent collagenase expressed in osteoclasts. Cat K inhibitors are anti-resorptive agents to treat osteoporosis. A novel scaffold of cathepsin K inhibitors, exemplified by lead compound 1x, was used as the template for designing and synthesizing a total of 61 derivatives that have not been reported before. An exploratory structure–activity relationship analysis identified the potent Cat K inhibitor A22, which displayed an IC50 value of 0.44 μM against Cat K. A22 was very specific for Cat K and caused a significantly higher in vitro inhibition of the enzyme as compared to that of lead compound 1x. A surface plasmon resonance analysis confirmed in vitro binding of A22 to Cat K. Molecular docking studies indicated several favourable interaction sites for A22 within the active pocket of Cat K. Furthermore, A22 also blocked active osteoclasts in vitro and increased spinal bone density in zebrafish, in which it showed an activity that was higher than that of the marketed therapeutic bone metabolizer etidronate disodium. A22 represents a very promising lead compound for the development of novel antiresorptive agents functioning as orthosteric inhibitors of Cat K. Cathepsin K (Cat K) is a predominant cysteine protease and highly potent collagenase expressed in osteoclasts.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Tu Xue
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100050 China
| | - Ya-Li Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100050 China
| | - Xiao-Wan Han
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100050 China
| | - Hong Yi
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100050 China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100050 China
| | - Shu-Yi Si
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100050 China
| | - Hui-Fang Guo
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100050 China
| | - Zhuo-Rong Li
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100050 China
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Gut microbiota-stimulated cathepsin K secretion mediates TLR4-dependent M2 macrophage polarization and promotes tumor metastasis in colorectal cancer. Cell Death Differ 2019; 26:2447-2463. [PMID: 30850734 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0312-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is a complex process that requires the interaction between tumor cells and their microenvironment. As an important regulator of intestinal microenvironment, gut microbiota plays a significant role in the initiation and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC), but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, a metastasis-related secretory protein cathepsin K (CTSK) was identified as a vital mediator between the imbalance of intestinal microbiota and CRC metastasis. We implanted MC38 cells into the cecal mesentry of antibiotic-treated mice with intragastrically administration of E. coli to mimic gut microbiota imbalance. The bigger primary tumors and more liver metastatic foci were detected in the E. coli group accompanied with high LPS secretion and CTSK overexpression compared with that in the control group. CTSK contributes to the aggressive phenotype of CRC cells both in vitro and in vivo. Silencing CTSK or administration of Odanacatib, a CTSK-specific inhibitor, totally abolished the CTSK-enhanced migration and motility of CRC cells. Interestingly, the tumor-secreted CTSK could bind to toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) to stimulate the M2 polarization of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) via an mTOR-dependent pathway. Recombinant CTSK could neither stimulate CRC growth and metastasis, nor induce M2 macrophage polarization in TRL4-/- mice. Meanwhile, CTSK could stimulate the secretion of cytokines by M2 TAMs including IL10 and IL17, which, in turn, promote the invasion and metastasis of CRC cells through NFκB pathway. Clinically, overexpression of CTSK in human CRC tissues is always accompanied with high M2 TAMs in the stroma, and correlated with CRC metastasis and poor prognosis. Our current research identified CTSK as a mediator between the imbalance of gut microbiota and CRC metastasis. More importantly, we illustrated a CTSK-mediated-positive feedback loop between CRC cells and TAMs during metastasis, prompting CTSK as a novel predictive biomarker and feasible therapeutic target for CRC.
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Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of inhibitors of cathepsin K on dedifferentiated chondrocytes. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:1034-1042. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Rebernik M, Lenarčič B, Novinec M. The catalytic domain of cathepsin C (dipeptidyl-peptidase I) alone is a fully functional endoprotease. Protein Expr Purif 2019; 157:21-27. [PMID: 30703555 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin C is a tetrameric lysosomal protease that acts as a dipeptidyl-peptidase due to the presence of the exclusion domain that is unique among papain-like cysteine proteases. Here we describe a recombinant form of cathepsin C lacking its exclusion domain (CatCΔEx) produced in a bacterial expression system (E. coli). CatCΔEx is a monomer with endoprotease activity and affinity for hydrophobic residues such as Phe, Leu or Pro, but not Val, in the P2 position. As opposed to cathepsin C, it does not require chloride ions for its activity. Despite lower turnover rates of hydrolysis of synthetic substrates, CatCΔEx has elastolytic and gelatinolytic activity comparable to other cysteine cathepsins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateja Rebernik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Brigita Lenarčič
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, "Jožef Stefan" Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Novinec
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Vizovišek M, Fonović M, Turk B. Cysteine cathepsins in extracellular matrix remodeling: Extracellular matrix degradation and beyond. Matrix Biol 2019; 75-76:141-159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Pišlar A, Jewett A, Kos J. Cysteine cathepsins: Their biological and molecular significance in cancer stem cells. Semin Cancer Biol 2018; 53:168-177. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Gineyts E, Bonnet N, Bertholon C, Millet M, Pagnon-Minot A, Borel O, Geraci S, Bonnelye E, Croset M, Suhail A, Truica C, Lamparella N, Leitzel K, Hartmann D, Chapurlat R, Lipton A, Garnero P, Ferrari S, Clézardin P, Rousseau JC. The C-Terminal Intact Forms of Periostin (iPTN) Are Surrogate Markers for Osteolytic Lesions in Experimental Breast Cancer Bone Metastasis. Calcif Tissue Int 2018; 103:567-580. [PMID: 29916127 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-018-0444-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Periostin is an extracellular matrix protein that actively contributes to tumor progression and metastasis. Here, we hypothesized that it could be a marker of bone metastasis formation. To address this question, we used two polyclonal antibodies directed against the whole molecule or its C-terminal domain to explore the expression of intact and truncated forms of periostin in the serum and tissues (lung, heart, bone) of wild-type and periostin-deficient mice. In normal bones, periostin was expressed in the periosteum and specific periostin proteolytic fragments were found in bones, but not in soft tissues. In animals bearing osteolytic lesions caused by 4T1 cells, C-terminal intact periostin (iPTN) expression disappeared at the invasive front of skeletal tumors where bone-resorbing osteoclasts were present. In vitro, we found that periostin was a substrate for osteoclast-derived cathepsin K, generating proteolytic fragments that were not recognized by anti-periostin antibodies directed against iPTN. In vivo, using an in-house sandwich immunoassay aimed at detecting iPTN only, we observed a noticeable reduction of serum periostin levels (- 26%; P < 0.002) in animals bearing osteolytic lesions caused by 4T1 cells. On the contrary, this decrease was not observed in women with breast cancer and bone metastases when periostin was measured with a human assay detecting total periostin. Collectively, these data showed that mouse periostin was degraded at the bone metastatic sites, potentially by cathepsin K, and that the specific measurement of iPTN in serum should assist in detecting bone metastasis formation in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyne Gineyts
- INSERM 1033, Pavillon F, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, 69437, France
- Univ. Lyon, UFR de Médecine Lyon-Est, Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Bonnet
- Division of Bone Diseases, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Cindy Bertholon
- INSERM 1033, Pavillon F, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, 69437, France
- Univ. Lyon, UFR de Médecine Lyon-Est, Lyon, France
| | - Marjorie Millet
- INSERM 1033, Pavillon F, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, 69437, France
- Univ. Lyon, UFR de Médecine Lyon-Est, Lyon, France
| | | | - Olivier Borel
- INSERM 1033, Pavillon F, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, 69437, France
- Univ. Lyon, UFR de Médecine Lyon-Est, Lyon, France
- Rheumatology Department, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Sandra Geraci
- INSERM 1033, Pavillon F, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, 69437, France
- Univ. Lyon, UFR de Médecine Lyon-Est, Lyon, France
| | - Edith Bonnelye
- INSERM 1033, Pavillon F, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, 69437, France
- Univ. Lyon, UFR de Médecine Lyon-Est, Lyon, France
| | - Martine Croset
- INSERM 1033, Pavillon F, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, 69437, France
- Univ. Lyon, UFR de Médecine Lyon-Est, Lyon, France
| | - Ali Suhail
- Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Kim Leitzel
- Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | | | - Roland Chapurlat
- INSERM 1033, Pavillon F, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, 69437, France
- Univ. Lyon, UFR de Médecine Lyon-Est, Lyon, France
- Rheumatology Department, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Allan Lipton
- Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Patrick Garnero
- INSERM 1033, Pavillon F, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, 69437, France
- Univ. Lyon, UFR de Médecine Lyon-Est, Lyon, France
| | - Serge Ferrari
- Division of Bone Diseases, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Clézardin
- INSERM 1033, Pavillon F, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, 69437, France
- Univ. Lyon, UFR de Médecine Lyon-Est, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Charles Rousseau
- INSERM 1033, Pavillon F, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, 69437, France.
- Univ. Lyon, UFR de Médecine Lyon-Est, Lyon, France.
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Localization patterns of cathepsins K and X and their predictive value in glioblastoma. Radiol Oncol 2018; 52:433-442. [PMID: 30367810 PMCID: PMC6287179 DOI: 10.2478/raon-2018-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma is a highly aggressive central nervous system neoplasm characterized by extensive infiltration of malignant cells into brain parenchyma, thus preventing complete tumor eradication. Cysteine cathepsins B, S, L and K are involved in cancer progression and are overexpressed in glioblastoma. We report here for the first time that cathepsin X mRNA and protein are also abundantly present in malignant glioma. Materials and methods Gene expression of cathepsins K and X was analyzed using publically-available tran-scriptomic datasets and correlated with glioma grade and glioblastoma subtype. Kaplan-Maier survival analysis was performed to evaluate the predictive value of cathepsin K and X mRNA expression. Cathepsin protein expression was localized and semi-quantified in tumor tissues by immunohistochemistry. Results Highest gene expression of cathepsins K and X was found in glioblastoma, in particular in the mesenchymal subtype. Overall, high mRNA expression of cathepsin X, but not that of cathepsin K, correlated with poor patients’ survival. Cathepsin K and X proteins were abundantly and heterogeneously expressed in glioblastoma tissue. Immuno-labeling of cathepsins K and X was observed in areas of CD133-positive glioblastoma stem cells, localized around arterioles in their niches that also expressed SDF-1α and CD68. mRNA levels of both cathepsins K and X correlated with mRNA levels of markers of glioblastoma stem cells and their niches. Conclusions The presence of both cathepsins in glioblastoma stem cell niche regions indicates their possible role in regulation of glioblastoma stem cell homing in their niches. The clinical relevance of this data needs to be elaborated in further prospective studies.
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Patel S, Homaei A, El-Seedi HR, Akhtar N. Cathepsins: Proteases that are vital for survival but can also be fatal. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 105:526-532. [PMID: 29885636 PMCID: PMC7172164 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.05.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The state of enzymes in the human body determines the normal physiology or pathology, so all the six classes of enzymes are crucial. Proteases, the hydrolases, can be of several types based on the nucleophilic amino acid or the metal cofactor needed for their activity. Cathepsins are proteases with serine, cysteine, or aspartic acid residues as the nucleophiles, which are vital for digestion, coagulation, immune response, adipogenesis, hormone liberation, peptide synthesis, among a litany of other functions. But inflammatory state radically affects their normal roles. Released from the lysosomes, they degrade extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen and elastin, mediating parasite infection, autoimmune diseases, tumor metastasis, cardiovascular issues, and neural degeneration, among other health hazards. Over the years, the different types and isoforms of cathepsin, their optimal pH and functions have been studied, yet much information is still elusive. By taming and harnessing cathepsins, by inhibitors and judicious lifestyle, a gamut of malignancies can be resolved. This review discusses these aspects, which can be of clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Patel
- Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics Research Center, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA,Corresponding author.
| | - Ahmad Homaei
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran,Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Hesham R. El-Seedi
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical Centre, Box 574, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden,Ecological Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nadeem Akhtar
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
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Araujo TF, Cordeiro AV, Vasconcelos DAA, Vitzel KF, Silva VRR. The role of cathepsin B in autophagy during obesity: A systematic review. Life Sci 2018; 209:274-281. [PMID: 30107168 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
White adipose tissue (WAT) regulates energy homeostasis by releasing adipokines and modulating cell maintenance. Nutrient excess affects adipocyte hypertrophy directly in WAT by increasing excessively the activity of autophagy systems, generating proinflammatory markers and increasing infiltration of macrophages, causing metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes. Evidences suggest that cathepsin B (CTSB), a papain-like cysteine peptidase protein, can modulate autophagy processes in adipocytes. This review will focus on the role of CTSB in autophagy under conditions of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís F Araujo
- University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Kaio F Vitzel
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
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Breznik B, Limbaeck Stokin C, Kos J, Khurshed M, Hira VVV, Bošnjak R, Lah TT, Van Noorden CJF. Cysteine cathepsins B, X and K expression in peri-arteriolar glioblastoma stem cell niches. J Mol Histol 2018; 49:481-497. [PMID: 30046941 PMCID: PMC6182580 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-018-9787-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most lethal brain tumor also due to malignant and therapy-resistant GBM stem cells (GSCs) that are localized in protecting hypoxic GSC niches. Some members of the cysteine cathepsin family of proteases have been found to be upregulated in GBM. Cathepsin K gene expression is highly elevated in GBM tissue versus normal brain and it has been suggested to regulate GSC migration out of the niches. Here, we investigated the cellular distribution of cathepsins B, X and K in GBM tissue and whether these cathepsins are co-localized in GSC niches. Therefore, we determined expression of these cathepsins in serial paraffin sections of 14 human GBM samples and serial cryostat sections of two samples using immunohistochemistry and metabolic mapping of cathepsin activity using selective fluorogenic substrates. We detected cathepsins B, X and K in peri-arteriolar GSC niches in 9 out of 16 GBM samples, which were defined by co-expression of the GSC marker CD133, the niche marker stromal-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α) and smooth muscle actin as a marker for arterioles. The expression of cathepsin B and X was detected in stromal cells and cancer cells throughout the GBM sections, whereas cathepsin K expression was more restricted to arteriole-rich regions in the GBM sections. Metabolic mapping showed that cathepsin B, but not cathepsin K is active in GSC niches. On the basis of these findings, it is concluded that cathepsins B, X and K have distinct functions in GBM and that cathepsin K is the most likely GSC niche-related cathepsin of the three cathepsins investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Breznik
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna Pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia. .,International Postgraduate School Jozef Stefan, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Clara Limbaeck Stokin
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Korytkova 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janko Kos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 7 Aškerčeva cesta, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mohammed Khurshed
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Medical Biology at the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vashendriya V V Hira
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Medical Biology at the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roman Bošnjak
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Clinical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tamara T Lah
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna Pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,International Postgraduate School Jozef Stefan, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Cornelis J F Van Noorden
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna Pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Medical Biology at the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Rößler S, Heinemann C, Kruppke B, Wagner AS, Wenisch S, Wiesmann HP, Hanke T. Manipulation of osteoclastogenesis: Bioactive multiphasic silica/collagen composites and their effects of surface and degradation products. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 93:265-276. [PMID: 30274058 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The intent of the present study was to demonstrate that multiphasic silica/collagen xerogels are able to manipulate cellular processes. These xerogels were prepared by a sol-gel approach allowing the incorporation of mineral phases. The resulting nanocomposites are designed as biomaterial for bone regeneration. Human osteoclasts derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells were cultured both indirectly and directly, either in presence of different xerogel types or on their surface, to investigate the factor with the main influence on osteoclastogenesis. To this end, the incorporation of a third phase to silica/collagen xerogels was used to affect osteoclastogenesis. In cell culture, ambient ion conditions controlled by both the degradation products of the xerogel and the bioactivity-dependent ion release and reprecipitation were shown to have the main effect on osteoclast specific enzyme tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) 5b. Late stage of osteoclastogenesis characterized by resorption was strongly dependent on the xerogels composition. Surface chemistry of the xerogels was displayed to play an important role in osteoclast resorption. Biphasic silica/collagen xerogels and triphasic xerogels with calcium carbonate offered widespread resorbed areas, whereas hydroxyapatite containing xerogels showed distinctly reduced resorption. The incorporation of strontium carbonate and phosphate, respectively, as third phase changed TRAP 5b activity dose-dependently and inhibited resorption within 21 days. Quantitative evaluation on osteoclast differentiation was carried out using biochemical methods (TRAP 5b, cathepsin K) and was supported by confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Qualitative estimation of resorption was carried out by SEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rößler
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Institute of Materials Science, Technical University Dresden, Budapester Str. 27, D-01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - C Heinemann
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Institute of Materials Science, Technical University Dresden, Budapester Str. 27, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - B Kruppke
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Institute of Materials Science, Technical University Dresden, Budapester Str. 27, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - A S Wagner
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, Small Animal Clinic c/o Institute of Veterinary-Anatomy, -Histology and -Embryology, University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 98, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - S Wenisch
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, Small Animal Clinic c/o Institute of Veterinary-Anatomy, -Histology and -Embryology, University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 98, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - H P Wiesmann
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Institute of Materials Science, Technical University Dresden, Budapester Str. 27, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - T Hanke
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Institute of Materials Science, Technical University Dresden, Budapester Str. 27, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
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