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Ostrowska-Podhorodecka Z, Ding I, Norouzi M, McCulloch CA. Impact of Vimentin on Regulation of Cell Signaling and Matrix Remodeling. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:869069. [PMID: 35359446 PMCID: PMC8961691 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.869069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vimentin expression contributes to cellular mechanoprotection and is a widely recognized marker of fibroblasts and of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. But it is not understood how vimentin affects signaling that controls cell migration and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. Recent data indicate that vimentin controls collagen deposition and ECM structure by regulating contractile force application to the ECM and through post-transcriptional regulation of ECM related genes. Binding of cells to the ECM promotes the association of vimentin with cytoplasmic domains of adhesion receptors such as integrins. After initial adhesion, cell-generated, myosin-dependent forces and signals that impact vimentin structure can affect cell migration. Post-translational modifications of vimentin determine its adaptor functions, including binding to cell adhesion proteins like paxillin and talin. Accordingly, vimentin regulates the growth, maturation and adhesive strength of integrin-dependent adhesions, which enables cells to tune their attachment to collagen, regulate the formation of cell extensions and control cell migration through connective tissues. Thus, vimentin tunes signaling cascades that regulate cell migration and ECM remodeling. Here we consider how specific properties of vimentin serve to control cell attachment to the underlying ECM and to regulate mesenchymal cell migration and remodeling of the ECM by resident fibroblasts.
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Vascularization Strategies in Bone Tissue Engineering. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071749. [PMID: 34359919 PMCID: PMC8306064 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone is a highly vascularized tissue, and its development, maturation, remodeling, and regeneration are dependent on a tight regulation of blood vessel supply. This condition also has to be taken into consideration in the context of the development of artificial tissue substitutes. In classic tissue engineering, bone-forming cells such as primary osteoblasts or mesenchymal stem cells are introduced into suitable scaffolds and implanted in order to treat critical-size bone defects. However, such tissue substitutes are initially avascular. Because of the occurrence of hypoxic conditions, especially in larger tissue substitutes, this leads to the death of the implanted cells. Therefore, it is necessary to devise vascularization strategies aiming at fast and efficient vascularization of implanted artificial tissues. In this review article, we present and discuss the current vascularization strategies in bone tissue engineering. These are based on the use of angiogenic growth factors, the co-implantation of blood vessel forming cells, the ex vivo microfabrication of blood vessels by means of bioprinting, and surgical methods for creating surgically transferable composite tissues.
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Graeff MSZ, Tokuhara CK, Sanches MLR, Buzalaf MAR, Rocha LA, de Oliveira RC. Osteoblastic response to biomaterials surfaces: Extracellular matrix proteomic analysis. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2021; 110:176-184. [PMID: 34196101 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The cellular response to surfaces is mediated, among other factors, by the extracellular matrix (ECM). However, little is known about the ECM proteome during mineralization. Our objective was to compare the ECM composition formed by osteoblast on different materials surfaces with proteomic analysis. Three types of biomaterial surfaces (pure titanium, anodized titanium, and zirconia) were used. Osteoblasts (MC3T3 linage) cells were cultivated on the biomaterials for 7, 14, and 21 days with the osteogenic medium. For the proteomic analysis, the specimens were washed, decellularized, and the ECM was collected. The majority of the typical ECM proteins, out of a total of 24 proteins identified, was expressed and regulated equally on the three biomaterials tested. Alpha-1,4 glucan phosphorylase was found to be down-regulated on zirconia on the seventh day, while at the same time, glycogen phosphorylase brain form was up-regulated on anodized titanium, both when compared with pure titanium (ratio: 1.06 and 0.97, respectively). And after 14 days of culture, glycogen phosphorylase brain form was downregulated on zirconia when compared with pure titanium (ratio: 0.90), suggesting the influence of material surface roughness and chemical composition on energy metabolism. Proteins related to bone development like Transforming growth factor beta-3 and Fibroblast growth factor 8 were found exclusively on pure titanium on the 21st day. Altogether, our results show a possible influence of material surfaces on the composition of ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cintia Kazuko Tokuhara
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, FOB/USP, Bauru, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luis Augusto Rocha
- Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, FC/UNESP, Bauru, Brazil.,Braço Brasileiro do Instituto de Biomateriais, Tribocorrosão e Nanomedicina (IBTN/Br), Bauru, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Cardoso de Oliveira
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, FOB/USP, Bauru, Brazil.,Braço Brasileiro do Instituto de Biomateriais, Tribocorrosão e Nanomedicina (IBTN/Br), Bauru, Brazil
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Pérez-Boza J, Boeckx A, Lion M, Dequiedt F, Struman I. hnRNPA2B1 inhibits the exosomal export of miR-503 in endothelial cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:4413-4428. [PMID: 31894362 PMCID: PMC11104873 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03425-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The chemotherapeutic drug epirubicin increases the exosomal export of miR-503 in endothelial cells. To understand the mechanisms behind this process, we transfected endothelial cells with miR-503 carrying a biotin tag. Then, we pulled-down the proteins interacting with miR-503 and studied their role in microRNA exosomal export. A total of four different binding partners were identified by mass spectrometry and validated by western blotting and negative controls, among them ANXA2 and hnRNPA2B1. Using knock-down systems combined with pull-down analysis, we determined that epirubicin mediates the export of miR-503 by disrupting the interaction between hnRNPA2B1 and miR-503. Then, both ANXA2 and miR-503 are sorted into exosomes while hnRNPA2B1 is relocated into the nucleus. The combination of these processes culminates in the increased export of miR-503. These results suggest, for the first time, that RNA-binding proteins can negatively regulate the exosomal sorting of microRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Pérez-Boza
- Molecular Angiogenesis Laboratory, GIGA Research, ULiege, B34, Avenue de l'Hôpital, 1, 4000, Liège, Belgium
- Exosome Research Group and Medical Oncology, VUmc Cancer Center Amsterdam, 1118 De Boelelaan, 1182 DB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Amandine Boeckx
- Molecular Angiogenesis Laboratory, GIGA Research, ULiege, B34, Avenue de l'Hôpital, 1, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Michele Lion
- Molecular Angiogenesis Laboratory, GIGA Research, ULiege, B34, Avenue de l'Hôpital, 1, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Franck Dequiedt
- Laboratoire de Signalisation et Interactions des Protéines, GIGA-Research, ULiege, B34, Avenue de l'Hôpital, 1, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Ingrid Struman
- Molecular Angiogenesis Laboratory, GIGA Research, ULiege, B34, Avenue de l'Hôpital, 1, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
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Oudart M, Tortuyaux R, Mailly P, Mazaré N, Boulay AC, Cohen-Salmon M. AstroDot - a new method for studying the spatial distribution of mRNA in astrocytes. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs239756. [PMID: 32079659 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.239756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are morphologically complex and use local translation to regulate distal functions. To study the distribution of mRNA in astrocytes, we combined mRNA detection via in situ hybridization with immunostaining of the astrocyte-specific intermediate filament glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). mRNAs at the level of GFAP-immunolabelled astrocyte somata, and large and fine processes were analysed using AstroDot, an ImageJ plug-in and the R package AstroStat. Taking the characterization of mRNAs encoding GFAP-α and GFAP-δ isoforms as a proof of concept, we showed that they mainly localized on GFAP processes. In the APPswe/PS1dE9 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, the density and distribution of both α and δ forms of Gfap mRNA changed as a function of the region of the hippocampus and the astrocyte's proximity to amyloid plaques. To validate our method, we confirmed that the ubiquitous Rpl4 (large subunit ribosomal protein 4) mRNA was present in astrocyte processes as well as in microglia processes immunolabelled for ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1; also known as IAF1). In summary, this novel set of tools allows the characterization of mRNA distribution in astrocytes and microglia in physiological or pathological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Oudart
- Physiology and Physiopathology of the Gliovascular Unit Research Group, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS Unité Mixte de Recherche 724, INSERM Unité 1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7241 CNRS, Unité1050 INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France
| | - Romain Tortuyaux
- Physiology and Physiopathology of the Gliovascular Unit Research Group, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS Unité Mixte de Recherche 724, INSERM Unité 1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7241 CNRS, Unité1050 INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France
| | - Philippe Mailly
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7241 CNRS, Unité1050 INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France
- Orion Imaging Facility, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS Unité Mixte de Recherche 724, INSERM Unité 1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France
| | - Noémie Mazaré
- Physiology and Physiopathology of the Gliovascular Unit Research Group, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS Unité Mixte de Recherche 724, INSERM Unité 1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7241 CNRS, Unité1050 INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France
| | - Anne-Cécile Boulay
- Physiology and Physiopathology of the Gliovascular Unit Research Group, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS Unité Mixte de Recherche 724, INSERM Unité 1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7241 CNRS, Unité1050 INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France
| | - Martine Cohen-Salmon
- Physiology and Physiopathology of the Gliovascular Unit Research Group, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS Unité Mixte de Recherche 724, INSERM Unité 1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7241 CNRS, Unité1050 INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France
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Vimentin prevents a miR-dependent negative regulation of tissue factor mRNA during epithelial-mesenchymal transitions and facilitates early metastasis. Oncogene 2020; 39:3680-3692. [PMID: 32152404 PMCID: PMC7190572 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-1244-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions (EMTs) are high-profile in the field of circulating tumor cells (CTCs). EMT-shifted CTCs are considered to encompass pre-metastatic subpopulations though underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Our previous work identified tissue factor (TF) as an EMT-induced gene providing tumor cells with coagulant properties and supporting metastatic colonization by CTCs. We here report that vimentin, the type III intermediate filament considered a canonical EMT marker, contributes to TF regulation and positively supports coagulant properties and early metastasis. Different evidence further pointed to a new post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism of TF mRNA by vimentin: (1) vimentin silencing accelerated TF mRNA decay after actinomycin D treatment, reflecting TF mRNA stabilization, (2) RNA immunoprecipitation revealed enriched levels of TF mRNA in vimentin immunoprecipitate, (3) TF 3'-UTR-luciferase reporter vector assays implicated the 3'-UTR of TF mRNA in vimentin-dependent TF regulation, and (4) using different TF 3'UTR-luciferase reporter vectors mutated for potential miR binding sites and specific Target Site Blockers identified a key miR binding site in vimentin-dependent TF mRNA regulation. All together, these data support a novel mechanism by which vimentin interferes with a miR-dependent negative regulation of TF mRNA, thereby promoting coagulant activity and early metastasis of vimentin-expressing CTCs.
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Rong Q, Li S, Zhou Y, Geng Y, Liu S, Wu W, Forouzanfar T, Wu G, Zhang Z, Zhou M. A novel method to improve the osteogenesis capacity of hUCMSCs with dual-directional pre-induction under screened co-culture conditions. Cell Prolif 2020; 53:e12740. [PMID: 31820506 PMCID: PMC7078770 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) based therapy for bone regeneration has been regarded as a promising method in the clinic. However, hBMSCs with invasive harvesting process and undesirable proliferation rate hinder the extensive usage. HUCMSCs of easier access and excellent performances provide an alternative for the fabrication of tissue-engineered bone construct. Evidence suggested the osteogenesis ability of hUCMSCs was weaker than that of hBMSCs. To address this issue, a co-culture strategy of osteogenically and angiogenically induced hUCMSCs has been proposed since thorough vascularization facilitates the blood-borne nutrition and oxygen to transport in the scaffold, synergistically expediting the process of ossification. MATERIALS AND METHODS Herein, we used osteogenic- and angiogenic-differentiated hUCMSCs for co-culture in screened culture medium to elevate the osteogenic capacity with in vitro studies and finally coupled with 3D TCP scaffold to repair rat's critical-sized calvarial bone defect. By dual-directional induction, hUCMSCs could differentiate into osteoblasts and endothelial cells, respectively. To optimize the co-culture condition, gradient ratios of dual-directional differentiated hUCMSCs co-cultured under different medium were studied to determine the appropriate condition. RESULTS It revealed that the osteogenic- and angiogenic-induced hUCMSCs mixed with the ratio of 3:1 co-cultured in the mixed medium of osteogenic induction medium to endothelial cell induction medium of 3:1 possessed more mineralization nodules. Similarly, ALP and osteogenesis/angiogenesis-related genes expressions were relatively higher. Further evidence of bone defect repair with 3D printed TCP of 3:1 group exhibited better restoration outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Our work demonstrated a favourable and convenient approach of dual-directional differentiated hUCMSCs co-culture to improve the osteogenesis, establishing a novel way to fabricate tissue-engineered bone graft with 3D TCP for large bone defect augmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Rong
- Key Laboratory of Oral MedicineGuangzhou Institute of Oral DiseaseAffiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Department of StomatologyThe First People's Hospital of Yunnan ProvinceThe Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and TechnologyKunmingChina
| | - Shuyi Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/PathologyAmsterdam UMC and Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA)Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdam Movement ScienceAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Yang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Oral MedicineGuangzhou Institute of Oral DiseaseAffiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Yuanming Geng
- Department of StomatologyZhujiang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Shangbin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Oral MedicineGuangzhou Institute of Oral DiseaseAffiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Wanqiu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Oral MedicineGuangzhou Institute of Oral DiseaseAffiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Tim Forouzanfar
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/PathologyAmsterdam UMC and Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA)Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdam Movement ScienceAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Oral Implantology and Prosthetic DentistryAcademic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA)University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Translational Research Centre of Regenerative Medicine and 3D Printing Technologies of Guangzhou Medical UniversityThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Miao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Oral MedicineGuangzhou Institute of Oral DiseaseAffiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
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Simunovic F, Winninger O, Strassburg S, Koch HG, Finkenzeller G, Stark GB, Lampert FM. Increased differentiation and production of extracellular matrix components of primary human osteoblasts after cocultivation with endothelial cells: A quantitative proteomics approach. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:396-404. [PMID: 30126049 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Coculturing of bone-forming and blood vessel-forming cells is a strategy aimed at increasing vascularity of implanted bone constructs in tissue-engineering applications. We previously described that the coculture of primary human osteoblasts (hOBs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) improves the differentiation of both cell types, leading to the formation of functional blood vessels and enhanced bone regeneration. The objective of this study was to further delineate the multifaceted interactions between both cell types. To investigate the proteome of hOBs after cocultivation with HUVECs we used stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture, revealing 49 significantly upregulated, and 54 significantly downregulated proteins. Amongst the highest regulated proteins, we found the proteins important for osteoblast differentiation, cellular adhesion, and extracellular matrix function, notably: connective tissue growth factor, desmoplakin, galectin-3, and cyclin-dependent kinase 6. The findings were confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. We also investigated whether the mRNA transcripts correlate with the changes in protein levels by quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. In addition, the data was compared to our previous microarray analysis of hOB transcriptome. Taken together, this in-depth analysis delivers reliable data suggesting the importance of coculturing of hOBs and HUVECs in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Simunovic
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - O Winninger
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - S Strassburg
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - H G Koch
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - G Finkenzeller
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - G B Stark
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - F M Lampert
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Strassburg S, Nabar N, Lampert F, Goerke SM, Pfeifer D, Finkenzeller G, Stark GB, Simunovic F. Calmodulin Regulated Spectrin Associated Protein 1 mRNA is Directly Regulated by miR-126 in Primary Human Osteoblasts. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:1756-1763. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Strassburg
- Departments of Plastic and Hand Surgery; University of Freiburg Medical Center; Freiburg 79106 Germany
| | - Nikita Nabar
- Departments of Plastic and Hand Surgery; University of Freiburg Medical Center; Freiburg 79106 Germany
| | - Florian Lampert
- Departments of Plastic and Hand Surgery; University of Freiburg Medical Center; Freiburg 79106 Germany
| | - Sebastian M. Goerke
- Department of Radiology; Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg-Gengenbach; Offenburg Germany
| | - Dietmar Pfeifer
- Department of Hematology and Oncology; Freiburg University Medical Center; Freiburg 79106 Germany
| | - Günter Finkenzeller
- Departments of Plastic and Hand Surgery; University of Freiburg Medical Center; Freiburg 79106 Germany
| | - Gerhard B. Stark
- Departments of Plastic and Hand Surgery; University of Freiburg Medical Center; Freiburg 79106 Germany
| | - Filip Simunovic
- Departments of Plastic and Hand Surgery; University of Freiburg Medical Center; Freiburg 79106 Germany
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