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Palominos C, Fuentes-Retamal S, Salazar JP, Guzmán-Rivera D, Correa P, Mellado M, Araya-Maturana R, Urra FA. Mitochondrial bioenergetics as a cell fate rheostat for responsive to Bcl-2 drugs: New cues for cancer chemotherapy. Cancer Lett 2024; 594:216965. [PMID: 38788967 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Pro-survival BCL-2 proteins prevent the initiation of intrinsic apoptosis (mitochondria-dependent pathway) by inhibiting the pro-apoptotic proteins BAX and BAK, while BH3-only proteins promote apoptosis by blocking pro-survival BCL-2 proteins. Disruptions in this delicate balance contribute to cancer cell survival and chemoresistance. Recent advances in cancer therapeutics involve a new generation of drugs known as BH3-mimetics, which are small molecules designed to mimic the action of BH3-only proteins. Promising effects have been observed in patients with hematological and solid tumors undergoing treatment with these agents. However, the rapid emergence of mitochondria-dependent resistance to BH3-mimetics has been reported. This resistance involves increased mitochondrial respiration, altered mitophagy, and mitochondria with higher and tighter cristae. Conversely, mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2, catalyzing R-2-hydroxyglutarate production, promote sensitivity to venetoclax. This evidence underscores the urgency for comprehensive studies on bioenergetics-based adaptive responses in both BH3 mimetics-sensitive and -resistant cancer cells. Ongoing clinical trials are evaluating BH3-mimetics in combination with standard chemotherapeutics. In this article, we discuss the role of mitochondrial bioenergetics in response to BH3-mimetics and explore potential therapeutic opportunities through metabolism-targeting strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Palominos
- Metabolic Plasticity and Bioenergetics Laboratory, Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, 8380453, Chile; Network for Snake Venom Research and Drug Discovery, Santiago, 8380453, Chile; Interdisciplinary Group on Mitochondrial Targeting and Bioenergetics (MIBI), Talca, 3480094, Chile
| | - Sebastián Fuentes-Retamal
- Metabolic Plasticity and Bioenergetics Laboratory, Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, 8380453, Chile; Network for Snake Venom Research and Drug Discovery, Santiago, 8380453, Chile; Interdisciplinary Group on Mitochondrial Targeting and Bioenergetics (MIBI), Talca, 3480094, Chile; Universidad Andrés Bello. Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Medicina, 8320000, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Pablo Salazar
- Metabolic Plasticity and Bioenergetics Laboratory, Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, 8380453, Chile; Network for Snake Venom Research and Drug Discovery, Santiago, 8380453, Chile; Interdisciplinary Group on Mitochondrial Targeting and Bioenergetics (MIBI), Talca, 3480094, Chile
| | - Daniela Guzmán-Rivera
- Metabolic Plasticity and Bioenergetics Laboratory, Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, 8380453, Chile; Universidad Andrés Bello. Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Medicina, 8320000, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Correa
- Metabolic Plasticity and Bioenergetics Laboratory, Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, 8380453, Chile; Network for Snake Venom Research and Drug Discovery, Santiago, 8380453, Chile; Interdisciplinary Group on Mitochondrial Targeting and Bioenergetics (MIBI), Talca, 3480094, Chile
| | - Mathias Mellado
- Metabolic Plasticity and Bioenergetics Laboratory, Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, 8380453, Chile; Network for Snake Venom Research and Drug Discovery, Santiago, 8380453, Chile
| | - Ramiro Araya-Maturana
- Network for Snake Venom Research and Drug Discovery, Santiago, 8380453, Chile; Interdisciplinary Group on Mitochondrial Targeting and Bioenergetics (MIBI), Talca, 3480094, Chile; Instituto de Química de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Talca, Talca, 3460000, Chile
| | - Félix A Urra
- Metabolic Plasticity and Bioenergetics Laboratory, Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, 8380453, Chile; Network for Snake Venom Research and Drug Discovery, Santiago, 8380453, Chile; Interdisciplinary Group on Mitochondrial Targeting and Bioenergetics (MIBI), Talca, 3480094, Chile; Interuniversity Center for Healthy Aging (CIES), Consortium of Universities of the State of Chile (CUECH), Santiago, 8320216, Chile.
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2
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Yildirim N, Sarojam L, Smith VM, Pieper NM, Anders M, Jackson RA, Fuhrmann DC, Särchen V, Brücher D, Weigert A, Dyer MJS, Vogler M. Identification of a novel form of caspase-independent cell death triggered by BH3-mimetics in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cell lines. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:266. [PMID: 38622118 PMCID: PMC11018778 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06652-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
BH3-mimetics represent promising anti-cancer agents in tumors that rely on the anti-apoptotic function of B-Cell Lymphoma 2 (BCL2) proteins, particularly in leukemia and lymphoma cells primed for apoptosis. Mechanistically, BH3-mimetics may displace pro-apoptotic binding partners thus inducing BAX/BAK-mediated mitochondrial permeabilization followed by cytochrome c release, activation of the caspase cascade and apoptosis. Here, we describe a novel mode of caspase-independent cell death (CICD) induced by BH3-mimetics in a subset of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) cells. Of note, rather than occurring via necroptosis, CICD induced immediately after mitochondrial permeabilization was associated with transcriptional reprogramming mediated by activation of c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) signaling and Activator Protein 1 (AP1). Thereby, CICD resulted in the JNK/AP1-mediated upregulation of inflammatory chemokines and increased migration of cytotoxic Natural Killer (NK) cells. Taken together, our study describes a novel mode of CICD triggered by BH3-mimetics that may alter the immune response towards dying cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahide Yildirim
- Institute for Experimental Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lakshmi Sarojam
- Institute for Experimental Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Victoria M Smith
- The Ernest and Helen Scott Haematological Research Institute, Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Nadja M Pieper
- Institute for Experimental Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Marius Anders
- Institute for Experimental Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ross A Jackson
- The Ernest and Helen Scott Haematological Research Institute, Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Dominik C Fuhrmann
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Vinzenz Särchen
- Institute for Experimental Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Daniela Brücher
- Institute for Experimental Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas Weigert
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) partner site Frankfurt/Mainz, a partnership between DKFZ and University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Martin J S Dyer
- The Ernest and Helen Scott Haematological Research Institute, Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Meike Vogler
- Institute for Experimental Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) partner site Frankfurt/Mainz, a partnership between DKFZ and University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
- University Cancer Center Frankfurt (UCT), University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
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3
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Haasler L, von Montfort C, Kondadi AK, Golombek M, Ebbert L, Wenzel CK, Stahl W, Reichert AS, Brenneisen P. Involvement of necroptosis in the selective toxicity of the natural compound (±) gossypol on squamous skin cancer cells in vitro. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:1997-2014. [PMID: 37210688 PMCID: PMC10256661 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03516-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous basal and squamous cell carcinoma reflect the first and second most common type of non-melanoma skin cancer, respectively. Especially cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma has the tendency to metastasize, finally resulting in a rather poor prognosis. Therapeutic options comprise surgery, radiation therapy, and a systemic or targeted chemotherapy. There are some good treatment results, but overall, the response rate of newly developed drugs is still modest. Drug repurposing represents an alternative approach where already available and clinically approved substances are used, which originally intended for other clinical benefits. In this context, we tested the effect of the naturally occurring polyphenolic aldehyde (±) gossypol with concentrations between 1 and 5 µM on the invasive squamous cell carcinoma cell line SCL-1 and normal human epidermal keratinocytes. Gossypol treatment up to 96 h resulted in a selective cytotoxicity of SCL-1 cells (IC50: 1.7 µM, 96 h) compared with normal keratinocytes (IC50: ≥ 5.4 µM, 96 h) which is mediated by mitochondrial dysfunction and finally leading to necroptotic cell death. Taken together, gossypol shows a high potential as an alternative anticancer drug for the treatment of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Haasler
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Claudia von Montfort
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Arun Kumar Kondadi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mathias Golombek
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lara Ebbert
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Chantal-Kristin Wenzel
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Stahl
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas S Reichert
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Brenneisen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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DRP1 Inhibition Enhances Venetoclax-Induced Mitochondrial Apoptosis in TP53-Mutated Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells through BAX/BAK Activation. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030745. [PMID: 36765703 PMCID: PMC9913445 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Although TP53 mutations in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are associated with poor response to venetoclax, the underlying resistance mechanism remains unclear. Herein, we investigated the functional role of dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1) in venetoclax sensitivity in AML cells with respect to TP53 mutation status. Effects of DRP1 inhibition on venetoclax-induced cell death were compared in TP53-mutated (THP-1 and Kasumi-1) and TP53 wild-type leukemia cell lines (MOLM-13 and MV4-11), as well as in primary AML cells obtained from patients. Venetoclax induced apoptosis in TP53 wild-type AML cells but had limited effects in TP53-mutated AML cells. DRP1 expression was downregulated in MOLM-13 cells after venetoclax treatment but was unaffected in THP-1 cells. Cotreatment of THP-1 cells with venetoclax and a TP53 activator NSC59984 downregulated DRP1 expression and increased apoptosis. Combination treatment with the DRP1 inhibitor Mdivi-1 and venetoclax significantly increased mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in TP53-mutated AML cells. The combination of Mdivi-1 and venetoclax resulted in noticeable downregulation of MCL-1 and BCL-xL, accompanied by the upregulation of NOXA, PUMA, BAK, and BAX. These findings suggest that DRP1 is functionally associated with venetoclax sensitivity in TP53-mutated AML cells. Targeting DRP1 may represent an effective therapeutic strategy for overcoming venetoclax resistance in TP53-mutated AML.
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Patel P, Mendoza A, Robichaux DJ, Wang MC, Wehrens XHT, Karch J. Inhibition of the Anti-Apoptotic Bcl-2 Family by BH3 Mimetics Sensitize the Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore Through Bax and Bak. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:765973. [PMID: 34926454 PMCID: PMC8672142 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.765973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP)-dependent necrosis contributes to numerous pathologies in the heart, brain, and skeletal muscle. The MPTP is a non-selective pore in the inner mitochondrial membrane that is triggered by high levels of matrix Ca2+, and sustained opening leads to mitochondrial dysfunction. Although the MPTP is defined by an increase in inner mitochondrial membrane permeability, the expression of pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members, Bax and Bak localization to the outer mitochondrial membrane is required for MPTP-dependent mitochondrial dysfunction and subsequent necrotic cell death. Contrary to the role of Bax and Bak in apoptosis, which is dependent on their oligomerization, MPTP-dependent necrosis does not require oligomerization as monomeric/inactive forms of Bax and Bak can facilitate mitochondrial dysfunction. However, the relationship between Bax and Bak activation/oligomerization and MPTP sensitization remains to be explored. Here, we use a combination of in vitro and ex vivo approaches to determine the role of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members, which regulate Bax/Bak activity, in necrotic cell death and MPTP sensitivity. To study the role of each predominantly expressed anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member (i.e., Mcl-1, Bcl-2, and Bcl-xL) in MPTP regulation, we utilize various BH3 mimetics that specifically bind to and inhibit each. We determined that the inhibition of each anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member lowers mitochondrial calcium retention capacity and sensitizes MPTP opening. Furthermore, the inhibition of each Bcl-2 family member exacerbates both apoptotic and necrotic cell death in vitro in a Bax/Bak-dependent manner. Our findings suggests that mitochondrial Ca2+ retention capacity and MPTP sensitivity is influenced by Bax/Bak activation/oligomerization on the outer mitochondrial membrane, providing further evidence of the crosstalk between the apoptotic and necrotic cell death pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Patel
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Arielys Mendoza
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Dexter J Robichaux
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Meng C Wang
- Huffington Center on Aging, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Xander H T Wehrens
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jason Karch
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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Haasler L, Kondadi AK, Tsigaras T, von Montfort C, Graf P, Stahl W, Brenneisen P. The BH3 mimetic (±) gossypol induces ROS-independent apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction in human A375 melanoma cells in vitro. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:1349-1365. [PMID: 33523262 PMCID: PMC8032633 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-02987-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A major challenge in current cancer therapy is still the treatment of metastatic melanomas of the skin. BH3 mimetics represent a novel group of substances inducing apoptosis. In this study, we investigated the cytotoxic effect of (±) gossypol (GP), a natural compound from cotton seed, on A375 melanoma cells and the underlying biochemical mechanisms. To prevent undesired side effects due to toxicity on normal (healthy) cells, concentrations only toxic for tumor cells have been elaborated. Viability assays were performed to determine the cytotoxicity of GP in A375 melanoma and normal (healthy) cells. For the majority of experiments, a concentration of 2.5 µM GP was used resulting in a ROS-independent but caspase-dependent cell death of A375 melanoma cells. At this level, GP was non-toxic for normal human epidermal melanocytes. GP has a very short half-life, however, it was demonstrated that only the “parent” compound and not decomposition products are responsible for the cytotoxic effect in A375 melanoma cells. GP significantly decreased mitochondrial membrane potential accompanied by a Drp1-dependent loss of mitochondrial integrity (fragmentation) in tumor cells. Taken together, GP induced a ROS-independent intrinsic apoptosis leading to the conclusion that within a specific concentration range, GP may work as effective anticancer drug without harmful side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Haasler
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Arun Kumar Kondadi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thanos Tsigaras
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Claudia von Montfort
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Graf
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Stahl
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Brenneisen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Zhang H, Gu X, Meng C, Zhou D, Chen G, Wang J, Liu Y, Li N. Computational investigation of 4,5-diphenyl-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid derivatives as B-cell lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-xL) inhibitors by using 3D-QSAR, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations. Struct Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-020-01631-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Patel P, Karch J. Regulation of cell death in the cardiovascular system. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 353:153-209. [PMID: 32381175 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The adult heart is a post-mitotic terminally differentiated organ; therefore, beyond development, cardiomyocyte cell death is maladaptive. Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the world and aberrant cardiomyocyte cell death is the underlying problem for most cardiovascular-related diseases and fatalities. In this chapter, we will discuss the different cell death mechanisms that engage during normal cardiac development, aging, and disease states. The most abundant loss of cardiomyocytes occurs during a myocardial infarction, when the blood supply to the heart is obstructed, and the affected myocardium succumbs to cell death. Originally, this form of cell death was considered to be unregulated; however, research from the last half a century clearly demonstrates that this form of cell death is multifaceted and employees various degrees of regulation. We will explore all of the cell death pathways that have been implicated in this disease state and the potential interplay between them. Beyond myocardial infarction, we also explore the role and mechanisms of cardiomyocyte cell death in heart failure, myocarditis, and chemotherapeutic-induced cardiotoxicity. Inhibition of cardiomyocyte cell death has extensive therapeutic potential that will increase the longevity and health of the human heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Patel
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jason Karch
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.
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9
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Milani M, Beckett AJ, Al-Zebeeby A, Luo X, Prior IA, Cohen GM, Varadarajan S. DRP-1 functions independently of mitochondrial structural perturbations to facilitate BH3 mimetic-mediated apoptosis. Cell Death Discov 2019; 5:117. [PMID: 31341643 PMCID: PMC6637195 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-019-0199-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of mitochondrial integrity is critical for normal cellular homoeostasis. Most cells respond to stress stimuli and undergo apoptosis by perturbing mitochondrial structure and function to release proteins, such as cytochrome c, which are essential for the execution of the intrinsic apoptotic cascade. Cancer cells evade these events by overexpressing the anti-apoptotic BCL-2 family of proteins on mitochondrial membranes. Inhibitors of the anti-apoptotic BCL-2 family proteins, also known as BH3 mimetics, antagonise the pro-survival functions of these proteins and result in rapid apoptosis. Although the precise mechanism by which BH3 mimetics induce apoptosis has been well characterised, not much is known in terms of the structural changes that occur in mitochondria during apoptosis. Using a panel of highly selective BH3 mimetics and a wide range of cell lines, we demonstrate that BH3 mimetics induce extensive mitochondrial fission, accompanied by swelling of the mitochondrial matrix and rupture of the outer mitochondrial membrane. These changes occur in a BAX/ BAK-dependent manner. Although a major mitochondrial fission GTPase, DRP-1, has been implicated in mitochondrial apoptosis, our data demonstrate that DRP-1 might function independently/downstream of BH3 mimetic-mediated mitochondrial fission to facilitate the release of cytochrome c and apoptosis. Moreover, downregulation of DRP-1 prevented cytochrome c release and apoptosis even when OPA1, a protein mediating mitochondrial fusion, was silenced. Although BH3 mimetic-mediated displacement of BAK and other BH3-only proteins from BCL-XL and MCL-1 was unaffected by DRP-1 downregulation, it prevented BAK activation significantly, thus placing DRP-1 as one of the most critical players, along with BAX and BAK, that governs BH3 mimetic-mediated cytochrome c release and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus Milani
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE UK
| | - Alison J. Beckett
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE UK
| | - Aoula Al-Zebeeby
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE UK
| | - Xu Luo
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198 USA
| | - Ian A. Prior
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE UK
| | - Gerald M. Cohen
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE UK
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE UK
| | - Shankar Varadarajan
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE UK
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE UK
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Turk B. Mitochondria, Apoptosis and Cancer (MAC) 2017. Biol Chem 2019; 400:123-124. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Boris Turk
- J. Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
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