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Pokora I, Drzazga Z, Wyderka P, Binek M. Determination of the Effects of a Series of Ten Whole-Body Cryostimulation Sessions on Physiological Responses to Exercise and Skin Temperature Behavior following Exercise in Elite Athletes. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6159. [PMID: 37834804 PMCID: PMC10573447 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12196159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of a series of 10 whole-body cryostimulation (WBC) sessions (3 min; -110 °C) on physiological and thermal responses to a submaximal exercise test in 17 elite athletes. Participants performed an exercise test twice at similar levels of intensity before and after a series of ten WBC sessions. Before and during the test, each participant's oxygen uptake (VO2), heart rate (HR), internal temperature (Ti), and skin temperature in selected areas of the skin were measured, and the mean arterial pressure (MAP), physiological strain index (PSI), and mean skin temperature (Tsk) were calculated. The results show that during exercise, increases in Ti and the PSI were significantly lower after the WBC sessions, and although there were no significant changes in HR or the MAP, the Tsk was significantly higher. Following exercise, an increase in skin temperature asymmetry over the lower-body muscles was detected. A series of WBC sessions induced a tendency toward a decrease in temperature asymmetry over the thigh muscles. In conclusion, a series of ten WBC sessions does not induce significant modifications in physiological variables but does influence the PSI and Ti during exercise. Moreover, a series of ten WBC sessions influences the distribution of skin temperature and the magnitude of temperature asymmetries in the early phase of recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Pokora
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Mikołowska 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
| | - Zofia Drzazga
- The Silesian Centre for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - Piotr Wyderka
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Mikołowska 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
| | - Mariusz Binek
- The Silesian Centre for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
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Effects of Elevated Body Temperature on Selected Physiological Indices and Thermal Stress in Athletes and Non-Athletes. J Hum Kinet 2022; 84:112-123. [DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2021-0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of active and passive overheating. A group of athletes (A) and non-athletic men (N) underwent an exercise stress test at elevated ambient temperature and sauna bathing until an increase in rectal temperature of 1.2°C was observed. It was shown that group A performed physical exercise for a longer period of time, which elicited significantly higher amounts of work performed in the stress test. Both forms of overheating caused a significant decrease in BM and a significant change in plasma volume, while greater dehydration was observed after active overheating. Changes observed in group A were higher than in group N. MCV levels were initially higher in group A. The levels in both groups decreased after sauna bathing, although in non-athletes the decrease was greater. Both forms of overheating increased Hb, HCT, and SBP, while only the non-athletic group showed a decrease in DBP after the exercise stress test. However, a decrease in DBP was observed in both groups after sauna bathing. The PSI increased after both tests, yet to a higher extent after the stress test than after sauna bathing. The PSI was negatively correlated with VO2max in both groups. The increase in cortisol concentration was higher after sauna bathing. There was a correlation between cortisol levels and the work performed during the stress test in group A. Endurance training resulted in more efficient thermoregulatory mechanisms in athletes.
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Saidi A, Gauvin C. Towards real-time thermal stress prediction systems for workers. J Therm Biol 2022; 113:103405. [PMID: 37055098 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to extreme temperatures in workplaces implies serious physical hazards to workers. In addition, a poorly acclimatized worker can have reduced performance and alertness. It may therefore be more vulnerable to the risk of accidents and injuries. Due to the incompatibility of standards and regulations with some work environments and a lack of thermal exchange in many personal protective equipment, heat stress remains among the most common physical risks in many industrial sectors. Furthermore, conventional methods of measuring physiological parameters in order to calculate personal thermophysiological constraints are not practical to use during work tasks. However, the emergence of wearable technologies can contribute to real-time measurement of body temperature and the biometric signals needed to assess thermophysiological constraints while actively working. Thus, the present study was carried out in order to scrutinize the current knowledge of these types of technologies by analyzing the available systems and the advances made in previous studies, as well as to discuss the efforts required to develop devices for the prevention of the occurrence of heat stress in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Saidi
- Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en Santé et en Sécurité du Travail, IRSST, Canada.
| | - Chantal Gauvin
- Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en Santé et en Sécurité du Travail, IRSST, Canada
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Weiner CM, Kazman JB, Abraham PA, Deuster PA. Perceptual strain in a compensable hot environment: Accuracy and clinical correlates. J Therm Biol 2021; 100:102863. [PMID: 34503767 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.102863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Heat strain monitoring indexes are important to prevent exertional heat illness (EHI) and uncover risk factors. Two indexes are the Physiological Strain Index (PSI) and a subjective PSI analogue, the Perceptual Strain Index (PeSI). The PeSI is a feasible alternative to PSI in field conditions, although the validity has been variable in previous research. However, the PeSI has been rarely examined at a low heat strain with compensable heat stress, such as during a heat tolerance test (HTT). This study evaluated the discrepancy between the maximal PeSI and maximal PSI achieved during a HTT and determined their association with EHI risk factors, including history of EHI, percent body fat (%BF), relative VO2max, fatigue and sleep status (n = 121; 47 without prior EHI, 74 with prior EHI). The PSI was calculated using the change in rectal temperature (Tre) and heart rate (HR) and PeSI was calculated based on the formula containing thermal sensation (TS), a Tre analogue, and rate of perceived exertion (RPE), a HR analogue. Significant associations were identified between PSI and PeSI and between PSIHR and PeSIHR in the total sample and between PSI and PeSI in the EHI group. Bland-Altman analyses indicated PeSI underestimated PSI in the total sample, PSIHR was greater than PeSIHR, and that PSIcore and PeSIcore were not significantly different, but values varied widely at different heat strains. This indicates the use of RPE underestimates HR and that the accuracy of TS to predict Tre may be subpar. This study also demonstrated that participants with higher %BF have a decreased perception of heat strain and that post-fatigue, sleep status and a prior EHI may increase the perception of heat strain. Overall, these results suggest that PeSI is a poor surrogate for PSI in a compensable heat stress environment at low heat strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia M Weiner
- Consortium for Health and Military Performance, Department of Military & Emergency Medicine, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, USA
| | - Josh B Kazman
- Consortium for Health and Military Performance, Department of Military & Emergency Medicine, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, USA.
| | - Preetha A Abraham
- Consortium for Health and Military Performance, Department of Military & Emergency Medicine, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, USA
| | - Patricia A Deuster
- Consortium for Health and Military Performance, Department of Military & Emergency Medicine, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, USA
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Pokora I, Sadowska-Krępa E, Wolowski Ł, Wyderka P, Michnik A, Drzazga Z. The Effect of Medium-Term Sauna-Based Heat Acclimation (MPHA) on Thermophysiological and Plasma Volume Responses to Exercise Performed under Temperate Conditions in Elite Cross-Country Skiers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:6906. [PMID: 34199101 PMCID: PMC8297353 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18136906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The influence of a series of ten sauna baths (MPHA) on thermophysiological and selected hematological responses in 14 elite cross-country skiers to a submaximal endurance exercise test performed under thermoneutral environmental conditions was studied. Thermal and physiological variables were measured before and after the exercise test, whereas selected hematological indices were studied before, immediately after, and during recovery after a run, before (T1) and after sauna baths (T2). MPHA did not influence the baseline internal, body, and skin temperatures. There was a decrease in the resting heart rate (HR: p = 0.001) and physiological strain (PSI: p = 0.052) after MPHA and a significant effect of MPHA on systolic blood pressure (p = 0.03), hematological indices, and an exercise effect but no combined effect of treatments and exercise on the tested variables. A positive correlation was reported between PSI and total protein (%ΔTP) in T2 and a negative between plasma volume (%ΔPV) and mean red cellular volume (%ΔMCV) in T1 and T2 in response to exercise and a positive one during recovery. This may suggest that MPHA has a weak influence on body temperatures but causes a moderate decrease in PSI and modifications of plasma volume restoration in response to exercise under temperate conditions in elite athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Pokora
- Department of Physiological-Medical Sciences, Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Mikołowska 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Ewa Sadowska-Krępa
- Department of Physiological-Medical Sciences, Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Mikołowska 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Łukasz Wolowski
- Doctoral Studies, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Mikołowska 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (Ł.W.); (P.W.)
| | - Piotr Wyderka
- Doctoral Studies, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Mikołowska 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (Ł.W.); (P.W.)
| | - Anna Michnik
- The Silesian Centre for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland; (A.M.); (Z.D.)
| | - Zofia Drzazga
- The Silesian Centre for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland; (A.M.); (Z.D.)
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Boraczyński T, Boraczyński M, Podstawski R, Borysławski K, Jankowski K. BODY MASS LOSS IN DRY SAUNA AND HEART RATE RESPONSE TO HEAT STRESS. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-869220182404172175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Objectives: The aim of the study was to determine the effects of sauna-induced heat exposure on body mass loss (BML) and its relationships with basic anthropometric and physiological variables. Methods: The sample comprised 230 healthy adult males aged 21.0 ± 1.08 years (age range: 20.0–24.5 years). Body surface area (BSA) was determined and two groups of individuals with high BSA (BSAH; n = 58) and low BSA (BSAL; n = 74) were extracted. The intervention consisted of two 10-min dry sauna sessions separated by a 5-min interlude. Pre-, peri-, and post-sauna measures of nude body mass (BM) and heart rate (HR) were taken. Results: BML differed between BSA groups by 0.28 kg (74.81%). Absolute and relative BML most strongly correlated with BM and BSA (p < 0.001). Among the four considered height–weight indexes, the Quetelet I Index and Body Mass Index showed the strongest associations (p < 0.001) with BML whereas the weakest were with the Rohrer Index (p < 0.01) and Slenderness Index (p < 0.05). Compared with BML, differences in HR were relatively minor (from 9.90% to 18.07%) and a significant association was observed between BML and HR at rest (p < 0.01) and in 10th and 20th min of sauna bathing (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The magnitude of BML in healthy adult males after passive heat exposure was dependent on BM and concomitantly BSA. The physiological cost of dry sauna-induced thermal strain (as assessed by BML and HR) is greater in individuals with high BM and BSA. BM and HR monitoring is also recommended in order to minimize the risk of homeostatic imbalance and cardiovascular events and this cohort should more frequently cool the body and consume a greater volume of fluids during sauna bathing. Evidence Level II; Prospective comparative study.
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