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Szabo A, de la Vega R, Kovácsik R, Jiménez Almendros L, Ruíz-Barquín R, Demetrovics Z, Boros S, Köteles F. Dimensions of passion and their relationship to the risk of exercise addiction: Cultural and gender differences. Addict Behav Rep 2022; 16:100451. [PMID: 36092546 PMCID: PMC9450070 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2022.100451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Harmonious and obsessive passion are two independent, non-interacting predictors of the risk of exercise addiction. High harmonious and obsessive passion reflect the ‘true’ passion. Exercise volume is weakly associated with passion. There are cultural differences in exercise addiction. No gender differences were found in relation to exercise addiction.
This study was performed to investigate further the two-dimensional aspect of passion and its relationship to the risk of exercise addiction (REA) in nine nations and to clarify the unresolved gender differences. The here reported results stem from the reanalysis of data gathered in three previous empirical studies. The analyses demonstrated that harmonious (HP) and obsessive (OP) passion are two independent, non-interacting predictors of the REA, the prevalence of which was 12.1 % in the current sample that included 1448 people (age = 30.49 ± SD = 11.17 years; 55 % men), who exercised at least three hours per week. Furthermore, the results show that HP and OP could co-exist as a single ‘total’ or ‘true’ passion within the individual or in high-low HP and OP proportions, supporting the proposal for one, two-dimensional passion. Indeed, most people at REA demonstrated both high HP and high OP. The weekly amount of exercise was weakly associated with the two dimensions of passion. Relatively specific cultural differences in the REA and OP, but not HP, have emerged. The results also demonstrate that when a minimal weekly volume of training (i.e., 3 h) is a criterion for participant recruitment, no gender differences occur in the REA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Szabo
- Institute of Health Promotion and Sport Sciences, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Corresponding author at: Institute of Psychology and Institute of Health Promotion and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Education and Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Prielle Kornelia 47 St., 3rd floor, Hungary.
| | - Ricardo de la Vega
- Department of Physical Education, Sport and Human Movement, Autonomous University of Madrid, Spain
| | - Rita Kovácsik
- Institute of Health Promotion and Sport Sciences, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lucia Jiménez Almendros
- Department of Physical Education, Sport and Human Movement, Autonomous University of Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Ruíz-Barquín
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Autonomous University of Madrid, Spain
| | - Zsolt Demetrovics
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Centre of Excellence in Responsible Gaming, University of Gibraltar, Gibraltar, Gibraltar
| | - Szilvia Boros
- Institute of Health Promotion and Sport Sciences, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Köteles
- Institute of Health Promotion and Sport Sciences, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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Passion and risk of addiction in experienced female yoga practitioners. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2022; 49:101645. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2022.101645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Protective and Risk Factors in Exercise Addiction: A Series of Moderated Mediation Analyses. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18189706. [PMID: 34574631 PMCID: PMC8467293 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
For a minority of individuals, exercise may become excessive and lead to an addictive behaviour. To better understand the processes by which exercise could become an addiction, the present study examined the risk and protective factors of exercise addiction among regular exercisers, by investigating the role of drive for thinness, bulimia, body dissatisfaction, body image concerns, and self-esteem. A sample of 319 Italian regular exercisers (Mage = 30.78 years, SD = 11.98) completed the Italian versions of the Exercise Addiction Inventory, Eating Disorder Inventory-3 Referral Form, Body Image Concern Inventory, and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Data were analyzed by implementing a series of moderated mediations. Drive for thinness, bulimia, and body dissatisfaction were positively associated with exercise addiction. An indirect path was found in each of these relationships, which included the mediation of body image concerns, as well as a significant moderation of self-esteem in the associations between drive for thinness, bulimia, body dissatisfaction, and the mediator. High self-esteem appeared to be a protective factor. The higher the level of self-esteem, the less indirect the effects of thinness drive, bulimia, body dissatisfaction, and body image concerns were on exercise addiction. Such findings contribute to a better understanding concerning the risk and protective factors of excessive exercise, and may have important practical implications in structuring interventions to reduce risk of developing exercise addiction, as well as orienting future research.
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Otero-López JM, Santiago MJ, Castro MC. Life Aspirations, Generativity and Compulsive Buying in University Students. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18158060. [PMID: 34360350 PMCID: PMC8345613 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18158060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The study of goal-oriented behaviour, because of its undeniable repercussions on physical and mental health, is one of the target topics of contemporary research. However, the content of life aspirations, emphasised from the self-determination theory, has received little attention from the field of compulsive buying although it plays an important role in the regulation of behaviour and well-being. Generativity, the personal construct that captures the intentions and/or the need to contribute (leave a legacy) to others, has never been analysed with respect to compulsive buying although it has been the source of interest of related fields (responsible consumption). Accordingly, this study seeks to shed light on the role of both constructs (life aspirations and generativity) in compulsive buying among university students. The sample consisted of 1093 Spanish university students classified either as non-compulsive buyers or compulsive buyers. Estimated prevalence of compulsive buying was 7.9%. The results of Student's test confirm that, besides gender (women report greater propensity to the phenomenon), compulsive buyers score higher and show statistically significant differences with respect to non-compulsive buyers in all extrinsic goals (financial success, image, popularity and conformity) and hedonism. Non-compulsive buyers show significantly higher scores for the intrinsic goals of self-acceptance, affiliation and community feeling and also report a higher generative concern. The logistic regression analysis confirms that being female and the life aspirations of image, popularity and hedonism act as risk factors in compulsive buying in university students while generativity and the importance granted to the intrinsic goals of self-acceptance and affiliation are protective factors. Potential lines of action for this worrying phenomenon are discussed in the light of the findings.
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Alcaraz-Ibañez M, Chiminazzo JGC, Sicilia A, Fernandes PT. Body and appearance-related self-conscious emotions and exercise addiction in Brazilian adolescents: A person-centred study. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:1528-1536. [PMID: 33541220 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1883290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to identify profiles of adolescents based upon body and appearance-related self-conscious emotions, and to examine whether these profiles differed from each other in terms of their exercise addiction (EA) symptoms. A sample of 703 Brazilian adolescents (41% girls) completed a self-report questionnaire. The results from a two-step cluster analysis identified four profiles: prideful (19.5%), low self-consciousness (31.7%), moderately high self-consciousness (29.2%), and shameful-guilty (19.6%). The prideful profile was characterized by a greater presence of boys, as well as by higher frequency/intensity levels of exercise than the remaining groups. The shameful-guilty profile was characterized by a greater presence of girls and by higher levels of BMI compared to the remaining groups. Regarding EA symptoms, the results from the ANCOVA/MANCOVA analyses revealed that the prideful profile showed (i) higher salience and tolerance levels than the low-level balanced self-consciousness profile, and (ii) higher salience and lower conflict compared to the shameful-guilty profile. Additionally, the moderately high self-consciousness profile showed (i) higher salience and tolerance levels than the low self-consciousness profile, and (ii) higher salience levels than the shameful-guilty profile. Identifying subgroups on the basis of body appearance-related self-conscious emotions contributes to explaining different EA symptoms in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Alcaraz-Ibañez
- Department of Education and Health Research Centre, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | | | - Alvaro Sicilia
- Department of Education and Health Research Centre, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
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A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Relationship between Body Dissatisfaction and Morbid Exercise Behaviour. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18020585. [PMID: 33445591 PMCID: PMC7827926 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18020585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background: The present study aimed to quantify the relationship between body dissatisfaction and morbid exercise behaviour (MEB). Methods: The electronic databases MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Web of Science, SciELO, and Dissertations & Theses Global were searched from inception to September 2020. Pooled effect sizes corrected for sampling errors (r+) were computed using a bare-bones meta-analysis. The robustness of the results was examined by influence analyses. The presence of moderators was examined by inspection of the variance in r+ attributable to sampling errors and 80% credibility intervals, followed by subgroup analysis and univariable/multivariable meta-regressions. Publication bias was examined by visual inspection of funnel plot symmetry, cumulative meta-analysis, and Egger’s test. Results: A total of 41 effect sizes from 33 studies (n = 8747) were retrieved. Results showed a significant and near to moderate effect size (r+ = 0.267, 95% CI = 0.226 to 0.307), and this did not differ by gender, BMI, age, percentage of Whites, study quality, or MEB measure. Conversely, effect sizes were found to be stronger in published and more recently conducted studies. Conclusion: The findings indicate that body dissatisfaction is one of the likely causes underlying MEB. This suggests the need for further longitudinal research aimed at confirming the potential causal nature of this relationship.
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An Exploratory Examination of the Relationship Between Symptoms of Depression and Exercise Addiction Among Undergraduate Recreational Exercisers. Int J Ment Health Addict 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-020-00450-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Latent profile analysis of exercise addiction symptoms in Brazilian adolescents: Association with health-related variables. J Affect Disord 2020; 273:223-230. [PMID: 32421607 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of the present study is to identify profiles of adolescent exercisers based on exercise addiction symptoms (EA), and to examine differences in several health-related variables potentially related to EA across these profiles. METHODS A sample consisting of 618 adolescents, aged from 13 to 17 years, completed a questionnaire assessing EA, exercise characteristics (i.e., frequency and intensity of exercise), depression, body image (i.e., body appreciation and social physique anxiety), and disordered eating (i.e., concerns about eating and body weight gain as well as restrictive and compensatory practices). RESULTS The profile analysis identified three EA profiles, which were labelled: low-risk, high-risk with conflict and high-risk without conflict. Based on their scores for the health-related variables considered, the low-risk profile emerged as the least problematic; this increasing in the high-risk without conflict and even more so in the high-risk with conflict profiles. Nevertheless, individuals belonging to the high-risk without conflict profile showed similar body appreciation scores but lower social physique anxiety scores than those belonging to the low-risk profile. LIMITATIONS The study is limited by both its cross-sectional design and the self-reported nature of the collected data. CONCLUSIONS Conflict symptom may be relevant in explaining the differences in certain health-related variables between adolescents showing similarly high levels of EA.
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Bueno-Antequera J, Mayolas-Pi C, Reverter-Masià J, López-Laval I, Oviedo-Caro MÁ, Munguía-Izquierdo D, Ruidíaz-Peña M, Legaz-Arrese A. Exercise Addiction and Its Relationship with Health Outcomes in Indoor Cycling Practitioners in Fitness Centers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17114159. [PMID: 32545197 PMCID: PMC7312881 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17114159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We studied the prevalence and possible association between exercise addiction and health in indoor cycling practitioners. In 1014 (492 women) adult indoor cyclists and 926 (597 women) controls with low levels of physical activity according to the short form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, we examined the risk of exercise addiction according to the Exercise Addiction Inventory and several health outcomes through a web-based experiment. The prevalence of a high risk of exercise addiction in cyclists was 13.3%, and it was higher in men than in women (16.5% vs. 10.0%, p = 0.002). Women cyclists with a high risk of exercise addiction had higher levels of physical activity (p < 0.001; effect size = −0.62, 95% CI: (−0.91, −0.32)) and anxiety symptom severity (p = 0.001; Effect Size (ES) = −0.59 (−0.89, −0.30)) than those with a low risk. For both sexes, cyclists with a low risk of exercise addiction had better social function, emotional role, and anxiety symptom severity compared with the controls (all p < 0.002; ES ranged from 0.25 to 0.47). Higher anxiety symptom severity and cardiorespiratory fitness were the main determinants of exercise addiction in cyclists (both p < 0.001). Our data suggest the importance of considering exercise addiction in indoor cyclists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Bueno-Antequera
- Physical Performance and Sports Research Center, Department of Sports and Computer Science, Section of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, ES-41013 Seville, Spain; (J.B.-A.); (D.M.-I.)
- Research Group in Development Movimiento Humano, Universidad de Zaragoza, ES-50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (C.M.-P.); (J.R.-M.); (I.L.-L.); (M.R.-P.); (A.L.-A.)
| | - Carmen Mayolas-Pi
- Research Group in Development Movimiento Humano, Universidad de Zaragoza, ES-50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (C.M.-P.); (J.R.-M.); (I.L.-L.); (M.R.-P.); (A.L.-A.)
- Department of Physiatry and Nursery, Section of Physical Education and Sports ES-28029, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Zaragoza, ES-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Joaquin Reverter-Masià
- Research Group in Development Movimiento Humano, Universidad de Zaragoza, ES-50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (C.M.-P.); (J.R.-M.); (I.L.-L.); (M.R.-P.); (A.L.-A.)
- Section of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education, Psychology and Social Work, University of Lleida, ES-25001 Lleida, Spain
| | - Isaac López-Laval
- Research Group in Development Movimiento Humano, Universidad de Zaragoza, ES-50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (C.M.-P.); (J.R.-M.); (I.L.-L.); (M.R.-P.); (A.L.-A.)
- Department of Physiatry and Nursery, Section of Physical Education and Sports ES-28029, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Zaragoza, ES-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Oviedo-Caro
- Physical Performance and Sports Research Center, Department of Sports and Computer Science, Section of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, ES-41013 Seville, Spain; (J.B.-A.); (D.M.-I.)
- Research Group in Development Movimiento Humano, Universidad de Zaragoza, ES-50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (C.M.-P.); (J.R.-M.); (I.L.-L.); (M.R.-P.); (A.L.-A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-954-977-589
| | - Diego Munguía-Izquierdo
- Physical Performance and Sports Research Center, Department of Sports and Computer Science, Section of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, ES-41013 Seville, Spain; (J.B.-A.); (D.M.-I.)
- Research Group in Development Movimiento Humano, Universidad de Zaragoza, ES-50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (C.M.-P.); (J.R.-M.); (I.L.-L.); (M.R.-P.); (A.L.-A.)
- Biomedical Research Networking, Center on Frailty and Healthy Aging, ES-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Ruidíaz-Peña
- Research Group in Development Movimiento Humano, Universidad de Zaragoza, ES-50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (C.M.-P.); (J.R.-M.); (I.L.-L.); (M.R.-P.); (A.L.-A.)
- Department of Physiatry and Nursery, Section of Physical Education and Sports ES-28029, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Zaragoza, ES-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alejandro Legaz-Arrese
- Research Group in Development Movimiento Humano, Universidad de Zaragoza, ES-50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (C.M.-P.); (J.R.-M.); (I.L.-L.); (M.R.-P.); (A.L.-A.)
- Department of Physiatry and Nursery, Section of Physical Education and Sports ES-28029, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Zaragoza, ES-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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Alcaraz-Ibáñez M, Sicilia Á, Dumitru DC, Paterna A, Griffiths MD. Examining the relationship between fitness-related self-conscious emotions, disordered eating symptoms, and morbid exercise behavior: An exploratory study. J Behav Addict 2019; 8:603-612. [PMID: 31545098 PMCID: PMC7044635 DOI: 10.1556/2006.8.2019.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Theoretical models of morbid exercise behavior (MEB) suggest that it may emerge as a result of complex interactions between a range of psychosocial factors. However, in spite of fitness-related self-conscious emotions involving such factors, their relationship with the risk of MEB has never been investigated. Consequently, this study had two objectives. First, to explore the relationship that fitness-related self-conscious emotions have with (a) symptoms reflecting MEB as assessed by the Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI) and the Exercise Dependence Scale-Revised (EDS-R) and (b) exercise frequency. Second, to examine whether these relationships might vary according to disordered eating symptoms. METHODS A sample of 646 undergraduate students (59% males; Mage = 21.25; SDage = 2.94) completed a self-reported questionnaire. RESULTS After controlling for age, sex, and disordered eating symptoms, it was found that shame, hubristic pride, and authentic pride positively explained MEB; for their part, guilt (negatively) and authentic pride (positively) explained exercise frequency. The positive relationships between pride and MEB were weaker (in the case of the hubristic facet) or stronger (in the case of the authentic facet) under higher levels of disordered eating symptoms. The independent variables explained 29% (EAI), 28% (EDS-R), and 27% (exercise frequency) of the variance in dependent variables. DISCUSSION Tempering fitness-related emotions of shame, guilt, hubristic pride, and authentic pride may contribute to healthier exercise behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Alcaraz-Ibáñez
- Department of Education, University of Almería, Almería, Spain,Health Research Centre, University of Almería, Almería, Spain,Corresponding author: Manuel Alcaraz-Ibáñez; Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación, Universidad de Almería, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120, La Cañada de San Urbano (Almería), Spain; Phone: +34 950 015376; Fax: +34 950 015751; E-mail:
| | - Álvaro Sicilia
- Department of Education, University of Almería, Almería, Spain,Health Research Centre, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | | | - Adrian Paterna
- Department of Education, University of Almería, Almería, Spain,Health Research Centre, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
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Szabo A. Addiction, Passion, or Confusion? New Theoretical Insights on Exercise Addiction Research From the Case Study of a Female Body Builder. EUROPES JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 14:296-316. [PMID: 30008948 PMCID: PMC6016027 DOI: 10.5964/ejop.v14i2.1545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Exercise addiction is widely studied in sport science and psychology, but at this time it is not recognized as an independently diagnosable mental or psychiatric disorder. Indeed, studies on exercise addiction assess a level of risk for disordered exercise behaviour, characterized by lack of control and negative personal consequences. It is argued that commitment and passion are two overlapping features of high exercise involvement which obscure the fine line between healthy and unhealthy exercise. The present case study examined a successful female body builder who initially claimed that she was addicted to exercise. During an interview she also completed three questionnaires and her appraisal of well-being in eight life domains were assessed at present, as well as retrospectively before her intensive involvement with exercise. She was screened under the Non-Substance Related Disorders category of Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders classification of DSM-5 for gambling, by replacing the word "gambling" with "exercise". Although she was susceptible to exercise addiction, attained high scores on obsessive passion, exhibited more than four symptoms on the DSM list, she exhibited no signs of loss of control and she mainly reported positive experiences associated with her exercise behaviour. She has obtained a nearly maximum score on commitment to exercise and high score on harmonious passion. Almost all aspects of her life have changed in positive direction after getting intensely involved in exercise. This case illustrates that the current scholastic path to the study of exercise addiction may be obscured by ambiguous assumptions and unilateral quantitative focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Szabo
- Institute of Health Promotion and Sport Sciences, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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