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Melillo R, Leisman G, Mualem R, Ornai A, Carmeli E. Persistent Childhood Primitive Reflex Reduction Effects on Cognitive, Sensorimotor, and Academic Performance in ADHD. Front Public Health 2020; 8:431835. [PMID: 33282806 PMCID: PMC7706103 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.431835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A study was performed on 2,175 individuals between the ages of 3.2 and 22.04 years diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and drawn from 89 separate locations across the United States in satellite clinics with common practices and common staff training and equipment. The objective was to determine the efficacy of a hemispheric-based training program to reduce extant retained primitive reflexes (RPRs) and examine the relationship to motor function by metronome-based motor, DL, and cognitive tasks measured by subtests of the Wechsler Wide Range Achievement Test. After a 12-week program, RPR's were significantly reduced, as well as performance on all motor and cognitive measures significantly increased. Listening comprehension demonstrated significant increases between pre- and post-testing of 7% (W = 1213000; df = 2094; p < 0.0001) and mathematical problem solving revealed a significant increase of 5% (W = 1331500; df = 2091; p < 0.0001) associated with a significant reduction in primitive reflexes. The study concluded that the incorporation of relatively simple hemispheric-based programming within the educational system worldwide could relatively inexpensively increase academic, cognitive, and motor performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Melillo
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Gerry Leisman
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Neurología y Neurocirugía Neurofisiología Clínica, Universidad de Ciencias Médicas, Havana, Cuba
| | - Raed Mualem
- Oranim Academic College, Qiriat Tivon, Israel
| | - Alon Ornai
- Oranim Academic College, Qiriat Tivon, Israel
| | - Eli Carmeli
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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Demortier M, Leboeuf-Yde C. Unravelling Functional Neurology: an overview of all published documents by FR Carrick, including a critical review of research articles on its effect or benefit. Chiropr Man Therap 2020; 28:9. [PMID: 32002178 PMCID: PMC6986008 DOI: 10.1186/s12998-019-0287-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Functional Neurology (FN), founded by FR Carrick, is an approach used by some chiropractors to treat a multitude of conditions via the nervous system including the brain. However, it seems to lack easily obtainable scientific evidence for its clinical validity. Objectives 1) To define the topics of FR Carrick’s publications, 2) to define the proportion of articles that are research studies, case studies, abstracts and conference papers, 3) to define how many of these are clinical research studies that purported or appeared to deal with the effect or benefit of FN, 4) in these studies, to establish whether the design and overall study method were suitable for research into the effect or benefit of FN, and 5) to describe the evidence available in relation to the clinical effect or benefit of FN, taking into account seven minimal methodological criteria. Method A literature search was done on Pubmed from its inception till October 2018, supplemented by a search on Scopus and ResearchGate to find all published documents by FR Carrick. We identified their types and topics, retaining for a critical review full text scientific articles appearing to test effect/benefit of FN procedures, subjecting them to a basic quality assessment (scoring 0–7). Results from studies of methodologically acceptable standard would be taken into account. Results We found 121 published texts, 39 of which were full scientific research articles. Of these, 23 dealt with topics relating to FN. Fourteen articles reported on clinical validity but only seven included a control group. The methodological quality of these seven articles was low, ranging between 1.5–4 out of 7. We therefore did not further report the outcomes of these studies. Conclusion We found no acceptable evidence in favour of effect/benefit of the FN approach. We therefore do not recommend its promotion as an evidence-based method. Further research on this topic should be conducted in collaboration with independent scientific institutions using commonly accepted research methods. Trial registration PROSPERO This review was registered in PROSPERO (application date 23.02.2019; no CRD42019126345).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Demortier
- 1CIAMS, University of Paris-Sud, University of Paris-Saclay, F-91405 Orsay Cedex, France.,2CIAMS, University of Orléans, F- 45067 Orléans, France.,Institut Franco Européen de Chiropraxie, 24 boulevard Paul Vaillant Couturier, F- 94200 Ivry sur Seine, France
| | - Charlotte Leboeuf-Yde
- 1CIAMS, University of Paris-Sud, University of Paris-Saclay, F-91405 Orsay Cedex, France.,2CIAMS, University of Orléans, F- 45067 Orléans, France.,Institut Franco Européen de Chiropraxie, 24 boulevard Paul Vaillant Couturier, F- 94200 Ivry sur Seine, France.,4Institute for Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
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Meyer AL, Leboeuf-Yde C. Unravelling functional neurology: a critical review of clinical research articles on the effect or benefit of the functional neurology approach. Chiropr Man Therap 2018; 26:30. [PMID: 30062006 PMCID: PMC6058369 DOI: 10.1186/s12998-018-0198-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Functional Neurology (FN), mainly practiced by chiropractors, proposes to have an effect or a benefit on varied clinical cases, from debilitating diseases to performance enhancement in asymptomatic people. Objectives and design A critical review of publications captured in and from the journal Functional Neurology, Rehabilitation, and Ergonomics (FNRE) was performed in order to investigate whether there is evidence on clinical effects or benefits of FN. This review had five research objectives, three relating to the type of literature available through this journal, and two in relation to design and methodological aspects of the included studies. Method All issues of the FNRE journal were searched (October 2017), including a handsearch of their lists of other relevant publications. In order to find evidence in relation to the effect or benefit of FN, the search was restricted to prospective clinical research studies with a control group, claiming or appearing to deal with the topic. The review was undertaken by two independent reviewers using two checklists, one relating to study description, and one on quality. Results were reported narratively. Results Nine articles were found. The FNRE journal contained 168 authored texts, of which 36 were research studies (21%). Four of these were clinical research studies on FN effect or benefit (2%). Another five were obtained through the handsearch. The included studies were conducted on adults or children, symptomatic or not, and investigated various interventions consisting of single or multiple stimuli, of varied nature, all primarily said to be provided to stimulate brain areas. Conditions included attention deficit disorders, attention deficit and hyperactivity disorders, autism-spectrum disorders, cortical visual impairment, traumatic brain injury, and migraine. Balance and the "blind spot" were investigated in healthy subjects. Major design and methodological issues were identified and discussed for all the nine studies; only four were considered as (potentially) appropriate for further scrutiny. However, these were of low methodological quality and, therefore, no robust evidence could be found in relation to the effect or benefit of the tested FN interventions. Conclusions This journal contains no acceptable evidence on the effect or benefit of FN in relation to various conditions and purported indications for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Meyer
- 1Complexité, Innovation et Activités Motrices et Sportives, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France.,2Complexité, Innovation et Activités Motrices et Sportives, Université d'Orléans, 45067 Orléans, France.,Institut Franco Européen de Chiropraxie, 24 Bld Paul Vaillant Couturier, Ivry sur Seine, 94200 Paris, France
| | - Charlotte Leboeuf-Yde
- 1Complexité, Innovation et Activités Motrices et Sportives, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France.,2Complexité, Innovation et Activités Motrices et Sportives, Université d'Orléans, 45067 Orléans, France.,Institut Franco Européen de Chiropraxie, 24 Bld Paul Vaillant Couturier, Ivry sur Seine, 94200 Paris, France
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Meyer AL, Meyer A, Etherington S, Leboeuf-Yde C. Unravelling functional neurology: a scoping review of theories and clinical applications in a context of chiropractic manual therapy. Chiropr Man Therap 2017; 25:19. [PMID: 28729900 PMCID: PMC5517058 DOI: 10.1186/s12998-017-0151-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional Neurology (FN), a seemingly attractive treatment approach used by some chiropractors, proposes to have an effect on a multitude of conditions but some of its concepts are controversial. OBJECTIVES AND DESIGN A scoping review was performed to describe, in the context of chiropractic manual therapy, 1) the FN theories, and 2) its clinical applications (i.e. its indications, examination procedures, treatment modalities, treatment plans, and clinical outcomes) using four sources: i) one key textbook, ii) the scientific peer-reviewed literature, iii) websites from chiropractors using FN, and iv) semi-structured interviews of chiropractors using FN. METHODS The scientific literature was searched in PubMed, PsycINFO, and SPORTDiscus, completed by a hand search in the journal Functional Neurology, Rehabilitation and Ergonomics (November 2016 and March 2017, respectively). The only textbook on the topic we found was included and articles were chosen if they had an element of manual therapy. There was no restriction for study design but discussion papers were excluded. Websites were found in Google using the search term "Functional Neurology". Chiropractors, known to use FN, were invited based on their geographical location. Theories were mainly uncovered in the textbook as were all aspects of the clinical applications except treatment plans. The other three sources were used for the five aspects of clinical applications. Results were summarized and reported extensively in tables. RESULTS Eleven articles were included, five websites scrutinized, and four semi-structured interviews performed. FN is based on the belief that reversible lesions in the nervous system are the cause of a multitude of conditions and that specific clusters of neurons can be positively affected by manipulative therapy, but also by many other stimuli. Diagnostic procedures include both conventional and unusual tests, with an interpretation specific to FN. Initial treatment is intense and clinical outcomes reported as positive. CONCLUSION FN gives the impression to be a complex alternative to the old variant of the chiropractic subluxation model, in which the vertebral subluxation is replaced by "physiological lesions" of the brain, and the treatment, spinal adjustments, are complemented by various neurological stimuli. Both models purport to treat not the symptoms but the cause. We conclude there is a need for more scientific documentation on the validity of FN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Meyer
- Complexité, Innovation et Activités Motrices et Sportives, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France.,Complexité, Innovation et Activités Motrices et Sportives, Université d'Orléans, 45067 Orléans, France.,Institut Franco Européen de Chiropraxie, 24 Bld Paul Vaillant Couturier, 94200 Ivry sur Seine, France
| | - Amanda Meyer
- School of Health Professions, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, W.A 6150 Australia
| | - Sarah Etherington
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, W.A 6150 Australia
| | - Charlotte Leboeuf-Yde
- Complexité, Innovation et Activités Motrices et Sportives, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France.,Complexité, Innovation et Activités Motrices et Sportives, Université d'Orléans, 45067 Orléans, France.,Institut Franco Européen de Chiropraxie, 24 Bld Paul Vaillant Couturier, 94200 Ivry sur Seine, France
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Leisman G, Mualem R, Machado C. The Integration of the Neurosciences, Child Public Health, and Education Practice: Hemisphere-Specific Remediation Strategies as a Discipline Partnered Rehabilitation Tool in ADD/ADHD. Front Public Health 2013; 1:22. [PMID: 24350191 PMCID: PMC3854843 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2013.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
ADD/ADHD is the most common and most studied neurodevelopmental problem. Recent statistics from the U.S. Center for Disease Control state that 11% or approximately one out of every nine children in the US and one in five high school boys are diagnosed with ADD/ADHD. This number is thought to be increasing at around 15-20% per year. The US National Institute of Mental Health's Multi-modal Treatment Study has shown that medication has no long-term benefit for those with ADHD. To effectively address ADD/ADHD from within the framework of child public health, an interdisciplinary strategy is necessary that is based on a neuroeducational model that can be readily implemented on a large-scale within the educational system. This study is based on previous findings that ADD/ADHD children possess underactivity between sub-cortical and cortical regions. An imbalance of activity or arousal in one area can result in functional disconnections similar to that seen in split-brain patients. Since ADD/ADHD children exhibit deficient performance on tests developed to measure perceptual laterality, evidence of weak laterality or failure to develop laterality has been found across various modalities (auditory, visual, tactile). This has reportedly resulted in abnormal cerebral organization and ineffective cortical specialization necessary for the development of language and non-language function. This pilot study examines groups of ADD/ADHD and control elementary school children all of whom were administered all of the subtests of the Wechsler Individual Achievement Tests, the Brown Parent Questionnaire, and given objective performance measures on tests of motor and sensory coordinative abilities. Results measured after a 12-week remediation program aimed at increasing the activity of the hypothesized underactive right hemisphere function, yielded significant improvement of greater than 2 years in grade level in all domains except in mathematical reasoning. The treated group also displayed a significant improvement in behavior with a reduction in Brown scale behavioral scores. Non-treated control participants did not exhibit significant differences during the same 12 week period in academic measurements. Controls were significantly different from treatment participants in all domains after a 12-week period. The non-treatment group also demonstrated an increase in behavioral scores and increased symptoms of ADD/ADHD over the same time period when compared to the treated group. Results are discussed in the context of the concept of functional disconnectivity in ADD/ADHD children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerry Leisman
- The National Institute for Brain and Rehabilitation Sciences, Nazareth, Israel
- Human Factors, Department of Biomechanics, ORT-Braude College of Engineering, Karmiel, Israel
- Neurology, University of the Medical Sciences, Havana, Cuba
| | - Raed Mualem
- The National Institute for Brain and Rehabilitation Sciences, Nazareth, Israel
- Nazareth Academic Institute, Nazareth, Israel
- Oranim Academic College of Education, Qiriat Tivon, Israel
| | - Calixto Machado
- Neurology, University of the Medical Sciences, Havana, Cuba
- Institute for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Havana, Cuba
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Francis H. Effects of ‘The Listening Program’ on Children with Profound and Multiple Learning Difficulties. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERAPY AND REHABILITATION 2011. [DOI: 10.12968/ijtr.2011.18.11.611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helen Francis
- The School for Profound Education, The Children's Trust, Tadworth
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Allman MJ, Meck WH. Pathophysiological distortions in time perception and timed performance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 135:656-77. [PMID: 21921020 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awr210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Distortions in time perception and timed performance are presented by a number of different neurological and psychiatric conditions (e.g. Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism). As a consequence, the primary focus of this review is on factors that define or produce systematic changes in the attention, clock, memory and decision stages of temporal processing as originally defined by Scalar Expectancy Theory. These findings are used to evaluate the Striatal Beat Frequency Theory, which is a neurobiological model of interval timing based upon the coincidence detection of oscillatory processes in corticostriatal circuits that can be mapped onto the stages of information processing proposed by Scalar Timing Theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Allman
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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