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Di Marco S, Padovan AM, Conti N, Aimasso F, Viazzi F, Fontana V, Campanella D, Kuvačić G, De Giorgio A. Improving well-being and enhancing awareness in patients undergoing hemodialysis through the person-centered IARA model: an exploratory study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1425921. [PMID: 39011451 PMCID: PMC11247009 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1425921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) globally represents a significant health challenge, particularly among patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis. A careful nutritional and pharmacological prescription plays a key role in the effective management of these patients to optimize serum electrolytes, such as potassium, phosphorus, and protein intake. Furthermore, these patients can suffer psychological distress due to dietary restrictions and tight medication schedules. The present study explores the effectiveness of the person-centered IARA model in improving physiological markers and quality of life in CKD patients undergoing hemodialysis treatment. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the IARA model, 60 patients (M = 40; F = 20; 60.5 ± 9.9 years) undergoing thrice-weekly hemodialysis sessions were enrolled and randomly and blindly assigned to the Control or IARA group. The reduction in abnormal blood potassium, phosphorus, and total protein levels was investigated, alongside the psychological state through the SF-12 questionnaire. Preliminary findings showed a discernible reduction in the frequency of abnormal blood K (> 5.0 mmol/L) and P (> 4.5 mmol/L) levels in the IARA group compared to the Control group. In particular, such reductions were approximately 40% for K (OR = 0.57; 95% CL = 0.23/1.46) and about 15% for P (OR = 0.86; 95% CL = 0.27/2.74). A similar tendency was also observed for patient fluid intake during each hemodialysis session, with the frequency of higher-risk patients in the IARA group being 50% lower (OR = 0.50; 95% CL = 0.07/3.79) than that of the Control group. Although preliminary findings from this study suggest that the IARA model may have a positive effect on CKD patients' subjective wellbeing and quality of life (QoL), further research is needed to understand the long-term impact of the IARA intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Di Marco
- Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplant Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Novella Conti
- Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplant Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Francesca Aimasso
- Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplant Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Francesca Viazzi
- Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplant Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Fontana
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Dalila Campanella
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Goran Kuvačić
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Andrea De Giorgio
- Faculty of Psychology, eCampus University, Milan, Italy
- Klinikos Center for Psychodiagnostics and Psychotherapy, Rome, Italy
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De Giorgio A, Angilletta S, Matteo B, Bonavolontà V, Bragazzi NL, Kuvačić G. Hatha yoga is more effective in improving kinesiophobia and subjective well-being when combined with self-compassion meditation in people with CLBP: a randomized control trial. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1272919. [PMID: 38054176 PMCID: PMC10694472 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1272919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The present study aims to examine whether combining hatha yoga practice with self-compassion meditation could influence kinesiophobia, emotions, perceived stress, and perceived disability among individuals with chronic low back pain when compared with hatha yoga alone. Methods The randomized controlled study included 70 participants with chronic low back pain (CLBP) who were randomly assigned to a Hatha yoga group (HY; n = 35) or a Hatha yoga group plus self-compassion meditation (HYSCM; n = 35). Participants followed a protocol for 8 weeks, and the assessments were carried out before and after the intervention, with a follow-up evaluation conducted after one month. The participants completed the PANAS, PSS, TSK, and RMQ questionnaires. A Generalized Estimating Equation was used to explore the effect of interventions. Results Both HY and HYSCM groups improved kinesiophobia, perceived disability, and stress at the follow-up. However, the HYSCM group shown a more significant reduction in kinesiophobia compared to the HY group. Moreover, significant improvement in positive affect and a reduction in negative affect over time in the HYSCM group were observed. Conclusion Hatha yoga practice when combined with self-compassion meditation led to extra benefits by exhibiting a prolonged effect, especially on kinesiophobia positive and negative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea De Giorgio
- Faculty of Psychology, eCampus University, Novedrate, Italy
- Klinikos Center for Psychodiagnostics and Psychotherapy, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Barbara Matteo
- Faculty of Psychology, eCampus University, Novedrate, Italy
| | - Valerio Bonavolontà
- Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Goran Kuvačić
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
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The Role of the Person Focused IARA Model in Reducing Anxiety and Improving Body Awareness and Illness Management in Diabetics with Acquired Lipodystrophy: A Mixed-Method Study. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12111865. [PMID: 36579585 PMCID: PMC9695520 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12111865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Lipodystrophy is one of the most frequent complications in people with diabetes following subcutaneous insulin therapy, and poor management can lead to several problems, such as impaired glycemic control and adherence to therapy, anxiety, and depression. Poor injection technique represents the main risk factor for lipodystrophies. In order to enhance the patient’s insulin injection technique to heal lipodystrophy, improve psychological indices, and promote involvement in their health and care, the efficacy of emerging person-centered care called the IARA model was tested. Methods: A total of 49 patients were randomly allocated to the IARA group (Experimental; n = 25) or standard education (Control; n = 24). The following questionnaires were used in a mixed-method design: (i) State Anxiety Scale; (ii) Beck Depression Inventory; (iii) Italian Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities. An ad hoc open-ended questionnaire was structured for the qualitative analysis. Finally, photos were taken in order to verify if injection sites were changed until the follow-up at 12 months. The number of patients who participated until the completion of the study was 17 in the IARA and 11 in the Control group. Results: State anxiety was significantly reduced in people who followed IARA to follow-up at 3 and 6 months (p < 0.05). The IARA group also demonstrated better compliance in blood glucose monitoring and foot-care compared to Control at follow-up at 12 months. The management of insulin injections dramatically improved in participants who received IARA intervention. Conclusions: IARA could be considered an effective strategy to improve well-being and compliance in people affected with diabetes mellitus and lipodystrophy complications.
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Dattatraya KN, Rao KR. Hybrid based cluster head selection for maximizing network lifetime and energy efficiency in WSN. JOURNAL OF KING SAUD UNIVERSITY - COMPUTER AND INFORMATION SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jksuci.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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De Giorgio A. Global Psychological Implications of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19). What Can Be Learned From Italy. Reflections, Perspectives, Opportunities. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1836. [PMID: 32849079 PMCID: PMC7396562 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
On December 31, 2019, the Chinese authorities announced that in the city of Wuhan, Hubei Province, central-eastern China, a cluster of pneumonia cases of unknown etiology had developed. A new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that causes serious problems like pneumonia and even death, has been discovered. This new disease (COVID-19) has spread also in Italy starting from the first recognized case on February 20. Beyond its biological implications, this coronavirus allows us many psychological reflections. A new virus is indeed a potentially serious problem for mankind, but it can also be an opportunity to bring the focus back to us, to observe what is happening, who we are and how we are reacting both as individuals and as a population. Even positive implication of this pandemic was discussed.
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Mindfulness-Based IARA Model ® Proves Effective to Reduce Stress and Anxiety in Health Care Professionals. A Six-Month Follow-Up Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16224421. [PMID: 31718087 PMCID: PMC6888054 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16224421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the health care environment, together with specific work-related stressors and the consequences on workers’ health and performance, have led to the implementation of prevention strategies. Among the different approaches, those which are mindfulness-based have been institutionally recommended with an indication provided as to their effectiveness in the management of stress. The aim of the present study was to analyze the efficacy of the mindfulness-based IARA Model® (an Italian acronym translatable into meeting, compliance, responsibility, autonomy) in order to ameliorate perceived stress, anxiety and enhance emotional regulation among health care professionals (HCPs; i.e., doctors, nurses, and healthcare assistants). Four hundred and ninety-seven HCPs, 215 (57.2%) of which were women, were randomly assigned to a mindfulness-based training or control group and agreed to complete questionnaires on emotion regulation difficulties (DERS), anxiety, and perceived stress. Results showed that HCPs who attended the IARA training, compared to the control group, had better emotional regulation, anxiety and stress indices after 6 months from the end of the intervention. Furthermore, the results confirmed the positive relationship between emotional regulation, perceived stress and anxiety. The present study contributes to literature by extending the effectiveness of IARA in improving emotional regulation and well-being in non-clinical samples. Moreover, the study provides support for the idea that some specific emotional regulation processes can be implicated in perceived stress and anxiety. From the application point of view, companies should invest more in stress management intervention, monitoring and training, in order to develop worker skills, emotional self-awareness, and relational resources.
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Randive SN, Senapati RK, Rahulkar AD. A review on computer-aided recent developments for automatic detection of diabetic retinopathy. J Med Eng Technol 2019; 43:87-99. [PMID: 31198073 DOI: 10.1080/03091902.2019.1576790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is a serious microvascular disorder that might result in loss of vision and blindness. It seriously damages the retinal blood vessels and reduces the light-sensitive inner layer of the eye. Due to the manual inspection of retinal fundus images on diabetic retinopathy to detect the morphological abnormalities in Microaneurysms (MAs), Exudates (EXs), Haemorrhages (HMs), and Inter retinal microvascular abnormalities (IRMA) is very difficult and time consuming process. In order to avoid this, the regular follow-up screening process, and early automatic Diabetic Retinopathy detection are necessary. This paper discusses various methods of analysing automatic retinopathy detection and classification of different grading based on the severity levels. In addition, retinal blood vessel detection techniques are also discussed for the ultimate detection and diagnostic procedure of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Furthermore, the paper elaborately discussed the systematic review accessed by authors on various publicly available databases collected from different medical sources. In the survey, meta-analysis of several methods for diabetic feature extraction, segmentation and various types of classifiers have been used to evaluate the system performance metrics for the diagnosis of DR. This survey will be helpful for the technical persons and researchers who want to focus on enhancing the diagnosis of a system that would be more powerful in real life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Nagnath Randive
- a Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering , Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Green Fields, Vaddeswaram , Guntur , Andhra Pradesh , India
| | - Ranjan K Senapati
- a Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering , Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Green Fields, Vaddeswaram , Guntur , Andhra Pradesh , India
| | - Amol D Rahulkar
- b Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering , National Institute of Technology , Goa , India
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Sobol-Kwapinska M, Plotek W, Mandecki M, Cybulski M, Bąbel P, Kluzik A, Krystianc J. Time perspective as a moderator of a relationship between preoperative pain and acute postoperative pain. PSYCHOL HEALTH MED 2019; 24:812-818. [PMID: 30706724 DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2019.1574359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this article was to test time perspective as a moderator of the relationship between pain before surgery and acute postoperative pain. Time perspective (ZTPI) and pain before surgery (SF-MPQ) were assessed pre-operatively in 112 patients. The results suggest that past-negative time perspective and fatalistic perspective are significant moderators of the link between preoperative pain and acute postoperative pain. In a case of weak past-negative perspective and weak present-fatalistic perspective, the relationship between preoperative pain and acute postoperative pain is not significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sobol-Kwapinska
- a Department of Psychology , The University of Wroclaw , Wroclaw , Poland
| | - W Plotek
- b Department of Teaching Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy , The Poznan University of Medical Sciences , Poznan , Poland
| | - M Mandecki
- c Department of Rescue and Disaster Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences , The Poznan University of Medical Science , Poznan , Poland
| | - M Cybulski
- d Department of Clinical Psychology , The Poznan University of Medical Science , Poznan , Poland
| | - P Bąbel
- e Institute of Psychology, Pain Research Group , The Jagiellonian University , Krakow , Poland
| | - A Kluzik
- b Department of Teaching Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy , The Poznan University of Medical Sciences , Poznan , Poland
| | - J Krystianc
- f Clinical Ward of Anaesthesiology Intensive Care and Pain Treatment , Heliodor Swiecicki Clinical Hospital at the Karol Marcinkowski Medical University in Poznan , Poznan , Poland
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Mandala J, Chandra Sekhara Rao M. Privacy preservation of data using crow search with adaptive awareness probability. JOURNAL OF INFORMATION SECURITY AND APPLICATIONS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jisa.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Padovan AM, Kuvačić G, Gulotta F, Sellami M, Bruno C, Isoardi M, De Giorgio A. A new integrative approach to increase quality of life by reducing pain and fear of movement in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty: the IARA model. PSYCHOL HEALTH MED 2018; 23:1223-1230. [PMID: 29944000 DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2018.1488080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Total hip arthroplasty (THA) improve the patients' quality of life, and one of the most important problems after surgery is to optimize postoperative pain management. It has been shown that pain is intimately linked to the fear of movement, the so-called kinesiophobia, which can affect the entire perioperative period and quality of life in people undergoing THA. In this study, we aimed to present a new integrative approach called IARA model specifically focused on educational interventions such as knowledge and awareness of illness, guided imagery, and drawings to help the patient achieve full autonomy and confidence about the perioperative period and surgery. The Hip Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (HOOS), Tampa Scale Kinesiophobia (TSK) questionnaire, and Numeric Rating Scale 0-10 have been used to test the efficacy of IARA. The main finding in the present study was the effectiveness of IARA model in improving indexes of pain (p < 0.01) and QoL (p < 0.01) and to keep kinesiophobia levels low in patients undergoing THA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Padovan
- a Faculty of Psychology , eCampus University , Novedrate , Italy.,b Kiara Association , Turin , Italy
| | - Goran Kuvačić
- c Faculty of Kinesiology , University of Split , Split , Croatia.,d Sport Performance Laboratory , University of Split , Split , Croatia
| | | | - Maha Sellami
- c Faculty of Kinesiology , University of Split , Split , Croatia.,d Sport Performance Laboratory , University of Split , Split , Croatia
| | | | | | - Andrea De Giorgio
- a Faculty of Psychology , eCampus University , Novedrate , Italy.,c Faculty of Kinesiology , University of Split , Split , Croatia.,d Sport Performance Laboratory , University of Split , Split , Croatia
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Wu QY. Rabeprazole combined with trimebutine for treatment of patients with gastroesophageal reflux cough: Clinical efficacy and impact on serum levels of motilin and gastrin. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2018; 26:418-424. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v26.i7.418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the clinical effect of rabeprazole combined with trimebutine in the treatment of patients with gastroesophageal reflux cough and the impact on serum levels of motilin (MOT) and gastrin (GAS).
METHODS Ninety-two patients with gastroesophageal reflux cough treated at our hospital from December 2015 to September 2017 were randomly divided into either a control group or a study group. Both groups were treated treated with routine treatment and rabeprazole, and the study group was additionally treated with trimebutine. The total effective rate, cough symptom score, gastroesophageal reflux disease questionnaire (GERDQ) score, and adverse effects were compared between the two groups.
RESULTS The total effective rate was significantly higher in the study group than in the control group (95.7% vs 80.4%, P < 0.05). Before treatment, there was no significant difference in either day cough symptom score (4.14 ± 0.76 vs 4.28 ± 0.69) or night cough symptom score (4.11 ± 0.81 vs 4.07 ± 0.72) between the study group and the control group (P > 0.05). After treatment, both day cough symptom score and night cough symptom score were significantly lower in the study group than in the control group (P < 0.05). Before treatment, there was no significant difference in GERDQ score between the study group and control group (15.74 ± 3.26 vs 15.81 ± 3.32, P > 0.05). After treatment, the GERDQ score was significantly lower in the study group than in the control group (P < 0.05). Before treatment, serum levels of MOT and GAS did not differ significantly between the two groups (P > 0.05). After treatment, serum levels of MOT and GAS were significantly higher in the study group than in the control group (P < 0.05). There were no adverse effects in either group.
CONCLUSION Rabeprazole combined with trimebutine can effectively improve clinical symptoms in patients with gastroesophageal reflux cough, without adverse effects.
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De Giorgio A, Dante A, Cavioni V, Padovan AM, Rigonat D, Iseppi F, Graceffa G, Gulotta F. The IARA Model as an Integrative Approach to Promote Autonomy in COPD Patients through Improvement of Self-Efficacy Beliefs and Illness Perception: A Mixed-Method Pilot Study. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1682. [PMID: 29062286 PMCID: PMC5640890 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the most deadly and costly chronic diseases in the world characterized by many breathing problems. The management of COPD and the prevention of exacerbations are a priority goals to improve the quality of life in patients affected by this illness. In addition, it is also crucial to improve the patients' adherence to care which, in turn, depends on their knowledge and understanding of some factors such as the prescribed medical treatment, changes in dailylife, and the process of breathing. In turn, the adherence to care leads to greater autonomy for the patient who is thus able to better manage his illness. Here we presented the application of the Model IARA in patients affected by COPD in order to achieve their autonomy in illness management which, in turn, leads to a better quality of life. IARA is an intervention program which improve the awareness and knowledge of patients with respect to both the disease and symptoms through health education. Moreover, through IARA the patients are encouraged to become more actively involved in COPD care process, also regarding drug therapy adherence. Using St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire combined with qualitative analysis, we demonstrated that IARA could be considered a useful approach in COPD management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea De Giorgio
- Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
- Kiara Association, Turin, Italy
- Psychology, Università degli Studi eCampus, Novedrate, Italy
| | - Angelo Dante
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, Nursing School, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Department of Health, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Valeria Cavioni
- Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Desiree Rigonat
- Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Francesca Iseppi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, Nursing School, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Graceffa
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, Nursing School, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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Padulo J, De Giorgio A, Oliva F, Frizziero A, Maffulli N. I performed experiments and I have results. Wow, and now? Muscles Ligaments Tendons J 2017; 7:403-410. [PMID: 29387632 PMCID: PMC5774912 DOI: 10.11138/mltj/2017.7.3.403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Writing a scientific article is not an easy task, but it is definitely a great satisfaction to be able to conclude and publish it. Indeed, each publication is a service we make to the entire scientific community and to the advancement of science even before our personal career. There is and there will not be a final book/article for writing a scientific paper. Therefore, some knowledge is a decisive factor to increase the chances of our work being accepted by a specialized scientific journal. The purpose of this editorial is to trace an ideal path, based on our personal experience, useful to properly structure a scientific article, from bibliographic research to cover letter. Articles should not be written in a polished way to gratify one's own ego, but they must be written for anyone who can read and understand them. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny Padulo
- Faculty of Psychology, University eCampus, Novedrate, Italy
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | | | - Francesco Oliva
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Frizziero
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Nicola Maffulli
- Department of Musculoskeletal Disorders, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
- Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Mile End Hospital, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
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