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Pożarska A, Karpiesiuk K, Kozera W, Czarnik U, Dąbrowski M, Zielonka Ł. AFB1 Toxicity in Human Food and Animal Feed Consumption: A Review of Experimental Treatments and Preventive Measures. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5305. [PMID: 38791343 PMCID: PMC11121597 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS The current review aims to outline and summarize the latest research on aflatoxin, with research studies describing natural, herbal and chemical compound applications in animal (pig) models and in vitro cellular studies. Aflatoxin, a carcinogenic toxin metabolite, is produced by Aspergillus flavus in humid environments, posing a threat to human health and crop production. The current treatment involves the prevention of exposure to aflatoxin and counteracting its harmful toxic effects, enabling survival and research studies on an antidote for aflatoxin. OBJECTIVES To summarize current research prospects and to outline the influence of aflatoxin on animal forage in farm production, food and crop processing. The research application of remedies to treat aflatoxin is undergoing development to pinpoint biochemical pathways responsible for aflatoxin effects transmission and actions of treatment. SIGNIFICANCE To underline the environmental stress of aflatoxin on meat and dairy products; to describe clinical syndromes associated with aflatoxicosis on human health that are counteracted with proposed treatment and preventive interventions. To understand how to improve the health of farm animals with feed conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Pożarska
- Department of Pig Breeding, Faculty of Animal Bioengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 5, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Karpiesiuk
- Department of Pig Breeding, Faculty of Animal Bioengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 5, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Wojciech Kozera
- Department of Pig Breeding, Faculty of Animal Bioengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 5, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Urszula Czarnik
- Department of Pig Breeding, Faculty of Animal Bioengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 5, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Michał Dąbrowski
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Łukasz Zielonka
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland
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Owumi SE, Ajakaiye B, Akinwunmi AO, Nwozo SO, Oyelere AK. The Hydrophobic Extract of Sorghum bicolor (L. Moench) Enriched in Apigenin-Protected Rats against Aflatoxin B1-Associated Hepatorenal Derangement. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073013. [PMID: 37049776 PMCID: PMC10095839 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a recalcitrant metabolite produced by fungi species, and due to its intoxications in animals and humans, it has been classified as a Group 1 carcinogen in humans. Preserving food products with Sorghum bicolor sheath can minimise the contamination of agricultural products and avert ill health occasioned by exposure to AFB1. The current study investigated the ameliorating effect of Sorghum bicolor sheath hydrophobic extract (SBE-HP) enriched in Apigenin (API) on the hepatorenal tissues of rats exposed to AFB1. The SBE-HP was characterised using TLC and LC-MS and was found to be enriched in Apigenin and its methylated analogues. The study used adult male rats divided into four experimental cohorts co-treated with AFB1 (50 µg/kg) and SBE-HP (5 and 10 mg/kg) for 28 days. Biochemical, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and histological staining were used to examine biomarkers of hepatorenal function, oxidative status, inflammation and apoptosis, and hepatorenal tissue histo-architectural alterations. Data were analysed using GraphPad Prism 8.3.0, an independent t-test, and a one-way analysis of variance. Co-treatment with SBE-HP ameliorated an upsurge in the biomarkers of hepatorenal functionality in the sera of rats, reduced the alterations in redox balance, resolved inflammation, inhibited apoptosis, and preserved the histological features of the liver and kidney of rats exposed to AFB1. SBE-HP-containing API is an excellent antioxidant regiment. It can amply prevent the induction of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in the hepatorenal system of rats. Therefore, supplementing animal feeds and human foods with SBE-HP enriched in Apigenin may reduce the burden of AFB1 intoxication in developing countries with a shortage of effective antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon E. Owumi
- Cancer Research and Molecular Biology Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200005, Nigeria
- Correspondence: (S.E.O.); (A.K.O.)
| | - Blessing Ajakaiye
- Nutrition and Industrial Biochemistry Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200005, Nigeria
| | - Adenike O. Akinwunmi
- Department of Chemistry, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti 360001, Nigeria
| | - Sarah O. Nwozo
- Nutrition and Industrial Biochemistry Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200005, Nigeria
| | - Adegboyega K. Oyelere
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Correspondence: (S.E.O.); (A.K.O.)
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Akinrinde AS, Oyewole SO, Ola-Davies OE. Supplementation with sesame oil suppresses genotoxicity, hepatotoxicity and enterotoxicity induced by sodium arsenite in rats. Lipids Health Dis 2023; 22:14. [PMID: 36707815 PMCID: PMC9881342 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-022-01760-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sesame oil, an edible essential oil, is known to be rich in unsaturated fatty acids, vitamins and lignans with several reported health-promoting benefits. Acute arsenic poisoning produces toxic hepatitis, bone marrow depression and adverse gastrointestinal responses. In this study, we investigated the protective effect of sesame seed oil (SSO) against genotoxicity, hepatotoxicity and colonic toxicity induced by sodium arsenite (SA) in Wistar rats. METHODS Twenty-eight male Wistar albino rats were randomly allocated into four groups: control, SA only (2.5 mg/kg), SA + SSO (4 ml/kg) and SSO alone for eight consecutive days. Liver function and morphology, bone marrow micronuclei induction, colonic histopathology, mucus production and immune expression of Bcl-2, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), MUC1 and cytokeratins AE1/AE3 were evaluated. RESULTS SA provoked increased serum activities of liver enzymes, including alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and caused severely altered morphology of hepatic and colonic tissues with increased frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MnPCEs/1000PCE) in the bone marrow. In addition, SA triggered increased expression of colonic CEA and MUC1 but weak Bcl-2 immunoexpression. However, cotreatment with SSO demonstrated protective activities against SA-induced damage, as indicated by significantly reduced serum ALT and AST, fewer micronucleated bone marrow erythrocytes and well-preserved hepatic and colonic morphologies compared to the SA-treated rats. Furthermore, SSO protected the colonic mucosa by boosting mucus production, elevating anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 expression and reducing CEA expression. GC-MS analysis of SSO revealed that it was predominated by linoleic acid, an omega-3 fatty acid, and tocopherols. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicated that SSO protected the liver, colon and bone marrow potentially via anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities. The data suggest that sesame oil has potential therapeutic applications against chemical toxicities induced by arsenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinleye Stephen Akinrinde
- grid.9582.60000 0004 1794 5983Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Stephen Oluwasemilore Oyewole
- grid.9582.60000 0004 1794 5983Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olufunke Eunice Ola-Davies
- grid.9582.60000 0004 1794 5983Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Hassan MA, Abo-Elmaaty AMA, Zaglool AW, Mohamed SAM, Abou-Zeid SM, Farag MR, Alagawany M, Di Cerbo A, Azzam MM, Alhotan R, EL-Hady E. Origanum vulgare Essential Oil Modulates the AFB1-Induced Oxidative Damages, Nephropathy, and Altered Inflammatory Responses in Growing Rabbits. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:69. [PMID: 36668888 PMCID: PMC9864656 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15010069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study was performed to investigate the toxic effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) through the evaluation of kidney function tests and histopathological examination of renal tissues, targeting the therapeutic role of Marjoram (Origanum vulgare essential oil-OEO) in improving health status. Forty-eight New Zealand Whites growing rabbits (four weeks old) weighing on average 660.5 ± 2.33 g were randomly and equally distributed into four groups, each of which had four replicas of three animals as the following: Control group (only basal diet), AFB1 group (0.3 mg AFB1/kg diet), OEO group (1 g OEO/kg diet) and co-exposed group (1 g OEO/kg + 0.3 mg AF/kg diet). Our study lasted eight weeks and was completed at 12 weeks of age. The results revealed that OEO decreased the toxic effects of AFB1 in rabbit kidneys by substantially reducing the cystatin C levels in the AFB1 group. Additionally, OEO decreased oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation levels in the co-exposed group. Moreover, OEO reduced DNA damage and inflammatory response in addition to the down-regulation of stress and inflammatory cytokines-encoding genes. Besides, OEO preserved the cytoarchitecture of rabbits' kidneys treated with AFB1. In conclusion, O. vulgare essential oil supplementation ameliorated the deleterious effects of AFB1 on the rabbits' kidneys by raising antioxidant levels, decreasing inflammation, and reversing oxidative DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona A. Hassan
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Azza M. A. Abo-Elmaaty
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Asmaa W. Zaglool
- Animal Wealth Development Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Sally A. M. Mohamed
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Shimaa M. Abou-Zeid
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 6012201, Egypt
| | - Mayada R. Farag
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Alagawany
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Alessandro Di Cerbo
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62024 Matelica, Italy
| | - Mahmoud M. Azzam
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food & Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rashed Alhotan
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food & Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Enas EL-Hady
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
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Iqbal SZ, Waqas M, Razis AFA, Usman S, Ali NB, Asi MR. Variation of Aflatoxin Levels in Stored Edible Seed and Oil Samples and Risk Assessment in the Local Population. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14090642. [PMID: 36136580 PMCID: PMC9501980 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14090642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Five hundred and twenty samples of edible seeds and oilseeds (sunflower, palm, peanut, sesame, cotton, and grapeseed) were purchased from markets, farmers, and superstores in the central cities of Punjab, Pakistan. A total of 125 (48.1%) edible seed samples from a 6 ≤ months storage period, and 127 (48.8%) from a 2 ≥ years storage period were found to be infested with AFs. The average elevated amount of AFB1 and total AFs was observed in a 2 ≥ years storage period, i.e., 28.6 ± 4.5 and 51.3 ± 10.4 µg/kg, respectively, in sesame seeds. The minimum amount of AFB1 and total AFs was observed in palm seed samples with a storage period of 6 ≤ months, i.e., 9.96 ± 2.4, and 11.7 ± 1.90 µg/kg, respectively. The maximum amount of AFB1 and total AFs were observed in peanut oil samples, i.e., 21.43 ± 2.60 and 25.96 ± 4.30 µg/kg, respectively, with a storage period of 2 ≥ years. Therefore, the maximum dietary intake of 59.60 ng/kg/day was observed in oil samples stored at a ≥ 2 years storage period. The results of the present study concluded that a significant difference was found in the amounts of total AFs in edible seed samples stored at 6 ≤ months and 2 ≥ years storage periods (p < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahzad Zafar Iqbal
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Waqas
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Ahmad Faizal Abdull Razis
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
- Natural Medicines and Products Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Food Security and Food Integrity (FOSFI), Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-397-693073
| | - Sunusi Usman
- Natural Medicines and Products Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Nada Basheir Ali
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Rafique Asi
- Food Toxicology Lab, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture & Biology, Faisalabad 38950, Pakistan
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Owumi SE, Otunla MT, Najophe ES, Oyelere AK. Decrease in reproductive dysfunction using aflatoxin B1 exposure: a treatment with 3-indolepropionic acid in albino Wistar rat. Andrologia 2021; 54:e14248. [PMID: 34541692 DOI: 10.1111/and.14248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We assessed the individual and combined consequence of 3-indolepropionic acid on aflatoxin B1-induced reproductive toxicity in rats. The experimental cohorts were dosed for four consecutive weeks with aflatoxin B1 (50 μg/kg), 3-indolepropionic acid (50 mg/kg), and both (aflatoxin B1: 50 μg/kg + 3-indolepropionic acid: 25 or 50 mg/kg), and the untreated control. Following sacrifice, biomarkers of testicular, epididymal and hypothalamic oxidative status, lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, nitric oxide levels and myeloperoxidase activity were determined. Besides, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, Bcl-2 and Bax proteins were also assessed. Aflatoxin B1-induced testicular, epididymal and hypothalamic oxidative stress was significantly alleviated with 3-indolepropionic acid co-treatment. Also, increases in biomarkers of oxidative stress and reduced levels of antioxidants were abated significantly in rats co-treated with 3-indolepropionic acid. Aflatoxin B1-mediated increase in tumour necrosis factor-alpha, Bax, nitric oxide and myeloperoxidase activity in the examined organs was decreased significantly in aflatoxin B1 and 3-indolepropionic acid co-treated rats. Also, 3-indolepropionic acid dose dependently reduced Bcl-2 levels in the treated rats. The degree of aflatoxin B1-induced histopathological injuries was minimised in rats co-treated with 3-indolepropionic acid. Our results demonstrated that 3-indolepropionic acid protected experimental rats from aflatoxin B1-induced oxido-inflammatory stress and apoptotic response in the examined organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Eduviere Owumi
- Change-Laboratory, Cancer Research and Molecular Biology Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Moses Temitayo Otunla
- Change-Laboratory, Cancer Research and Molecular Biology Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Eseroghene Sarah Najophe
- Nutritional and Industrial Biochemistry Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Adegboyega Kazeem Oyelere
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Pickova D, Ostry V, Toman J, Malir F. Aflatoxins: History, Significant Milestones, Recent Data on Their Toxicity and Ways to Mitigation. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:399. [PMID: 34205163 PMCID: PMC8227755 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13060399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the early 1960s the discovery of aflatoxins began when a total of 100,000 turkey poults died by hitherto unknown turkey "X" disease in England. The disease was associated with Brazilian groundnut meal affected by Aspergillus flavus. The toxin was named Aspergillus flavus toxin-aflatoxin. From the point of view of agriculture, aflatoxins show the utmost importance. Until now, a total of 20 aflatoxins have been described, with B1, B2, G1, and G2 aflatoxins being the most significant. Contamination by aflatoxins is a global health problem. Aflatoxins pose acutely toxic, teratogenic, immunosuppressive, carcinogenic, and teratogenic effects. Besides food insecurity and human health, aflatoxins affect humanity at different levels, such as social, economical, and political. Great emphasis is placed on aflatoxin mitigation using biocontrol methods. Thus, this review is focused on aflatoxins in terms of historical development, the principal milestones of aflatoxin research, and recent data on their toxicity and different ways of mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darina Pickova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, CZ-50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (V.O.); (J.T.); (F.M.)
| | - Vladimir Ostry
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, CZ-50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (V.O.); (J.T.); (F.M.)
- Center for Health, Nutrition and Food in Brno, National Institute of Public Health in Prague, Palackeho 3a, CZ-61242 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Toman
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, CZ-50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (V.O.); (J.T.); (F.M.)
| | - Frantisek Malir
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, CZ-50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (V.O.); (J.T.); (F.M.)
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