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Zhang X, Hu F, Li J, Chen L, Mao YF, Li QB, Nie CY, Lin C, Xiao J. IGF-1 inhibits inflammation and accelerates angiogenesis via Ras/PI3K/IKK/NF-κB signaling pathways to promote wound healing. Eur J Pharm Sci 2024; 200:106847. [PMID: 38972611 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2024.106847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Exogenous insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) has been reported to promote wound healing through regulation of vascular endothelial cells (VECs). Despite the existing studies of IGF-1 on VEC and its role in angiogenesis, the mechanisms regarding anti-inflammatory and angiogenetic effects of IGF-1 remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the wound-healing process and the related signaling pathway of IGF-1 using an inflammation model induced by IFN-γ. The results demonstrated that IGF-1 can increase cell proliferation, suppress inflammation in VECs, and promote angiogenesis. In vivo studies further confirmed that IGF-1 can reduce inflammation, enhance vascular regeneration, and improve re-epithelialization and collagen deposition in acute wounds. Importantly, the Ras/PI3K/IKK/NF-κB signaling pathways was identified as the mechanisms through which IGF-1 exerts its anti-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic effects. These findings contribute to the understanding of IGF-1's role in wound healing and may have implications for the development of new wound treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China; Department of Burn, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Nan Bai Xiang, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Fei Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jie Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lin Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu-Fei Mao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiu-Bo Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China; Department of Burn, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Nan Bai Xiang, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Chen-Yao Nie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Cai Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China; Department of Burn, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Nan Bai Xiang, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China.
| | - Jian Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China; Department of Burn, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Nan Bai Xiang, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China.
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Mazzarino M, Melis I, Quaresima E, Botrè F. Detection of synthetic analogues of insulin-like growth factor 1 in different biological fluids by liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry: comparison of different immunoaffinity protocols. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:6117-6131. [PMID: 37566232 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04885-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor 1 analogues are prohibited in sport for their ability to enhance athletic performance in several sport disciplines. Their detection presents several analytical challenges, mainly due to the minimum required performance limits fixed by the World Anti-Doping Agency. Here, we are presenting analytical workflows to detect IGF-1 and its analogues in different biological matrices. Several off-line immunocapture techniques and protocols were comparatively evaluated. Separation and detection were performed by using standard flow reverse-phase liquid chromatography coupled to a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The best recoveries were obtained using magnetic beads or pipette tips functionalized with protein A. The analytical workflows were fully validated for qualitative determinations: all the target analytes were clearly distinguishable from the interference of the matrices, with limits of detection and identification in the range of 0.05-0.30 ng/mL in urine and 0.5-2.0 ng/mL in serum/plasma. The extraction efficiency proved to be repeatable (CV% < 10) with recoveries higher than 50%. Intra- and inter-day precision were found to be smaller than 10 and 15%, respectively. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of authentic matrix samples containing the target peptides at the minimum required performance limits, proving that the method developed can be successfully applied to detect and identify IGF-1 analogues for doping control purposes in all the matrices selected. The analytical workflow developed here to detect the target peptides in different matrices can be readily implemented in anti-doping laboratories and has the potential to be adapted for the simultaneous analysis of different similarly sized peptide hormones of doping relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Mazzarino
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo Giulio Onesti, 1, 00197, Rome, Italy.
| | - Isabella Melis
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo Giulio Onesti, 1, 00197, Rome, Italy
| | - Edoardo Quaresima
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo Giulio Onesti, 1, 00197, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo Giulio Onesti, 1, 00197, Rome, Italy
- Research and Expertise in Anti-Doping Sciences REDs, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne (ISSUL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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3
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Joshi AS, Hatch NE, Hayami T, Jheon A, Kapila S. IGF-1 TMJ injections enhance mandibular growth and bone quality in juvenile rats. Orthod Craniofac Res 2021; 25:183-191. [PMID: 34324793 PMCID: PMC8799756 DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dentofacial orthopaedic treatment of mandibular hypoplasia has unpredictable skeletal outcomes. Although several biomodulators including insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) are known to contribute to chondrocyte proliferation, their efficacy in modulating mandibular growth has not been validated. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of locally delivered IGF-1 on mandibular growth and condylar bone quality/quantity in juvenile rats. SETTING AND SAMPLE POPULATION Institutional vivarium using twenty-four 35-day-old male Sprague-Dawley rats. METHODS PBS or 40 µg/kg (low-dose) IGF-1 or 80 µg/kg (high-dose) IGF-1 was injected bilaterally into the temporomandibular joints of the rats at weekly intervals for four weeks. Cephalometric and micro-computed tomography measurements were used to determine mandibular dimensions. Bone and tissue mineral density, volume fraction and mineral content were determined, and serum IGF-1 concentrations assayed. RESULTS Intra-articular administration of high-dose IGF-1 contributed to a significant 6%-12% increase in mandibular body and condylar length compared to control and low-dose IGF-1-treated animals. Additionally, IGF-1 treatment resulted in a significant decrease in the angulation of the lower incisors to mandibular plane. Condylar bone volume, bone volume fraction, mineral content and mineral density were significantly increased with high-dose IGF-1 relative to control and low-dose IGF-1 groups. Serum IGF-1 levels were similar between all groups confirming limited systemic exposure to the locally administered IGF-1. CONCLUSION Local administration of high-dose 80 µg/kg IGF-1 enhances mandibular growth and condylar bone quality and quantity in growing rats. The findings have implications for modulating mandibular growth and potentially enhancing condylar bone health and integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini S Joshi
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nan E Hatch
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Takayuki Hayami
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Andrew Jheon
- Division of Orthodontics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sunil Kapila
- Division of Orthodontics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Mongongu C, Coudoré F, Domergue V, Ericsson M, Buisson C, Marchand A. Detection of LongR 3 -IGF-I, Des(1-3)-IGF-I, and R 3 -IGF-I using immunopurification and high resolution mass spectrometry for antidoping purposes. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:1256-1269. [PMID: 33587816 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and its analogs LongR3 -IGF-I, Des(1-3)-IGF-I, and R3 -IGF-I are prohibited substances in sport. Although they were never approved for use in humans, they are readily available as black market products for bodybuilding and can be used to enhance physical performance. This study's aims were to validate a fast and sensitive detection method for IGF-I analogs and to evaluate their detectability after intramuscular administration in rats. The sample preparation consisted of an immunopurification on MSIA™ microcolumns using a polyclonal anti-human-IGF-I antibody. The target substances were then directly analyzed by nano-liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry. Abundant signs of lower quality, oxidized peptide forms were found in black market products, justifying the need to monitor at least both the native and mono-oxidized forms. The analytical performance of this method (linearity, carry over, detection limits, precision, specificity, recovery, and matrix effect) was studied by spiking the analogs into human serum. Following a single intramuscular administration (100 μg/kg) in rats, detection was evaluated up to 36 h after injection. While unchanged Des(1-3)-IGF-I and R3 -IGF-I were detected until 24 h after administration, LongR3 -IGF-I disappeared rapidly after 4 h. Des(1)-LongR3 -IGF-I, a new N-terminal Long-R3 -IGF-I degradation product, was detected in addition to Des(1-10)-LongR3 -IGF-I and Des(1-11)-LongR3- IGF-I: the latter was detected up to 16 h. The same products were found after in vitro incubation of the analogs in human whole blood, suggesting that observations in rats may be extrapolated to humans and that the validated method may be applicable to antidoping testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Mongongu
- AFLD-Agence Française de Lutte contre le Dopage, Département des Analyses, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - François Coudoré
- Laboratoire de Neuropharmacologie, INSERM UMRS 1178, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Valérie Domergue
- AnimEx Châtenay-Malabry, Plateforme AnimEx IPSIT, Faculté de Pharmacie-Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Magnus Ericsson
- AFLD-Agence Française de Lutte contre le Dopage, Département des Analyses, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Corinne Buisson
- AFLD-Agence Française de Lutte contre le Dopage, Département des Analyses, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Alexandre Marchand
- AFLD-Agence Française de Lutte contre le Dopage, Département des Analyses, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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Cartilage-Targeted IGF-1 Treatment to Promote Longitudinal Bone Growth. Mol Ther 2019; 27:673-680. [PMID: 30765323 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant human growth hormone (GH) is commonly used to treat short stature in children. However, GH treatment has limited efficacy, particularly in severe, non-GH-deficient conditions such as chondrodysplasias, and potential off-target effects. Because short stature results from decreased growth plate chondrogenesis, we developed a cartilage-targeting single-chain human antibody fragment (CaAb) aiming to deliver therapeutic molecules to the growth plate, thereby increasing treatment efficacy while minimizing adverse effects on other tissues. To this end, we created fusion proteins of these CaAbs conjugated with insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), an endocrine and/or paracrine factor that positively regulates chondrogenesis. These CaAb-IGF-1 fusion proteins retained both cartilage binding and IGF-1 biological activity, and they were able to stimulate bone growth in an organ culture system. Using a GH-deficient (lit) mouse model, we found that subcutaneous injections of these CaAb-IGF-1 fusion proteins increased overall growth plate height without increasing proliferation in kidney cortical cells, suggesting on-target efficacy at the growth plate and less off-target effect on the kidney than IGF-1 alone. Alternate-day injections of these fusion proteins, unlike IGF-1 alone, were sufficient to produce a therapeutic effect. Our findings provide proof of principle that targeting therapeutics to growth plate cartilage can potentially improve treatment for childhood growth disorders.
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Sprogøe K, Mortensen E, Karpf DB, Leff JA. The rationale and design of TransCon Growth Hormone for the treatment of growth hormone deficiency. Endocr Connect 2017; 6:R171-R181. [PMID: 28947559 PMCID: PMC5655688 DOI: 10.1530/ec-17-0203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The fundamental challenge of developing a long-acting growth hormone (LAGH) is to create a more convenient growth hormone (GH) dosing profile while retaining the excellent safety, efficacy and tolerability of daily GH. With GH receptors on virtually all cells, replacement therapy should achieve the same tissue distribution and effects of daily (and endogenous) GH while maintaining levels of GH and resulting IGF-1 within the physiologic range. To date, only two LAGHs have gained the approval of either the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or the European Medicines Agency (EMA); both released unmodified GH, thus presumably replicating distribution and pharmacological actions of daily GH. Other technologies have been applied to create LAGHs, including modifying GH (for example, protein enlargement or albumin binding) such that the resulting analogues possess a longer half-life. Based on these approaches, nearly 20 LAGHs have reached various stages of clinical development. Although most have failed, lessons learned have guided the development of a novel LAGH. TransCon GH is a LAGH prodrug in which GH is transiently bound to an inert methoxy polyethylene glycol (mPEG) carrier. It was designed to achieve the same safety, efficacy and tolerability as daily GH but with more convenient weekly dosing. In phase 2 trials of children and adults with growth hormone deficiency (GHD), similar safety, efficacy and tolerability to daily GH was shown as well as GH and IGF-1 levels within the physiologic range. These promising results support further development of TransCon GH.
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He J, Fang Y, Lin X, Zhou H, Zhu S, Zhang Y, Yang H, Ye X. The Relationship Between Gene Polymorphism of Leptin and Leptin Receptor and Growth Hormone Deficiency. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:642-6. [PMID: 26915772 PMCID: PMC4771093 DOI: 10.12659/msm.894978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) is a major cause of congenital short stature. GHD patients have significantly decreased serum leptin levels, which are regulated by gene polymorphism of leptin and leptin receptor. This study thus investigated the relationship between gene polymorphism and susceptibility to GHD. MATERIAL AND METHODS A case-control study was performed using 180 GHD children in addition to 160 healthy controls. After the extraction of whole genomic DNA, the genotypes of leptin and leptin receptor gene loci were analyzed by sequencing for single-nucleotide polymorphism. RESULTS The frequency distribution of all alleles identified in leptin gene (loci rs7799039) and leptin receptor gene (loci rs1137100 and rs1137101) fit Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. There was a significant difference in allele frequency at loci rs7799039 or rs1137101, as individuals with heterozygous GA allele had lower (rs7799039) or higher (rs1137101) GHD risk. No significant difference in allele frequency was discovered at loci rs1137100 (p>0.05), which was unrelated to GHD susceptibility. CONCLUSIONS Gene polymorphism of leptin (loci rs7799039) and leptin receptor (loci rs1137101) are correlated with GHD susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinshui He
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhangzhou Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University , Zhangzhou, Fujian, China (mainland)
| | - Yanling Fang
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhangzhou Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University , Zhangzhou, Fujian, China (mainland)
| | - Xinfu Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China (mainland)
| | - Huowang Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhangzhou Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou, Fujian, China (mainland)
| | - Shaobo Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhangzhou Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou, Fujian, China (mainland)
| | - Yugui Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhangzhou Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou, Fujian, China (mainland)
| | - Huicong Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhangzhou Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou, Fujian, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaoling Ye
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhangzhou Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University , Zhangzhou, Fujian, China (mainland)
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Roberts TT, Rosenbaum AJ. Bone grafts, bone substitutes and orthobiologics: the bridge between basic science and clinical advancements in fracture healing. Organogenesis 2012; 8:114-24. [PMID: 23247591 DOI: 10.4161/org.23306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 406] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The biology of fracture healing is better understood than ever before, with advancements such as the locking screw leading to more predictable and less eventful osseous healing. However, at times one's intrinsic biological response, and even concurrent surgical stabilization, is inadequate. In hopes of facilitating osseous union, bone grafts, bone substitutes and orthobiologics are being relied on more than ever before. The osteoinductive, osteoconductive and osteogenic properties of these substrates have been elucidated in the basic science literature and validated in clinical orthopaedic practice. Furthermore, an industry built around these items is more successful and in demand than ever before. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the basic science, clinical utility and economics of bone grafts, bone substitutes and orthobiologics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy T Roberts
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery; Albany Medical Center; Albany, NY USA
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Ding J, List EO, Bower BD, Kopchick JJ. Differential effects of growth hormone versus insulin-like growth factor-I on the mouse plasma proteome. Endocrinology 2011; 152:3791-802. [PMID: 21791560 PMCID: PMC3176651 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The GH/IGF-I axis has both pre- and postpubertal metabolic effects. However, the differential effects of GH and/or IGF-I on animal physiology or the plasma proteome are still being unraveled. In this report, we analyzed several physiological effects along with the plasma proteome after treatment of mice with recombinant bovine GH or recombinant human IGF-I. GH and IGF-I showed similar effects in increasing body length, body weight, lean and fluid masses, and organ weights including muscle, kidney, and spleen. However, GH significantly increased serum total cholesterol, whereas IGF-I had no effect on it. Both acute and longer-term effects on the plasma proteome were determined. Proteins found to be significantly changed by recombinant bovine GH and/or recombinant human IGF-I injections were identified by mass spectrometry (MS) and MS/MS. The identities of these proteins were further confirmed by Western blotting analysis. Isoforms of apolipoprotein A4, apolipoprotein E, serum amyloid protein A-1, clusterin, transthyretin, and several albumin fragments were found to be differentially regulated by GH vs. IGF-I in mouse plasma. Thus, we have identified several plasma protein biomarkers that respond specifically and differentially to GH or IGF-I and may represent new physiological targets of these hormones. These findings may lead to better understanding of the independent biological effects of GH vs. IGF-I. In addition, these novel biomarkers may be useful for the development of tests to detect illicit use of GH or IGF-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ding
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
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10
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Emara K, Farouk A, Diab R. Ilizarov technique of lengthening and then nailing for height increase. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong) 2011; 19:204-8. [PMID: 21857046 DOI: 10.1177/230949901101900215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the risks and types of complications associated with the Ilizarov technique of lengthening and then nailing in persons of normal height. METHODS Records of 26 men and 6 women aged 21 to 47 (mean, 27) years with body height of 160 to 176 (mean, 170) cm who underwent tibial and fibular lengthening and then intramedullary nailing were reviewed. They were skeletally mature healthy persons, with no systemic/local bone disease, deformity or limb length discrepancy. Pain was assessed using the visual analogue scale (VAS). Patient satisfaction in terms of the treatment outcomes and expectations was also assessed. Complications encountered during or after treatment were recorded. RESULTS The mean lengthening achieved was 7.6 (range, 3.5-12) cm or 26% (range, 10-40%) of the original length. The mean duration of external fixation was 96 (range, 45-135) days. The mean follow-up duration after intramedullary nailing was 38.7 (range, 24-93) months. The mean VAS pain score was 9.3 at week 1, 6.6 at week 4, and 5.7 at week 8. After intramedullary nailing, the mean VAS pain score was 2.6 at week 4, 0.9 at month 6, and 0.3 at year 1. 91% of the patients were satisfied with the outcome at week 6; 81% after intramedullary nailing, and 94% at the one-year follow-up. Four patients had revision operations: one for pin exchange owing to pin bending after a fall, one for adjusting external rotation of the tibia after nailing, one for bone grafting for delayed union, and one for drainage of a haematoma just after nailing. CONCLUSION Most complications related to patient discomfort and psychological stress, which were important issues in this type of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Emara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ain Shams University Hospitals, Cairo, Egypt.
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Frindik JP, Kemp SF. Managing idiopathic short stature: role of somatropin (rDNA origin) for injection. Biologics 2010; 4:147-55. [PMID: 20631818 PMCID: PMC2898102 DOI: 10.2147/btt.s6363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic short stature (ISS) is a term that describes short stature in children who do not have growth hormone (GH) deficiency and in whom the etiology of the short stature is not identified. Between 1985 and 2000, more than 40 studies were published regarding GH therapy for ISS. Only 12 of these had data to adult height, of which only 4 were controlled studies. A subsequent placebo-controlled study that followed subjects to adult height indicated that there was a gain of 3.7–7.5 cm in height with GH treatment. In 2003, the US Federal Drug Administration (FDA) approved GH for treatment of short stature. Even before FDA approval, patients with ISS made up about 20% of patients in GH databases, which is largely unchanged since FDA approval. There remains some controversy as to whether GH should be used to treat ISS. This controversy centers on the fact that there has been no definitive demonstration that short stature results in a disadvantage or problems with psychological adjustment, and thus, no demonstration that GH therapy results in improvement in quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Paul Frindik
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Arkansas Children's Hospital, AR, USA
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12
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Kemp SF. Insulin-like growth factor-I deficiency in children with growth hormone insensitivity: current and future treatment options. BioDrugs 2009; 23:155-63. [PMID: 19627167 DOI: 10.2165/00063030-200923030-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) acts directly at the growth plate and through the production of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I. At least 50% of the hormone circulates bound to GH binding protein, and its secretion is controlled by growth hormone-releasing hormone and somatostatin. Once GH binds to two GH receptors, the janus activated kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) protein pathway is activated, resulting in the production of IGF-I. Serum IGF-I is produced predominantly in the liver and circulates in a 140 kDa complex, along with its binding protein, IGF binding protein 3, and acid-labile protein. Recombinant human (rh) IGF-I (mecasermin) is approved by the US FDA and the European Medicines Agency for the treatment of patients with severe primary IGF deficiency or for patients with GH1 gene deletion who have developed neutralizing antibodies to GH. It has been shown to increase growth velocity in children with either condition. In the past, there have been adverse events, particularly hypoglycemia, reported with the administration of mecasermin. However, a recent report of long-term therapy with mescasermin in children with severe IGF-I deficiency has concluded that although adverse events are common, they are rarely severe enough to interrupt or modify treatment. The serum half-life of mecasermin is shorter in patients with GH insensitivity syndrome and low serum levels of its binding protein, the insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)-3 and acid-labile subunit, compared with the serum half-life in normal volunteers or in patients with an IGF1 gene deletion who have normal levels of IGFBP-3. Mecasermin rinfabate, a complex of rhIGF-I and rhIGFBP-3, appears to prolong the serum half-life and might counteract acute adverse events, particularly hypoglycemia, associated with the administration of mescasermin. Mecasermin rinfabate, however, is no longer available in the USA or Europe for treating conditions involving short stature, because of a legal requirement. Mecasermin has been shown to be effective in increasing height velocity and adult height in patients with severe GH resistance and in IGF1 gene deletion. There has been some interest in using mecasermin to treat patients with partial GH resistance or idiopathic short stature. At the present time, the data are insufficient to make this recommendation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen F Kemp
- Section of Endocrinology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences at Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA.
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13
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Castinetti F, Fabre-Brue C, Brue T. [Growth hormone and idiopathic short stature]. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2008; 69 Suppl 1:S11-S15. [PMID: 18954853 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-4266(08)73963-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic short stature is defined by height below 3rd percentile, in a child with normal birth height and weight, lack of dysmorphy, endocrine deficiency or systemic disease. Food and Drugs administration approved GH treatment in this indication in the United States, because it induces height gain, and sometimes may increase quality of life. There is no consensus in terms of duration, monitoring parameters, benefits and risks of long term GH treatment in these patients. Cost effectiveness of such a treatment is under debate, and ethical considerations also have to be taken into account. Recombinant IGF1 should not be proposed in this indication at the moment, due to the lack of sufficient data on potential GH insensitivity in a subgroup of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Castinetti
- Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabète et Maladies Métaboliques, Hôpital de la Timone et Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares d'origine hypophysaire, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France.
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