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Akhtar A, Gupta SM, Dwivedi S, Kumar D, Shaikh MF, Negi A. Preclinical Models for Alzheimer's Disease: Past, Present, and Future Approaches. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:47504-47517. [PMID: 36591205 PMCID: PMC9798399 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A robust preclinical disease model is a primary requirement to understand the underlying mechanisms, signaling pathways, and drug screening for human diseases. Although various preclinical models are available for several diseases, clinical models for Alzheimer's disease (AD) remain underdeveloped and inaccurate. The pathophysiology of AD mainly includes the presence of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT). Furthermore, neuroinflammation and free radical generation also contribute to AD. Currently, there is a wide gap in scientific approaches to preventing AD progression. Most of the available drugs are limited to symptomatic relief and improve deteriorating cognitive functions. To mimic the pathogenesis of human AD, animal models like 3XTg-AD and 5XFAD are the primarily used mice models in AD therapeutics. Animal models for AD include intracerebroventricular-streptozotocin (ICV-STZ), amyloid beta-induced, colchicine-induced, etc., focusing on parameters such as cognitive decline and dementia. Unfortunately, the translational rate of the potential drug candidates in clinical trials is poor due to limitations in imitating human AD pathology in animal models. Therefore, the available preclinical models possess a gap in AD modeling. This paper presents an outline that critically assesses the applicability and limitations of the current approaches in disease modeling for AD. Also, we attempted to provide key suggestions for the best-fit model to evaluate potential therapies, which might improve therapy translation from preclinical studies to patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansab Akhtar
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences and Technology, UPES, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, Dehradun 248007, India
| | - Shraddha M. Gupta
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences and Technology, UPES, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, Dehradun 248007, India
| | - Shubham Dwivedi
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences and Technology, UPES, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, Dehradun 248007, India
| | - Devendra Kumar
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, DIT University, Uttarakhand, Dehradun 248009, India
| | - Mohd. Farooq Shaikh
- Neuropharmacology
Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
| | - Arvind Negi
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
- E-mail:
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Kapoor T, Mehan S. Neuroprotective Methodologies in the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis Current Status of Clinical and Pre-clinical Findings. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2021; 18:31-46. [PMID: 32031075 DOI: 10.2174/1570163817666200207100903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is an idiopathic and autoimmune associated motor neuron disorder that affects myelinated neurons in specific brain regions of young people, especially females. MS is characterized by oligodendrocytes destruction further responsible for demyelination, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial abnormalities, oxidative stress and neurotransmitter deficits associated with motor and cognitive dysfunctions, vertigo and muscle weakness. The limited intervention of pharmacologically active compounds like interferon-β, mitoxantrone, fingolimod and monoclonal antibodies used clinically are majorly associated with adverse drug reactions. Pre-clinically, gliotoxin ethidium bromide mimics the behavioral and neurochemical alterations in multiple sclerosis- like in experimental animals associated with the down-regulation of adenyl cyclase/cAMP/CREB, which is further responsible for a variety of neuropathogenic factors. Despite the considerable investigation of neuroprotection in curing multiple sclerosis, some complications still remain. The available medications only provide symptomatic relief but do not stop the disease progression. In this way, the development of unused beneficial methods tends to be ignored. The limitations of the current steady treatment may be because of their activity at one of the many neurotransmitters included or their failure to up direct signaling flag bearers detailed to have a vital part in neuronal sensitivity, biosynthesis of neurotransmitters and its discharge, development, and separation of the neuron, synaptic versatility and cognitive working. Therefore, the current review strictly focused on the exploration of various clinical and pre-clinical features available for multiple sclerosis to understand the pathogenic mechanisms and to introduce pharmacological interventions associated with the upregulation of intracellular adenyl cyclase/cAMP/CREB activation to ameliorate multiple sclerosis-like features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Kapoor
- Neuropharmacology Division, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Sidharth Mehan
- Neuropharmacology Division, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
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Kumar SEP, Bairy KL, Nayak V, Kumar Reddy S, Kiran A, Ballal A. Amelioration of Aluminium Chloride (AlCl3) Induced Neurotoxicity by Combination of Rivastigmine and Memantine with Artesunate in Albino Wistar Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.13005/bpj/1692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an age-related progressive disorder characterized by neurodegeneration and accumulation of abnormal proteins. Artesunate, an anti-malarial drug has recently been shown to have anti-inflammatory, antiviral, angiogenic and other pleiotropic effects. It has also improved cognitive decline induced by hepatic coma which is suggestive of its role in learning and memory. In view of this, the current study was planned to assess the effect of the combination of artesunate with rivastigmine and memantine in aluminium chloride induced neurotoxicity. The study was conducted on 24 male adult albino wistar rats which were divided into four groups (n=6). Group - I to IV received saline, aluminium chloride (AlCl3), AlCl3 + artesunate +rivastigmine, AlCl3 + artesunate + memantine for 60 days respectively. After the 60th day of treatment, all animals were subjected to a passive avoidance task. All the animals were then sacrificed to study the histopathological changes in the hippocampus. Artesunate in combination with rivastigmine and memantine showed significant improvement in memory impairment and reduced neuronal death. Neuronal viability was more prominent in combination treatments as shown by histopathological results. Artesunate in combination with rivastigmine and memantine could be useful in AD. Artesunate can be used as an adjuvant therapy because artesunate combined with standard drugs produced significant neuroprotective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. E. Praveen Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Kasturba Medical College Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka - 576104, India
| | - Kurady Laxminarayana Bairy
- Department of Pharmacology, RAK College of Medical Sciences, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, P.O.Box 11172, Ras Al Khaimah, UAE
| | - Veena Nayak
- Department of Pharmacology, Kasturba Medical College Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka - 576104, India
| | - Shiva Kumar Reddy
- Centre for Molecular Neurosciences, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka - 576104, India
| | - Amruth Kiran
- Department of Pharmacology, Melaka Manipal Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka - 576104, India
| | - Abhijna Ballal
- Centre for Molecular Neurosciences, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka - 576104, India
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Rijal S, Changdar N, Kinra M, Kumar A, Nampoothiri M, Arora D, Shenoy RR, Ranganath Pai KS, Joseph A, Mudgal J. Neuromodulatory potential of phenylpropanoids; para-methoxycinnamic acid and ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate on aluminum-induced memory deficit in rats. Toxicol Mech Methods 2019; 29:334-343. [PMID: 30588862 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2018.1561779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Para-methoxycinnamic acid (PMCA) and Ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate (EPMC) are reported to possess neuroprotective effect in reversing an acute memory deficit. However, there is a dearth of evidence for their therapeutic effect in chronic memory deficit. Thus, there is a scope to study these derivatives against the chronic model of cognitive dysfunction. The present study was aimed to determine the cognitive enhancing activity of PMCA and EPMC in aluminum-induced chronic dementia. Cognitive enhancing property of PMCA and EPMC was assessed using Morris water maze by analyzing spatial memory parameters such as escape latency, D-quadrant latency, and island entries. To find a possible mechanism, the effect of test compounds on altered acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and oxidative stress was determined in the hippocampus and frontal cortex of rats. Docking interaction of these derivatives with acetylcholinesterase enzyme and glutamate receptors was also studied. Treatment with PMCA and EPMC showed a significant improvement in spatial memory markers and altered hippocampal AChE activity in rats with cognitive dysfunction. The implication of hippocampal and cortical oxidative stress in memory impairment was confirmed with decreased catalase/increased thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in rats. PMCA and EPMC reversed the oxidative stress in the brain by negatively affecting TBARS levels. Against depleted catalase levels, PMCA was more effective than EPMC in raising the depleted catalase levels. In silico analysis revealed poor affinity of EPMC and PMCA with AChE enzyme and glutamate receptor. To conclude, PMCA and EPMC exerted cognitive enhancing property independent of direct AChE and glutamate receptor inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samita Rijal
- a Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Manipal Academy of Higher Education , Manipal , India
| | - Nilanjan Changdar
- a Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Manipal Academy of Higher Education , Manipal , India
| | - Manas Kinra
- a Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Manipal Academy of Higher Education , Manipal , India
| | - Ayush Kumar
- a Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Manipal Academy of Higher Education , Manipal , India
| | - Madhavan Nampoothiri
- a Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Manipal Academy of Higher Education , Manipal , India
| | - Devinder Arora
- b School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology , QUM, MHIQ, Griffith University , Queensland , Australia
| | - Rekha R Shenoy
- a Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Manipal Academy of Higher Education , Manipal , India
| | - K Sreedhara Ranganath Pai
- a Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Manipal Academy of Higher Education , Manipal , India
| | - Alex Joseph
- c Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education , Manipal , India
| | - Jayesh Mudgal
- a Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Manipal Academy of Higher Education , Manipal , India
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Cortes N, Sabogal-Guaqueta AM, Cardona-Gomez GP, Osorio E. Neuroprotection and improvement of the histopathological and behavioral impairments in a murine Alzheimer's model treated with Zephyranthes carinata alkaloids. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 110:482-492. [PMID: 30530228 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD), amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques initiates a cascade of pathological events where the overactivation of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDA) by excess glutamate (Glu) triggers oxidative processes that lead to the activation of microglial cells, inflammation, and finally neuronal death. Amaryllidaceae alkaloids exert neuroprotective activities against different neurotoxin-induced injuries in vitro, and although their biological potential is well demonstrated, their neuroprotective activity has not been reported in an in vivo model of AD. The aim of our study was to determine the in vitro and in vivo neuroprotective potential of standardized alkaloidal fractions of Zephyranthes carinata. In this work, the neuroprotective effect of two alkaloidal fractions extracted from Z. carinata (bulbs and leaves) was analyzed in an in vitro excitotoxicity model in order to select the most promising one for subsequent evaluation in a triple transgenic mouse model of AD (3xTg-AD). We found that Z. carinata bulbs protect neurons against a Glu-mediated toxic stimulus in vitro, as evidenced by the decrease in apoptotic nuclei, the reduction in the lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde and the conservation of dendritic structures. The effects of intraperitoneal administration of Z. carinata bulbs (10 mg/kg) every 12 h for 1 month on 3xTg-AD (18 months old) showed improved learning and spatial memory. Histopathologically, the alkaloidal fraction-treated 3xTg-AD mice exhibited a significant reduction in tauopathy and astrogliosis, as well as a significant decrease in the proinflammatory marker COX-2 and an increase in pAkt. The results suggest that Z. carinata bulbs provide neuroprotective effects both in vitro and in 3xTg-AD mice by intervening in the inflammatory processes, regulating the aggregation of pair helical filaments (PHFs) and activating survival pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Cortes
- Grupo de Investigación en Sustancias Bioactivas, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquía UdeA, Calle 70 No, 52-21, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Angelica Maria Sabogal-Guaqueta
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area - School of Medicine, SIU, University of Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No, 52-21, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Gloria Patricia Cardona-Gomez
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area - School of Medicine, SIU, University of Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No, 52-21, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Edison Osorio
- Grupo de Investigación en Sustancias Bioactivas, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquía UdeA, Calle 70 No, 52-21, Medellin, Colombia.
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