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Sivaprasadan S, Anila KN, Nair K, Mallick S, Biswas L, Valsan A, Praseedom RK, Nair BKG, Sudhindran S. Microbiota and Gut-Liver Axis: An Unbreakable Bond? Curr Microbiol 2024; 81:193. [PMID: 38805045 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-024-03694-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The gut microbiota, amounting to approximately 100 trillion (1014) microbes represents a genetic repertoire that is bigger than the human genome itself. Evidence on bidirectional interplay between human and microbial genes is mounting. Microbiota probably play vital roles in diverse aspects of normal human metabolism, such as digestion, immune modulation, and gut endocrine function, as well as in the genesis and progression of many human diseases. Indeed, the gut microbiota has been most closely linked to various chronic ailments affecting the liver, although concrete scientific data are sparse. In this narrative review, we initially discuss the basic epidemiology of gut microbiota and the factors influencing their initial formation in the gut. Subsequently, we delve into the gut-liver axis and the evidence regarding the link between gut microbiota and the genesis or progression of various liver diseases. Finally, we summarise the recent research on plausible ways to modulate the gut microbiota to alter the natural history of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saraswathy Sivaprasadan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Solid Organ Transplantation, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, India
| | - K N Anila
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Solid Organ Transplantation, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, India
| | - Krishnanunni Nair
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Solid Organ Transplantation, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, India
| | - Shweta Mallick
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Solid Organ Transplantation, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, India
| | - Lalitha Biswas
- Amrita School of Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Kochi, India
| | - Arun Valsan
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, India
| | | | | | - Surendran Sudhindran
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Solid Organ Transplantation, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, India.
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van Vorstenbosch R, van Munster K, Pachen D, Mommers A, Stavropoulos G, van Schooten FJ, Ponsioen C, Smolinska A. The Detection of Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis Using Volatile Metabolites in Fecal Headspace and Exhaled Breath. Metabolites 2023; 14:23. [PMID: 38248826 PMCID: PMC10819709 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Up to 5% of inflammatory bowel disease patients may at some point develop primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). PSC is a rare liver disease that ultimately results in liver damage, cirrhosis and liver failure. It typically remains subclinical until irreversible damage has been inflicted. Hence, it is crucial to screen IBD patients for PSC, but its early detection is challenging, and the disease's etiology is not well understood. This current study aimed at the early detection of PSC in an IBD population using Volatile Organic Compounds in fecal headspace and exhaled breath. To this aim, fecal material and exhaled breath were collected from 73 patients (n = 16 PSC/IBD; n = 8 PSC; n = 49 IBD), and their volatile profile were analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Using the most discriminatory features, PSC detection resulted in areas under the ROC curve (AUCs) of 0.83 and 0.84 based on fecal headspace and exhaled breath, respectively. Upon data fusion, the predictive performance increased to AUC 0.92. The observed features in the fecal headspace relate to detrimental microbial dysbiosis and exogenous exposure. Future research should aim for the early detection of PSC in a prospective study design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert van Vorstenbosch
- Department of Toxicology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (D.P.); (A.M.); (F.-J.v.S.)
| | - Kim van Munster
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepathology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (K.v.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Danielle Pachen
- Department of Toxicology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (D.P.); (A.M.); (F.-J.v.S.)
| | - Alex Mommers
- Department of Toxicology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (D.P.); (A.M.); (F.-J.v.S.)
| | - Georgios Stavropoulos
- Department of Toxicology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (D.P.); (A.M.); (F.-J.v.S.)
| | - Frederik-Jan van Schooten
- Department of Toxicology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (D.P.); (A.M.); (F.-J.v.S.)
| | - Cyriel Ponsioen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepathology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (K.v.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Agnieszka Smolinska
- Department of Toxicology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (D.P.); (A.M.); (F.-J.v.S.)
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Yin C. Endothelin Signaling Mediates Biliary-Endothelial Crosstalk in Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 16:643-645. [PMID: 37517802 PMCID: PMC10511926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2023.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyue Yin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.
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Novelli G, Spitalieri P, Murdocca M, Centanini E, Sangiuolo F. Organoid factory: The recent role of the human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) in precision medicine. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 10:1059579. [PMID: 36699015 PMCID: PMC9869172 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1059579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last decades, hiPSC-derived organoids have been extensively studied and used as in vitro models for several applications among which research studies. They can be considered as organ and tissue prototypes, especially for those difficult to obtain. Moreover, several diseases can be accurately modeled and studied. Hence, patient-derived organoids (PDOs) can be used to predict individual drug responses, thus paving the way toward personalized medicine. Lastly, by applying tissue engineering and 3D printing techniques, organoids could be used in the future to replace or regenerate damaged tissue. In this review, we will focus on hiPSC-derived 3D cultures and their ability to model human diseases with an in-depth analysis of gene editing applications, as well as tumor models. Furthermore, we will highlight the state-of-the-art of organoid facilities that around the world offer know-how and services. This is an increasing trend that shed the light on the need of bridging the publicand the private sector. Hence, in the context of drug discovery, Organoid Factories can offer biobanks of validated 3D organoid models that can be used in collaboration with pharmaceutical companies to speed up the drug screening process. Finally, we will discuss the limitations and the future development that will lead hiPSC-derived technology from bench to bedside, toward personalized medicine, such as maturity, organoid interconnections, costs, reproducibility and standardization, and ethics. hiPSC-derived organoid technology is now passing from a proof-of-principle to real applications in the clinic, also thanks to the applicability of techniques, such as CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system, material engineering for the scaffolds, or microfluidic systems. The benefits will have a crucial role in the advance of both basic biological and translational research, particularly in the pharmacological field and drug development. In fact, in the near future, 3D organoids will guide the clinical decision-making process, having validated patient-specific drug screening platforms. This is particularly important in the context of rare genetic diseases or when testing cancer treatments that could in principle have severe side effects. Therefore, this technology has enabled the advancement of personalized medicine in a way never seen before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Novelli
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Paola Spitalieri
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Murdocca
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Centanini
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Federica Sangiuolo
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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Liu L, Zhao Z, Hou X, Wu J. Effect of sphincter of Oddi dysfunction on the abundance of biliary microbiota (biliary microecology) in patients with common bile duct stones. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1001441. [PMID: 36569207 PMCID: PMC9768453 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1001441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Biliary calculi, a common benign disease of the gastrointestinal tract, are affected by multiple factors, including diet, lifestyle, living environment, and personal and genetic background. Its occurrence is believed to be related to a change in biliary microbiota. Approximately 10%-20% of symptomatic patients with cholecystolithiasis have choledocholithiasis, resulting in infection, abdominal pain, jaundice, and biliary pancreatitis. This study aimed to determine whether a dysfunction in the sphincter of Oddi, which controls the outflow of bile and separates the bile duct from the intestine, leads to a change in biliary microbiota and the occurrence of biliary calculi. Methods Forty patients with cholecystolithiasis and choledocholithiasis were prospectively recruited. Bile specimens were obtained, and biliary pressure was measured during and after surgery. The collected specimens were analyzed with 16S rRNA gene to characterize the biliary microbiota. The risk factors of common bile duct calculi were analyzed numerically combined with the pressure in the sphincter of Oddi. Results Different biliary microbiota were found in all cases. Patients with sphincter of Oddi dysfunction had significantly increased biliary microbiota as well as significantly higher level of systemic inflammation than patients with normal sphincter of Oddi. Conclusions The systemic inflammatory response of patients with sphincter of Oddi dysfunction is more severe, and their microbial community significantly differs from that of patients with normal sphincter of Oddi, which makes biliary tract infection more likely; furthermore, the biliary tract of patients with sphincter of Oddi dysfunction has more gallstone-related bacterial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linxun Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Qinghai Provincial People’s Hospital, Xining, Qinghai, China,*Correspondence: Linxun Liu,
| | - Zhanxue Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Qinghai Provincial People’s Hospital, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Xiaofan Hou
- Graduate College of Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Jindu Wu
- Graduate College of Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
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