1
|
Luscombe CK, Moad G, Hiorns RC, Jones RG, Keddie DJ, Matson JB, Merna J, Nakano T, Russell GT, Topham PD. A brief guide to polymerization terminology (IUPAC Technical Report). PURE APPL CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2021-0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The use of self-consistent terminology to describe polymerizations is important for litigation, patents, research and education. Imprecision in these areas can be both costly and confusing. To address this situation the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) has made recommendations, which are summarized below. In the version shown as the supplementary material, references and hyperlinks lead to source documents; screen tips contain definitions published in IUPAC recommendations. More details can also be found in the IUPAC Purple Book. This guide is one of a series on terminology and nomenclature. Refer to the supplementary material for the complete and interactive version of this brief guide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine K. Luscombe
- pi-Conjugated Polymers Unit , Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University , 904-0495 Okinawa , Japan
| | - Graeme Moad
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering , Bag 10 , Clayton South , VIC 3169 , Australia
| | - Roger C. Hiorns
- CNRS, IPREM (UMR-5254, EPCP) , 2 av. President Angot , F-64057 Pau Cedex , France
| | - Richard G. Jones
- Functional Materials Group, School of Physical Sciences , University of Kent , Canterbury , CT2 7NH , UK
| | - Daniel J. Keddie
- Wolverhampton School of Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering , University of Wolverhampton , Wulfruna Street , Wolverhampton WV1 1LY , UK
| | - John B. Matson
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, and Macromolecules Innovation Institute , Virginia Tech , Blacksburg , VA , USA
| | - Jan Merna
- Department of Polymers , University of Chemistry and Technology , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Tamaki Nakano
- Institute for Catalysis, Division of Biotechnology and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Japan
| | - Gregory T. Russell
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences , University of Canterbury , Private Bag 4800 , Christchurch , New Zealand
| | - Paul D. Topham
- Aston Institute of Materials Research , Aston University , Birmingham B7 4AG , UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Stagi L, De Forni D, Innocenzi P. Blocking viral infections by Lysine-based polymeric nanostructures. A critical review. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:1904-1919. [DOI: 10.1039/d2bm00030j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic due to the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus has accelerated the search for innovative antivirals with possibly broad-spectrum efficacy. One of the possible strategies is to inhibit...
Collapse
|
3
|
Chan CH, Chen JT, Farrell WS, Fellows CM, Keddie DJ, Luscombe CK, Matson JB, Merna J, Moad G, Russell GT, Théato P, Topham PD, Sosa Vargas L. Reconsidering terms for mechanisms of polymer growth: the “step-growth” and “chain-growth” dilemma. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00086e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Terms used for mechanisms of polymer growth are varied and problematic; we detail here our concerns with the terms “step-growth” and “chain-growth.” Ultimately, we seek terms that are simple, accurate, and attractive to the polymer community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chin Han Chan
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jiun-Tai Chen
- National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Department of Applied Chemistry, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Wesley S. Farrell
- United States Naval Academy, Chemistry Department, Annapolis, Maryland 21402, USA
| | - Christopher M. Fellows
- The University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
- Desalination Technologies Research Institute, Saline Water Conversion Corporation, Al Jubail 31951, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Daniel J. Keddie
- School of Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, WV1 1LY, UK
| | - Christine K. Luscombe
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology (OIST), 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - John B. Matson
- Virginia Tech, Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | - Jan Merna
- University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Department of Polymers 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Graeme Moad
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Gregory T. Russell
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Patrick Théato
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Engesser Str. 18, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Paul D. Topham
- Aston Institute of Materials Research, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - Lydia Sosa Vargas
- Sorbonne Université, Équipe Chimie des Polymères, Paris, 75005, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chis AA, Dobrea CM, Rus LL, Frum A, Morgovan C, Butuca A, Totan M, Juncan AM, Gligor FG, Arseniu AM. Dendrimers as Non-Viral Vectors in Gene-Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy. Molecules 2021; 26:5976. [PMID: 34641519 PMCID: PMC8512881 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (GDEPT) has been intensively studied as a promising new strategy of prodrug delivery, with its main advantages being represented by an enhanced efficacy and a reduced off-target toxicity of the active drug. In recent years, numerous therapeutic systems based on GDEPT strategy have entered clinical trials. In order to deliver the desired gene at a specific site of action, this therapeutic approach uses vectors divided in two major categories, viral vectors and non-viral vectors, with the latter being represented by chemical delivery agents. There is considerable interest in the development of non-viral vectors due to their decreased immunogenicity, higher specificity, ease of synthesis and greater flexibility for subsequent modulations. Dendrimers used as delivery vehicles offer many advantages, such as: nanoscale size, precise molecular weight, increased solubility, high load capacity, high bioavailability and low immunogenicity. The aim of the present work was to provide a comprehensive overview of the recent advances regarding the use of dendrimers as non-viral carriers in the GDEPT therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Adina Frum
- Preclinical Department, Faculty of Medicine, “Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu, 550169 Sibiu, Romania; (A.A.C.); (C.M.D.); (L.-L.R.); (A.B.); (M.T.); (A.M.J.); (F.G.G.); (A.M.A.)
| | - Claudiu Morgovan
- Preclinical Department, Faculty of Medicine, “Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu, 550169 Sibiu, Romania; (A.A.C.); (C.M.D.); (L.-L.R.); (A.B.); (M.T.); (A.M.J.); (F.G.G.); (A.M.A.)
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Structure-based nomenclature for irregular linear, star, comb, and brush polymers (IUPAC Recommendations 2020). PURE APPL CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2020-0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The existing recommendations for the structure-based nomenclature of regular single-strand organic polymers are extrapolated to complex polymers. The key proposal is that polymeric moieties may be named substituents. The types of polymers covered include linear and branched polymers containing more than one block of a single type of constitutional repeating unit (CRU) and branched polymers containing a main chain from which one or more polymeric side chains emanate.
Collapse
|
6
|
Yamago S. Practical synthesis of dendritic hyperbranched polymers by reversible deactivation radical polymerization. Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-021-00487-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
7
|
Xing W, Ghahfarokhi AJ, Xie C, Naghibi S, Campbell JA, Tang Y. Mechanical Properties of a Supramolecular Nanocomposite Hydrogel Containing Hydroxyl Groups Enriched Hyper-Branched Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:805. [PMID: 33800715 PMCID: PMC7961438 DOI: 10.3390/polym13050805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to highly tunable topology and functional groups, hyper-branched polymers are a potential candidate for toughening agents, for achieving supramolecular interactions with hydrogel networks. However, their toughening effects and mechanisms are not well understood. Here, by means of tensile and pure shear testings, we characterise the mechanics of a nanoparticle-hydrogel hybrid system that incorporates a hyper-branched polymer (HBP) with abundant hydroxyl end groups into the matrix of the polyacrylic acid (PAA) hydrogel. We found that the third and fourth generations of HBP are more effective than the second one in terms of strengthening and toughening effects. At a HBP content of 14 wt%, compared to that of the pure PAA hydrogel, strengths of the hybrid hydrogels with the third and fourth HBPs are 2.3 and 2.5 times; toughnesses are increased by 525% and 820%. However, for the second generation, strength is little improved, and toughness is increased by 225%. It was found that the stiffness of the hybrid hydrogel is almost unchanged relative to that of the PAA hydrogel, evidencing the weak characteristic of hydrogen bonds in this system. In addition, an outstanding self-healing feature was observed, confirming the fast reforming nature of broken hydrogen bonds. For the hybrid hydrogel, the critical size of failure zone around the crack tip, where serious viscous dissipation occurs, is related to a fractocohesive length, being about 0.62 mm, one order of magnitude less than that of other tough double-network hydrogels. This study can promote the application of hyper-branched polymers in the rapid evolving field of hydrogels for improved performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjin Xing
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Clovelly Park, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; (W.X.); (A.J.G.); (S.N.)
| | - Amin Jamshidi Ghahfarokhi
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Clovelly Park, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; (W.X.); (A.J.G.); (S.N.)
- Institute for NanoScale Science and Technology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia;
| | - Chaoming Xie
- Key Lab of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China;
| | - Sanaz Naghibi
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Clovelly Park, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; (W.X.); (A.J.G.); (S.N.)
- Institute for NanoScale Science and Technology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia;
| | - Jonathan A. Campbell
- Institute for NanoScale Science and Technology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia;
| | - Youhong Tang
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Clovelly Park, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; (W.X.); (A.J.G.); (S.N.)
- Institute for NanoScale Science and Technology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia;
| |
Collapse
|