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Design and Gamma-Ray Attenuation Features of New Concrete Materials for Low- and Moderate-Photons Energy Protection Applications. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15144947. [PMID: 35888418 PMCID: PMC9319193 DOI: 10.3390/ma15144947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We aimed, in this investigation, to prepare novel concretes which can be used in gamma-ray shielding applications. The experimental approach was performed using a NaI (Tl) detector to measure the concrete’s shielding features for different energies, ranging from 0.081 MeV to 1.408 MeV. The density of the fabricated concretes decreased with increasing W/C ratio, where the density decreased by 2.680 g/cm3, 2.614 g/cm3, and 2.564 g/cm3 for concretes A, B, and C, respectively, with increases in the W/C ratio of 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8, respectively. When the energy was elevated between 0.08 MeV and 1.408 MeV, the highest values were attained for concrete A, with values ranging between 0.451 cm−1 and 0.179 cm−1. The lowest half-value layer (Δ0.5) values were achieved for concrete C, where the Δ0.5 values varied between 1.53 cm and 3.86 cm between 0.08 MeV and 1.408 MeV. The highest Δ0.5 values were achieved for concrete A, where the Δ0.5 varied between 1.77 cm and 4.67 cm between 0.08 MeV and 1.408 MeV. According to this investigation, concrete A has the highest promise in radiation shielding purposes because it has the most desirable properties of the concretes studied.
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Khalid A, Ahmad P, Muhammad S, Khan A, Khandaker MU, Alam MM, Asim M, Din IU, Iqbal J, Rehman IU, Razzaq Z, Pandian S, Sharma R, Emran TB, Sayyed MI, Aldawood S, Sulieman A. Synthesis of Boron-Doped Zinc Oxide Nanosheets by Using Phyllanthus Emblica Leaf Extract: A Sustainable Environmental Applications. Front Chem 2022; 10:930620. [PMID: 35903193 PMCID: PMC9314885 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.930620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of Phyllanthus emblica (gooseberry) leaf extract to synthesize Boron-doped zinc oxide nanosheets (B-doped ZnO-NSs) is deliberated in this article. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) shows a network of synthesized nanosheets randomly aligned side by side in a B-doped ZnO (15 wt% B) sample. The thickness of B-doped ZnO-NSs is in the range of 20–80 nm. B-doped ZnO-NSs were tested against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains including Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Escherichia coli. Against gram-negative bacterium (K. pneumonia and E. coli), B-doped ZnO displays enhanced antibacterial activity with 26 and 24 mm of inhibition zone, respectively. The mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), linear attenuation coefficient (LAC), mean free path (MFP), half-value layer (HVL), and tenth value layer (TVL) of B-doped ZnO were investigated as aspects linked to radiation shielding. These observations were carried out by using a PTW® electron detector and VARIAN® irradiation with 6 MeV electrons. The results of these experiments can be used to learn more about the radiation shielding properties of B-doped ZnO nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awais Khalid
- Department of Physics, Hazara University Mansehra, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Pervaiz Ahmad
- Department of Physics, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan
- *Correspondence: Pervaiz Ahmad, ; Mayeen Uddin Khandaker,
| | - Saleh Muhammad
- Department of Physics, Hazara University Mansehra, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Abdulhameed Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan
| | - Mayeen Uddin Khandaker
- Center for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
- Department of General Educational Development, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- *Correspondence: Pervaiz Ahmad, ; Mayeen Uddin Khandaker,
| | - Md Mottahir Alam
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Asim
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Israf Ud Din
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Humanities, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jibran Iqbal
- College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ibad Ur Rehman
- Department of Physics, Hazara University Mansehra, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Zohaib Razzaq
- Department of Physics, Hazara University Mansehra, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Sivakumar Pandian
- School of Petroleum Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Department of Rasa Shastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, Bangladesh
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M. I. Sayyed
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Isra University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Saad Aldawood
- Physics and Astronomy Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelmoneim Sulieman
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
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The Investigation of New Phosphate–Titanite Glasses According to Optical, Physical, and Shielding Properties. CRYSTALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst12070941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The melt-quenching approach was used to prepare phosphate–titanite glasses with the composition P2O5-Na2O-CaO-8KF-CaCl2-xTiO2 (where x = 2, 4, and 6) in a mol %. The optical, physical, and shielding properties, such as the mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), half-value layer (HVL), effective electron density (Neff), and effective atomic number (Zeff), of the glasses were investigated at energies ranging between 15 and 200 keV. The shielding parameters were investigated using recently developed software (MIKE). The optical properties were examined using devices such as UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy over wavelengths ranging between 190 and 2500 nm. The reported results showed that increasing the concentration of TiO2 led to an increase in the density from 2.657 to 2.682 g/cm3 and an increase in the OPD from 66.055 to 67.262 mol/L, while the molar volume (VM) and oxygen molar volume (VO) decreased from 39.21 to 39.101 cm3/mol and from 15.139 to 14.867 cm3/mol, respectively. The energy gap was found to decrease from 3.403 to 3.279 eV when the TiO2 concentration increased. Furthermore, as the surface plasmon resonance of TiO2 increases, so does its third-order susceptibility, non-linear refractive indices, linear attenuation, and mass attenuation. The shielding performance evaluation indicates that the most suitable energy range is between 15 and 50 keV. Based on the results, the PCKNT3 glass sample exhibits the highest attenuation performance of all of the samples tested.
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Analysis of the Radiation Attenuation Parameters of Cu2HgI4, Ag2HgI4, and (Cu/Ag/Hg I) Semiconductor Compounds. CRYSTALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst12020276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
This analysis aims to determine photon attenuation for five different ternary and binary iodide compounds using Phy-X/PSD software. For a broad range of photon energies between 0.015 and 15 MeV, the mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), linear attenuation coefficient (LAC), half-value layer (HVL), tenth-value layer (TVL), and mean free path (MFP) for the samples of Cu2HgI4, Ag2HgI4, CuI, AgI, and HgI were calculated. For illustration, the following values of TVL apply at 1 MeV: S1: 6.062 cm, S2: 6.209 cm, S3: 6.929 cm, S4: 6.897 cm, and S5: 4.568 cm. Some important parameters, such as total atomic cross-sections (ACS), electronic cross-sections (ECS), the effective atomic numbers (Zeff), effective electron density (Neff), and effective conductivity (Ceff) of the samples were also calculated. Additionally, exposure buildup factors (EBF) and energy-absorption buildup factor (EABF) were estimated. These data on the radiation characteristics of our samples could be useful for gamma attenuation. The HgI sample has the highest FNRCS values (0.0892) relative to the other tested samples showing good neutron attenuation features. The CuI sample shows low gamma attenuation features; in contrast, it shows high neutron attenuation features.
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Öztürk O, Karaburç ŞN, Saydan M, Keskin ÜS. High rate X-ray radiation shielding ability of cement-based composites incorporating strontium sulfate (SrSO4) minerals. KERNTECHNIK 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/kern-2021-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Exposure of radioactivity applications should be handled reliably in repositories, radiotherapy rooms, and research centers built with cement-based composites which is generally used as an engineering barrier. The design of certain materials for radioactive exposure requires special handling considering the degradation mechanism of host composite environment and barrier capability. In this study, celestite (SrSO4) minerals having favoring properties for shielding ability was used as aggregates in barrier composites. Strontium mineral-based aggregates were partially replaced with conventional concrete aggregates at different ratios. The high rate X-ray shielding ability and mechanical performance of developed composites were holistically investigated in the presence of real-case radiation. The use of celestite mineral resulted in higher performance both in mechanical and shielding capability of X-rays at a certain level. Microstructural findings also revealed that interface properties of composite paste and celestite minerals were compatible up to 30% of celestite aggregate replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oğuzhan Öztürk
- Construction Materials Division, Department of Civil Engineering , Konya Technical University , Konya , Turkey
| | - Şeyma Nur Karaburç
- Construction Materials Division, Department of Civil Engineering , Konya Technical University , Konya , Turkey
| | - Murat Saydan
- Construction Materials Division, Department of Civil Engineering , Konya Technical University , Konya , Turkey
| | - Ülkü Sultan Keskin
- Construction Materials Division, Department of Civil Engineering , Konya Technical University , Konya , Turkey
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Sabry N, Yousef ES, Alqahtani MS, Reben M, Algarni H, Umar A, Albargi HB, Yahia I, Zahran H. Gamma-ray attenuation properties and fast neutron removal cross-section of Cu2CdSn3S8 and binary sulfide compounds (Cu/Cd/Sn S) by using phy-X/PSD software. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2022.109989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Asadi A, Hosseini SA. Investigation of the gamma-ray shielding performance of the B2O3-Bi2O3-ZnO-Li2O glasses based on the Monte Carlo approach. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2021.109784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Libeesh N, Naseer K, Arivazhagan S, Abd El-Rehim A, Mahmoud K, Sayyed M, Khandaker MU. Advanced nuclear radiation shielding studies of some mafic and ultramafic complexes with lithological mapping. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2021.109777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kavun Y, Eskalen H, Kerli S, Kavgaci M. Fabrication and characterization of GdxFe 2O 3(100-x) /PVA (x=0, 5, 10, 20) composite films for radiation shielding. Appl Radiat Isot 2021; 177:109918. [PMID: 34481318 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2021.109918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of this study is to investigate effect of gadolinium (Gd) content of GdxFe2O3(100-x), (x = 0, 5, 10, 20) composite system on structural, thermal, optical and radiation protection of poly (vinyl alchool) PVA based nanocomposite film. In this study, Gd doped Fe2O3 nanopowders (with Gd = 0, 5, 10 and 20) were synthesized by spray pyrolysis method. The characterization of these powders have been obtained by using X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Uv-vis spectrometer. After then, GdxFe2O3(100-x)/PVA (x = 0, 5, 10, 20) polymer composite systems were prepared by solution casting technique. The structural, thermal and optical properties of obtained polymer composites have been examined. The irradiation properties of 6 MeV energized X-ray via cLINAC to obtain radiation shielding performance of these different percentage (0, 5, 10, and 20%) Gd doped Fe2O3 PVA thin films were also investigated. By using obtained results, the Linear Attenuation Coefficient (LAC), Half Value Layer (HVL), Tenth Value Layer (TVL), Mass Attenuation Coefficient (MAC). Also, theoretically Zeff value have been calculated. According to all obtained results, it has been seen that the different percentages (0, 5, 10, and 20%) Gd doped Fe2O3 PVA thin films can be used as radiation shielding material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Kavun
- Vocational School of Health Services, Dept. of Medical Imaging Techniques, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Univ, Kahramanmaras, Turkey.
| | - Hasan Eskalen
- Vocational School of Health Services, Department of Opticianry, Kahramanmaraş Sütçu İmam University, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey
| | - Süleyman Kerli
- Department of Energy Systems Engineering, İstiklal University, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Kavgaci
- Department of Physics, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Univ, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
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Sabry N, Zahran H, Yousef ES, Algarni H, Umar A, Albargi HB, Yahia I. Gamma-ray attenuation, fast neutron removal cross-section and build up factor of Cu2MnGe[S, Se, Te]4 semiconductor compounds: Novel approach. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2020.109248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Naseer KA, Marimuthu K, Mahmoud KA, Sayyed MI. Impact of Bi 2O 3 modifier concentration on barium-zincborate glasses: physical, structural, elastic, and radiation-shielding properties. EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL PLUS 2021; 136:116. [PMID: 33500872 PMCID: PMC7820540 DOI: 10.1140/epjp/s13360-020-01056-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT A sequence of Bi2O3 varying barium-zincborate (BZX) glasses with the chemical composition (60-x) B2O3-20ZnO-20BaCO3-xBi2O3-0.5Dy2O3 (where x = 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 in wt%) is fabricated by melt-quenching method. The fabricated samples were examined for the variation in physical, structural, elastic, and radiation-shielding properties with the Bi2O3 concentration. The structural and compositional evaluations are done using XRD and FTIR spectra. The BZX matrixes consist of the trigonal-planar and tetrahedral groups of borates, BiO3 and BiO6 units of Bi2O3, and the non-bridging oxygen in general. The average single-bond strength values substantiate the increasing ionic nature of the BZX glasses. The variation in the density and molar volume of the BZX series discussed in terms of various structural and elastic properties. The glass-coded BZ15 was found to be the best candidate for the sound-resistant applications based on the atomic packing fraction and the acoustic impedance studies. With MCNP5 simulation, the mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) values of all the samples were calculated and compared with a theoretical approach using the XCOM program. As the amount of Bi2O3 increases, the linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) increases with it at all energies. The LAC values varied between 0.2805 and 0.5269 cm-1 for the investigated glasses at 0.81 MeV. BZ30 glass is the more effective shield due to the highest MAC and LAC values. GRAPHIC ABSTRACT
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Affiliation(s)
- K. A. Naseer
- Department of Physics, Gandhigram Rural Institute – Deemed to be University, Gandhigram, 624 302 India
| | - K. Marimuthu
- Department of Physics, Gandhigram Rural Institute – Deemed to be University, Gandhigram, 624 302 India
| | - K. A. Mahmoud
- Ural Federal University, St. Mira, 19, Yekaterinburg, Russia 620002
- Nuclear Materials Authority, Maadi, Cairo, Egypt
| | - M. I. Sayyed
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Isra University, Amman, Jordan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University (IAU), Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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Gamma attenuation characteristics of CdTe-Doped polyester composites. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR ENERGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pnucene.2020.103608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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Gamma-ray attenuation behaviors of hematite doped polymer composites. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR ENERGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pnucene.2020.103504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Marquez-Mata CA, Mata Chavez MJ, Campillo-Rivera GE, Vazquez-Bañuelos J, Garcia-Duran A, Vega-Carrillo HR. Shielding features of seven types on natural quartz. Appl Radiat Isot 2020; 167:109450. [PMID: 33086152 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2020.109450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The shielding features of amethyst, chalcedony, crystal rock, milky, pink, flint, and jasper quartz were calculated. The seven varieties of quartz were collected within the territory of the state of Zacatecas in Mexico. Shielding characteristics include the linear attenuation coefficients, the effective atomic numbers and the mass interaction coefficients for 1 keV to 100 GeV photons. The interaction coefficients were calculated for the coherent scattering, the photoelectric absorption, the Compton scattering, and the pair production occurring in the electric field of the atomic nucleus and the electrons. The linear attenuation coefficients were compared with those of the Portland concrete widely used as radiation shielding. In the low energy region where the photoelectric absorption is dominant the mass interaction coefficients and the total linear attenuation coefficients have three resonances due to the Si, Ca and Fe concentration, these resonances are also noticed in the effective atomic number. For photons below 60 keV the shielding performance of quartz can be used to shield X-ray devices working with less than 60 kV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ma Jesús Mata Chavez
- Unidad Académica de Ciencias de La Tierra de La UAZ, Av. Universidad 108, Col. Progreso, 98050, Zacatecas, Zac, Mexico
| | - Guillermo Eduardo Campillo-Rivera
- Programa de Doctorado en Ingeniería y Tecnología Aplicada, Unidad Académica de Ingeniería Eléctrica de La UAZ, Av. Ramón López Velarde 801. Col. Centro, 98000, Zacatecas, Zac, Mexico
| | - Joel Vazquez-Bañuelos
- Programa de Doctorado en Ingeniería y Tecnología Aplicada, Unidad Académica de Ingeniería Eléctrica de La UAZ, Av. Ramón López Velarde 801. Col. Centro, 98000, Zacatecas, Zac, Mexico
| | - Angel Garcia-Duran
- Unidad Académica de Estudios Nucleares de La UAZ, C. Ciprés 10, Fracc. La Peñuela, 98060, Zacatecas, Zac, Mexico
| | - Hector Rene Vega-Carrillo
- Unidad Académica de Estudios Nucleares de La UAZ, C. Ciprés 10, Fracc. La Peñuela, 98060, Zacatecas, Zac, Mexico.
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Sayyed M, Tekin H, Agar O. Gamma photon and neutron attenuation properties of MgO–BaO–B2O3–TeO2–Cr2O3 glasses: The role of TeO2. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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16
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An extensive investigation on gamma ray shielding features of Pd/Ag-based alloys. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.net.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Almatari M. Gamma radiation shielding properties of glasses within the TeO2-TiO2-ZnO system. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2018-3058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Radiations are widely used in hospitals and health services in radiotherapy and molecular imaging using x-ray and gamma radiation which considered as the most penetrating radiations and very difficult to shield. In this study, the radiation shielding properties of different zinc oxide (ZnO) concentrations of the (95-x)TeO2-5TiO2-xZnO (x=5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 40 mol%) glass system was investigated to be introduced as a new transparency effective shielding material. In order to study shielding properties, mass attenuation coefficients in the energy range of 0.015–15 MeV photon energies for the current glass system were calculated using ParShield software. Moreover, half value layer, mean free path and effective atomic number were evaluated using the obtained attenuation coefficient. The results indicated that if ZnO was added to the current glass system the mass attenuation coefficient will be decreased as well as effective atomic number values. The highest mass attenuation coefficient at all energies was found to be in TT5Z5 glass sample as well as the effective atomic number value.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Almatari
- Physics Department , University of Tabuk , Tabuk , Saudi Arabia
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