1
|
NAGAME Y, SATO TK. Chemical characterization of heavy actinides and light transactinides - Experimental achievements at JAEA. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2024; 100:165-189. [PMID: 38462500 PMCID: PMC11105975 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.100.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The chemical characterization of the heaviest elements at the farthest reach of the periodic table (PT) and the classification of these elements in the PT are undoubtedly crucial and challenging subjects in chemical and physical sciences. The elucidation of the influence of relativistic effects on their outermost electronic configuration is also a critical and fascinating aspect. However, the heaviest elements with atomic numbers Z ≳ 100 must be produced at accelerators using nuclear reactions of heavy ions and target materials. Therefore, production rates for these elements are low, and their half-lives are as short as a few seconds to a few minutes; they are usually available in a quantity of only a few atoms at a time. Here, we review some highlighted studies on heavy actinide and light transactinide chemical characterization performed at the Japan Atomic Energy Agency tandem accelerator facility. We discuss briefly the prospects for future studies of the heaviest elements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro NAGAME
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Tokai, Naka-gun, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Tetsuya K. SATO
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Tokai, Naka-gun, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Düllmann CE, Block M, Heßberger FP, Khuyagbaatar J, Kindler B, Kratz JV, Lommel B, Münzenberg G, Pershina V, Renisch D, Schädel M, Yakushev A. Five decades of GSI superheavy element discoveries and chemical investigation. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2022-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Superheavy element research has been a strong pillar of the research program at GSI Darmstadt since its foundation. Six new elements were discovered along with many new isotopes. Initial results on chemical properties of the heaviest elements were obtained that allowed for comparing their behavior with that of their lighter homologs and with theoretical predictions. Main achievements of the past five decades of superheavy element research at GSI are described along with an outlook into the future of superheavy element research in Darmstadt.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph E. Düllmann
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH , Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
- Department Chemie – Standort TRIGA , Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz , Fritz-Strassmann-Weg 2, 55128 Mainz , Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz , Staudingerweg 18, 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Michael Block
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH , Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
- Department Chemie – Standort TRIGA , Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz , Fritz-Strassmann-Weg 2, 55128 Mainz , Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz , Staudingerweg 18, 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Fritz P. Heßberger
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH , Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Jadambaa Khuyagbaatar
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH , Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Birgit Kindler
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH , Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Jens V. Kratz
- Department Chemie – Standort TRIGA , Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz , Fritz-Strassmann-Weg 2, 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Bettina Lommel
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH , Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Gottfried Münzenberg
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH , Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz , Staudingerweg 7, 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Valeria Pershina
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH , Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Dennis Renisch
- Department Chemie – Standort TRIGA , Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz , Fritz-Strassmann-Weg 2, 55128 Mainz , Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz , Staudingerweg 18, 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Matthias Schädel
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH , Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Alexander Yakushev
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH , Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sato TK, Nagame Y. Chemistry of the elements at the end of the actinide series using their low-energy ion-beams. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2022-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Studies of the chemical properties of the elements at the uppermost end of the Periodic Table are extremely challenging both experimentally and theoretically. One of the most important and interesting subjects is to clarify the basic chemical properties of these elements as well as to elucidate the influence of relativistic effects on their electronic configuration. Isotopes of these elements produced at accelerators, however, are short-lived, and the number of produced atoms is so small; any chemistry to be performed must be done on an atom-at-a-time basis that imposes stringent limits on experimental procedures. Here we describe our recent achievements in the effective production of low-energy ion-beams of the elements at the end of the actinide series, fermium (Fm, atomic number Z = 100), mendelevium (Md, Z = 101), nobelium (No, Z = 102), and lawrencium (Lr, Z = 103), using a surface ionization ion-source installed in the ISOL (Isotope Separator On-Line) at the Tandem accelerator facility of JAEA (Japan Atomic Energy Agency). Then the successful measurements of the first ionization potentials (IP1) of these elements with the ISOL setup are reviewed. The measured IP1 values increased up to No via Fm and Md, while that of Lr was the lowest among the actinides. Based on the variation of the IP1 values of the heavy actinides with the atomic number in comparison with those of the heavy lanthanides, the results clearly demonstrated that the 5f orbitals are fully filled at No, and the actinide series ends with Lr. Furthermore, the IP1 value of Lr provoked controversy over its position in the Periodic Table, so a short introduction to this issue is presented. The feasibility of the extension of chemical studies to still heavier elements with their ion-beams generated by ISOL is briefly discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya K. Sato
- Advanced Science Research Center , Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) , Tokai , Ibaraki 319-1195 , Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering , Ibaraki University , Mito , Ibaraki 310-8512 , Japan
| | - Yuichiro Nagame
- Advanced Science Research Center , Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) , Tokai , Ibaraki 319-1195 , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lohse S, Berrocal J, Böhland S, van de Laar J, Block M, Chenmarev S, Düllmann CE, Nagy S, Ramírez JG, Rodríguez D. Quartz resonators for penning traps toward mass spectrometry on the heaviest ions. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:093202. [PMID: 33003790 DOI: 10.1063/5.0015011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report on cyclotron frequency measurements on trapped 206,207Pb+ ions by means of the non-destructive Fourier-transform ion-cyclotron-resonance technique at room temperature. In a proof-of-principle experiment using a quartz crystal instead of a coil as a resonator, we have alternately carried out cyclotron frequency measurements for 206Pb+ and 207Pb+ with the sideband coupling method to obtain 21 cyclotron-frequency ratios with a statistical uncertainty of 6 × 10-7. The mean frequency ratio R¯ deviates by about 2σ from the value deduced from the masses reported in the latest Atomic Mass Evaluation. We anticipate that this shift is due to the ion-ion interaction between the simultaneously trapped ions (≈100) and will decrease to a negligible level once we reach single-ion sensitivity. The compactness of such a crystal makes this approach promising for direct Penning-trap mass measurements on heavy and superheavy elements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Lohse
- Department Chemie - Standort TRIGA, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - J Berrocal
- Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - S Böhland
- Department Chemie - Standort TRIGA, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - J van de Laar
- Department Chemie - Standort TRIGA, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - M Block
- Department Chemie - Standort TRIGA, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - S Chenmarev
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ch E Düllmann
- Department Chemie - Standort TRIGA, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sz Nagy
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - D Rodríguez
- Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Abstract
Recent progress in the production of heavy nuclei far from stability and in the studies of nuclear and chemical properties of heavy actinides is briefly reviewed. Exotic nuclear decay properties including nuclear fission of heavy nuclei, measurements of first ionization potentials of heavy actinides, and redox studies of heavy actinides are described. Brief history of discovery of the transuranium elements is also presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Nagame
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) , Tokai-mura, Ibaraki 319-1195 , Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering , Ibaraki University , Mito, Ibaraki 310-8512 , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Abstract
The precise determination of atomic and nuclear properties such as masses, differential charge radii, nuclear spins, electromagnetic moments and the ionization potential of the actinides has been extended to the late actinides in recent years. In particular, laser spectroscopy and mass spectrometry have reached the region of heavy actinides that can only be produced only at accelerator facilities. The new results provide deeper insight into the impact of relativistic effects on the atomic structure and the evolution of nuclear shell effects around the deformed neutron shell closure at N = 152. All these experimental activities have also opened the door to extend such measurements to the transactinide elements in the near future. This contribution summarizes recent achievements in Penning trap mass spectrometry and laser spectroscopy of the late actinides and addresses future perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Block
- Institut für Kernchemie der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz , 55099 Mainz , Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz , 55099 Mainz , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Abstract
Some highlight examples on the study of production and chemical properties of heaviest elements carried out mostly at GSI Darmstadt are presented. They focus on the production of some of the heaviest known elements (114Fl, 115Mc, and 117Mc), studies of non-fusion reactions, and on chemical studies of 114Fl. This is the heaviest element, for which chemical studies have been performed to date.
Collapse
|