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Hussain M, Qaim SM, Spahn I, Aslam MN, Neumaier B. Copper radionuclides for theranostic applications: towards standardisation of their nuclear data. A mini-review. Front Chem 2023; 11:1270351. [PMID: 37841203 PMCID: PMC10570421 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1270351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper has several clinically relevant radioisotopes and versatile coordination chemistry, allowing attachment of its radionuclides to biological molecules. This characteristic makes it suitable for applications in molecular imaging or radionuclide targeted therapy. Of particular interest in nuclear medicine today is the theranostic approach. This brief review considers five radionuclides of copper. These are Cu-60, Cu-61, Cu-62, Cu-64, and Cu-67. The first four are positron emitters for imaging, and the last one Cu-67 is a β--emitting radionuclide suitable for targeted therapy. The emphasis here is on theory-aided evaluation of available experimental data with a view to establishing standardised cross-section database for production of the relevant radionuclide in high purity. Evaluated cross section data of the positron emitters have been already extensively reported; so here they are only briefly reviewed. More attention is given to the data of the 68Zn(p,2p)67Cu intermediate energy reaction which is rather commonly used for production of 67Cu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazhar Hussain
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5: Nuklearchemie, Forschungszentrum Jülich (FZJ), Jülich, Germany
- Department of Physics, Government College University Lahore (GCUL), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Syed M. Qaim
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5: Nuklearchemie, Forschungszentrum Jülich (FZJ), Jülich, Germany
| | - Ingo Spahn
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5: Nuklearchemie, Forschungszentrum Jülich (FZJ), Jülich, Germany
| | - M. Naveed Aslam
- Department of Physics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Bernd Neumaier
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5: Nuklearchemie, Forschungszentrum Jülich (FZJ), Jülich, Germany
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Preparation and quality control of a new porphyrin complex labeled with 45Ti for PET imaging. Appl Radiat Isot 2023; 193:110650. [PMID: 36646031 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.110650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to produce and quality control of a new porphyrin complex labeled with 45Ti for PET imaging, so at the first step, the cross-section of 45Sc(p,n)45Ti was investigated by TALYS-1.6 and the optimal target thickness and theoretical yield were calculated by SRIM code. The purified 45Ti was labeled with the anticancer agent of tetrakis (pentafluorophenyl) porphyrin (TFPP). The radiochemical purity and the percentage of labeling were evaluated by radiation layer chromatography then the division coefficient of [45Ti]-TFPP was calculated. The dual coincidence imaging system was used for imaging 1 and 2 h after injection [45Ti]-TFPP to rats. Immediately after imaging, the mean percent injected dose per gram and specific activity of different tissues including blood, heart, lungs, stomach, liver, bone, kidney, spleen, intestine, muscle, feces, and skin were measured. The yield of 45Ti production was measured 468 MBq/μAh and the labeling rate was observed more than 98%. The highest activity was observed in the liver (%ID/g = 2.27%, 1 h) and spleen (2.2%, 1 h), respectively, because of the high lipophilic of 45Ti-TFPP. SPECT images showed a significant uptake of radiopharmaceuticals in the abdomen. The labeling rate of 45Ti-TFPP was high and this compound has the potential for clinical application in different ways than PSMA, it can be joined with photodynamic therapy (Severin et al., 2015).
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A new targetry system for production of zirconium-89 radioisotope with Cyclone-30 cyclotron. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2023. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2022-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In this study, an efficient method for targetry and production of zirconium-89 radioisotope (89Zr) with Cyclone-30 cyclotron was developed. The preparation of a highly pure compressed yttrium oxide target material and design of a target made by copper for better heat transfer was performed. Electrodeposition of target with gold was done to prevent the entry of metallic impurities (copper, zinc and other trace metal elements). Nuclear reaction cross sections for optimization of production with new target and irradiation parameters of the target were evaluated. The prepared 89Zr in the form of [89Zr] Zr-oxalate had high radionuclidic purity (>99.9%) and a low chemical impurity concentration (<0.1 ppm for copper and zinc elements). The yield of 89Zr radioisotope production via the reaction of 89Y(p,n)89Zr was measured to be 77 ± 9.5 MBq/μAh (time of irradiation = 3, the current 20–30 µA). [89Zr] Zr-oxalate specific-activity was in the range 2.319641 × 104–3.479443 × 104 MBq/mmol of Oxalate.
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Zhang Y, Ding Y, Li N, Wang S, Zhou S, Li R, Yang H, Li W, Qu J. Noninvasive Imaging of Tumor PD-L1 Expression Using [ 99mTc]Tc-Labeled KN035 with SPECT/CT. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:690-700. [PMID: 36541699 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death protein-1/ligand-1 (PD-1/PD-L1) checkpoint blockade is a major breakthrough in cancer therapy, but identifying patients likely to benefit from this therapy remains challenging. Immunohistochemistry is not informative about PD-L1 expression heterogeneity because of the limitations of invasive tissue collection. Noninvasive SPECT imaging is an approach to patient selection and therapeutic monitoring by assessing the PD-L1 status throughout the whole body. Here, we radiolabeled a single-domain PD-L1 antibody with technetium-99m (99mTc) for immune-SPECT imaging to evaluate its feasibility of detecting PD-L1 expression. The radiochemical purity of [99mTc]Tc-HYNIC-KN035 was 99.40 ± 0.11% with a specific activity of 2.68 MBq/μg. [99mTc]Tc-HYNIC-KN035 displayed a high PD-L1 specificity both in vitro and in vivo and showed a high specific affinity for PD-L1 with an equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) of 31.04 nM. The binding of [99mTc]Tc-HYNIC-KN035 to H1975 cells (high expression of PD-L1) was much higher than to A549 cells (low expression of PD-L1). SPECT/CT imaging showed that H1975 tumors were visualized at 4 h post-injection and became clearer with time. However, mild tumor uptake was observed in A549 tumors and H1975 tumors of the blocking group at all time points. The uptake value of [99mTc]Tc-HYNIC-KN035 in H1975 tumors was increased continuously from 9.68 ± 0.91% ID/g at 4 h to 13.31 ± 2.23% ID/g at 24 h post-injection, which was higher than in A549 tumors with %ID/g of 4.59 ± 0.76 and 5.54 ± 0.28 at 4 and 24 h post-injection, respectively. These specific bindings were confirmed by blocking studies. [99mTc]Tc-HYNIC-KN035 can be synthesized easily and specifically targeted to PD-L1 in the tumor environment, allowing PD-L1 expression assessment noninvasively and dynamically with SPECT/CT imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Ying Ding
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou 450008, China.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China.,Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, The Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Sen Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Si Zhou
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Ruping Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Wenliang Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Jinrong Qu
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou 450008, China
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Abdelshafy MS, Ali BM, Elmageed KEA, Nafie HO, Hassan HE, Al-Abyad M. Study of activation cross sections of proton induced reactions on natBa and natCe near their threshold energy regions. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2022-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Activation cross-sections of the nuclear reactions natBa(p,x)135,132gLa, 135mBa and natCe(p,x)142,139,138mPr, 141,139,137mCe have been measured experimentally at the MGC-20 cyclotron, Cairo, Egypt, from their respective threshold energies up to about 14.7 MeV. Stacked foil irradiation technique and high-resolution gamma-ray spectroscopy were used. A comparison between the experimental and theoretical data derived from the nuclear model codes EMPIRE and TALYS (in the form of the TENDL library) was performed. The agreement in the low-energy region is fairly good. Integral yields of the produced radioisotopes were estimated from the present cross-section data and the results are discussed in terms of their production possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bahaa Mohamed Ali
- Experimental Nuclear Physics Department , Cyclotron Facility, Nuclear Research Centre, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority , Cairo 13759 , Egypt
| | | | - Hassan Omar Nafie
- Department of Physics , Faculty of Science, Benha University , Benha 13518 , Egypt
| | - H. Ebrahim Hassan
- Experimental Nuclear Physics Department , Cyclotron Facility, Nuclear Research Centre, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority , Cairo 13759 , Egypt
| | - Mogahed Al-Abyad
- Experimental Nuclear Physics Department , Cyclotron Facility, Nuclear Research Centre, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority , Cairo 13759 , Egypt
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Qaim SM, Spahn I, Scholten B, Spellerberg S, Neumaier B. The role of chemistry in accelerator-based production and separation of radionuclides as basis for radiolabelled compounds for medical applications. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2022-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Radiochemical separations used in large scale routine production of diagnostic and therapeutic radionuclides at a particle accelerator for patient care are briefly outlined. The role of chemistry at various stages of development of a production route of a novel radionuclide, namely nuclear data measurement, high-current targetry, chemical processing and quality control of the product, is discussed in detail. Special attention is paid to production of non-standard positron emitters (e.g. 44gSc, 64Cu, 68Ga, etc.) at a cyclotron and novel therapeutic radionuclides (e.g. 67Cu, 225Ac, etc.) at an accelerator. Some typical examples of radiochemical methods involved are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed M. Qaim
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin: INM-5 (Nuklearchemie), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , D-52425 Jülich , Germany
| | - Ingo Spahn
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin: INM-5 (Nuklearchemie), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , D-52425 Jülich , Germany
| | - Bernhard Scholten
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin: INM-5 (Nuklearchemie), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , D-52425 Jülich , Germany
| | - Stefan Spellerberg
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin: INM-5 (Nuklearchemie), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , D-52425 Jülich , Germany
| | - Bernd Neumaier
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin: INM-5 (Nuklearchemie), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , D-52425 Jülich , Germany
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An overview of nuclear data standardisation work for accelerator-based production of medical radionuclides in Pakistan. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2022-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The standardisation of nuclear reaction cross section data is an integral part of optimisation of production routes of medical radionuclides. The production cross sections are available for the reactor and cyclotron produced radionuclides to be used for diagnostics or therapeutic procedures. The types of nuclear data needed, and the sources of their availability are summarized. The method of standardisation of charged-particle data is briefly described. A historical overview of research work in Pakistan in this direction is given. Examples of a few medically important radionuclides, such as 64Cu, 86Y, 89Zr, 103Pd, 186Re, etc., whose data were standardised and evaluated are highlighted. Calculated thick target yields from the recommended data are given. Some new directions in the nuclear data research are outlined.
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Positron Emission Intensity in the Decay of 86gY for Use in Dosimetry Studies. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27030768. [PMID: 35164033 PMCID: PMC8839740 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The β+-emitting radionuclide 86gY (t1/2 = 14.7 h) forms a matched-pair with the β−-emitting therapeutic radionuclide 90Y (t1/2 = 2.7 d) for theranostic application in medicine. This approach demands a precise knowledge of the positron emission probability of the PET nuclide which was until recently rather uncertain for 86gY. In this work, an 86gY source of high radionuclidic purity was prepared and a direct measurement of the positron emission intensity per 100 decay of the parent (hereafter “positron emission intensity”) was performed using high-resolution HPGe detector γ-ray spectroscopy. The electron capture intensity was also determined as an additional check by measuring the Kα and Kβ X-rays of energies 14.1 and 15.8 keV, respectively, using a low energy HPGe detector. From those measurements, normalized values of 27.2 ± 2.0% for β+-emission and 72.8 ± 2.0% for EC were obtained. These results are in excellent agreement with values recently reported in the literature based on a detailed decay scheme study.
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Amjed N, Aslam MN, Hussain M, Qaim SM. Evaluation of nuclear reaction cross section data of proton and deuteron induced reactions on 75As, with particular emphasis on the production of 73Se. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2021-1018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
75Se (T1/2 = 120 d), 73gSe (T1/2 = 7.1 h) and 72Se (T1/2 = 8.4 d) are important radioisotopes of selenium, being used in tracer studies, PET investigations and as a generator parent, respectively. Cross section data for the formation of those radionuclides in proton and deuteron induced reactions on 75As were critically analyzed up to about 70 MeV. A well-developed evaluation methodology was applied to generate the statistically fitted cross sections, based on the critically analyzed literature experimental data and the theoretical cross section values of three nuclear model codes ALICE-IPPE, TAYLS 1.9, and EMPIRE 3.2. Using the fitted cross sections the integral yield of each radionuclide was calculated. For the estimation of impurities, the integral yield of each radionuclide was compared with the yields of the other two radionuclides over a given energy region, and therefrom the energy range was suggested for the high purity production of each of the radionuclides 75Se, 73Se and 72Se. For production of the very important non-standard positron emitter 73Se via the 75As(p,3n)73Se reaction, the optimum energy range was deduced to be E
p = 40 → 30 MeV, with a thick target yield of 1441 MBq/μAh and the 72,75Se impurity level of <0.1%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nouman Amjed
- Division of Science and Technology, Department of Physics , University of Education , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - M. Naveed Aslam
- Department of Physics , COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus , Lahore , 54000 , Pakistan
| | - Mazhar Hussain
- Department of Physics , Government College University Lahore , Lahore, 54000 , Pakistan
| | - Syed M. Qaim
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5: Nuklearchemie, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , D-52425 Jülich , Germany
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Amjed N, Wajid AM, Ahmad N, Ishaq M, Aslam MN, Hussain M, Qaim SM. Evaluation of nuclear reaction cross sections for optimization of production of the important non-standard positron emitting radionuclide 89Zr using proton and deuteron induced reactions on 89Y target. Appl Radiat Isot 2020; 165:109338. [PMID: 32795775 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2020.109338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
89Zr (T1/2 = 3.27 d) is an important β+-emitting radionuclide of zirconium used in immuno PET. The excitation functions of the 89Y(d,2n)89Zr and 89Y(p,n)89Zr reactions were analyzed to deduce the optimum conditions for the high purity production of 89Zr. The nuclear model codes ALICE-IPPE, EMPIRE 3.2 and TALYS 1.9 were used to check the consistency and reliability of the experimental data. A polynomial fit to the chosen data for each reaction gave the excitation function, which was then used for the integral yield calculation of the product. The amount of the major radioactive impurity 88Zr was precisely analyzed for both the proton and the deuteron induced reactions on the 89Y target.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Amjed
- Department of Physics, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - A M Wajid
- Department of Physics, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - N Ahmad
- Department of Physics, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - M Ishaq
- Applied Physics Division, National Centre for Physics, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - M N Aslam
- Department of Physics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - M Hussain
- Department of Physics, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - S M Qaim
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5: Nuklearchemie, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
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Coenen HH, Ermert J. Expanding PET-applications in life sciences with positron-emitters beyond fluorine-18. Nucl Med Biol 2020; 92:241-269. [PMID: 32900582 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Positron-emission-tomography (PET) has become an indispensable diagnostic tool in modern nuclear medicine. Its outstanding molecular imaging features allow repetitive studies on one individual and with high sensitivity, though no interference. Rather few positron-emitters with near favourable physical properties, i.e. carbon-11 and fluorine-18, furnished most studies in the beginning, preferably if covalently bound as isotopic label of small molecules. With the advancement of PET-devices the scope of in vivo research in life sciences and especially that of medical applications expanded, and other than "standard" PET-nuclides received increasing significance, like the radiometals copper-64 and gallium-68. Especially during the last decades, positron-emitters of other chemical elements have gotten into the focus of interest, concomitant with the technical advancements in imaging and radionuclide production. With known nuclear imaging properties and main production methods of emerging positron-emitters their usefulness for medical application is promising and even proven for several ones already. Unfortunate decay properties could be corrected for, and β+-emitters, especially with a longer half-life, provided new possibilities for application where slower processes are of importance. Further on, (bio)chemical features of positron-emitters of other elements, among there many metals, not only expanded the field of classical clinical investigations, but also opened up new fields of application. Appropriately labelled peptides, proteins and nanoparticles lend itself as newer probes for PET-imaging, e.g. in theragnostic or PET/MR hybrid imaging. Furthermore, the potential of non-destructive in-vivo imaging with positron-emission-tomography directs the view on further areas of life sciences. Thus, exploiting the excellent methodology for basic research on molecular biochemical functions and processes is increasingly encouraged as well in areas outside of health, such as plant and environmental sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz H Coenen
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5, Nuklearchemie, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Johannes Ermert
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5, Nuklearchemie, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany.
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The chemistry of labeling heterocycles with carbon-11 or fluorine-18 for biomedical imaging. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aihch.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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