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Gujar RB, Kanekar AS, Bhattacharyya A, Karthikeyan NS, Ravichandran C, Toleti SR, Egberink RJM, Huskens J, Verboom W, Mohapatra PK. Remarkable Improvement in Am 3+ and Cm 3+ Separation Using a Cooperative Counter Selectivity Strategy by a Combination of Branched Diglycolamides and Hydrophilic Polyaza-heterocycles. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:11649-11659. [PMID: 38861395 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Separation of Am3+ and Cm3+ is one of the most challenging problems in the back-end of the nuclear fuel cycle. In the present work, we exploited the cooperative effect of the opposite selectivity of hydrophobic branched DGA derivatives and hydrophobic N-donor heterocyclic ligands taken in two different phases to achieve improved separation behavior. A systematic study was performed using a series of DGA derivatives to understand the effect and the position of branching in the alkyl chains on the separation behavior of Am3+ and Cm3+. A separation factor (S.F.) value as high as 10 for Cm3+ over Am3+ was obtained in the case of TiBDGA (N,N,N',N'-tetra-iso-butyl diglycolamide) using SO3PhBTPhen ((phenanthroline-2,9-diyl)-1,2,4-triazine-5,5,6,6-tetrayltetrabenzenesulfonic acid) as the aqueous complexant, which is the highest reported value so far for the ligand-based separation of Am3+ and Cm3+ without involving any oxidation or reduction step. The high selectivity favoring Cm3+ ion extraction in the case of this DGA derivative is also explained with the help of computational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh B Gujar
- Radiochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Avinash S Kanekar
- Radiochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
| | | | | | | | - Subba Rao Toleti
- School of Arts and Sciences, Sai University, Chennai 603104, India
| | - Richard J M Egberink
- Molecular Nanofabrication Group, MESA+ Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jurriaan Huskens
- Molecular Nanofabrication Group, MESA+ Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Willem Verboom
- Molecular Nanofabrication Group, MESA+ Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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2
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Xu C, Liu T, Liu Q, Yang S, Li D, Tian G. Complexation of Am(III) and Eu(III) with DRAPA ( N, N-dialkyl-6-amide-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid). Dalton Trans 2023; 52:15669-15671. [PMID: 37667654 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02319b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
The similarity of the coordination chemistry of Am(III) and Eu(III) and two homologous tridentate ligands, N,N-di-2-ethylhexyl-6-amide-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid (DEHAPA, HL') in solvent extraction and N,N-dimethyl-6-amide-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid (DMAPA, HL) in aqueous solution and in the solid state, is revealed structurally and spectroscopically with complexes ML'3 (org), ML3 (aq) and ML3 (s), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Xu
- College of Nuclear Science and Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China.
| | - Tingting Liu
- College of Nuclear Science and Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China.
- Department of Radiochemistry, China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing 102413, China.
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Radiochemistry, China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing 102413, China.
| | - Suliang Yang
- Department of Radiochemistry, China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing 102413, China.
| | - Dingming Li
- Department of Radiochemistry, China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing 102413, China.
| | - Guoxin Tian
- College of Nuclear Science and Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China.
- Department of Radiochemistry, China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing 102413, China.
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3
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Wan YQ, Hao H, Yu L, Wang ZP, Mocilac P. Novel hydrophilic bistriazolyl-phenanthroline ligands with improved solubility and performance in An/Ln separations. RSC Adv 2023; 13:21982-21990. [PMID: 37483667 PMCID: PMC10358317 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra02707d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Two novel bistriazolyl-phenanthroline (BTrzPhen) ligands, bearing benzene-sulphonate (DS-BTrzPhen) and amino-acidic (DAA-BTrzPhen) hydrophilizing moieties were developed and found to be more soluble in aqueous acidic media with improved selectivity for Am(iii) over Eu(iii) in solvent extraction studies having SFEu/Am values reaching >300. The remarkable activities of both ligands suggest that BTrzPhen ligands are generally still worth exploring and improving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Qiang Wan
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University Lanzhou China +86 18719828130
| | - Huaixin Hao
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University Beijing China +86 18111567906
| | - Lu Yu
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University Lanzhou China +86 18719828130
| | - Zhi Peng Wang
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University Beijing China +86 18111567906
| | - Pavle Mocilac
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University Lanzhou China +86 18719828130
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4
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Zou Y, Lan JH, Yuan LY, Wang CZ, Wu QY, Chai ZF, Ren P, Shi WQ. Theoretical Insights into the Selectivity of Hydrophilic Sulfonated and Phosphorylated Ligands to Am(III) and Eu(III) Ions. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:4581-4589. [PMID: 36935646 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c04476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
The separation of lanthanides and actinides has attracted great attention in spent nuclear fuel reprocessing up to date. In addition, liquid-liquid extraction is a feasible and useful way to separate An(III) from Ln(III) based on their relative solubilities in two different immiscible liquids. The hydrophilic bipyridine- and phenanthroline-based nitrogen-chelating ligands show excellent performance in separation of Am(III) and Eu(III) as reported previously. To profoundly explore the separation mechanism, herein, we first of all designed four hydrophilic sulfonated and phosphorylated ligands L1, L2, L3, and L4 based on the bipyridine and phenanthroline backbones. In addition, we studied the structures of these ligands and their neutral complexes [ML(NO3)3] (M = Am, Eu) as well as the thermodynamic properties of complexing reactions through the scalar relativistic density functional theory. According to the changes of the Gibbs free energy for the back-extraction reactions, the phenanthroline-based ligands L2 and L4 have stronger complexing capacity for both Am(III) and Eu(III) ions while the phosphorylated ligand L3 with the bipyridine framework has the highest Am(III)/Eu(III) selectivity. In addition, the charge decomposition analysis revealed a higher degree of charge transfer from the ligand to Am(III), suggesting stronger donor-acceptor interactions in the Am(III) complexes. This study can provide theoretical insights into the separation of actinide(III)/lanthanide(III) using hydrophilic sulfonated and phosphorylated N-donor ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zou
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, China.,Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jian-Hui Lan
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Li-Yong Yuan
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Cong-Zhi Wang
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qun-Yan Wu
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhi-Fang Chai
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peng Ren
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, China
| | - Wei-Qun Shi
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Huang PW. Theoretical unraveling of the separation of trivalent Am and Eu ions by phosphine oxide ligands with different central heterocyclic moieties. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:7118-7126. [PMID: 35466979 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00509c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of nuclear spent fuels, especially the separation of minor actinides, is an imperative task for the healthy development of the nuclear industry. Up to now, it still remains a worldwide challenge to separate trivalent An3+ from Ln3+ because of their similar chemical properties. Therefore, investigating the mechanism behind the selective extraction of An3+ by theoretical methods is necessary. In this work, three phosphine oxide ligands with the same side structures but different bridging frameworks, Ph2PyPO, Ph2BipyPO and Ph2PhenPO, were investigated theoretically, and compared with each other using relativistic density functional theory. The results of QTAIM and MBO suggest that the Am-N bonds in the studied complexes have more covalent character than those in the Eu-N bonds, whereas the PDOS analysis indicates that more overlap exists between Am-5f and the Ph2PyPO's N-2p orbital than between Am-5f and Ph2BipyPO's N-2p, and Am-5f and Ph2PhenPO's N-2p orbital. However, the studied ligands all possess stronger affinities towards Am3+ than Eu3+, which partly results in the Am3+ selectivity towards Eu3+ in these three ligands. The calculated reaction free energy can reproduce the Am/Eu separation ability difference of three ligands well. This work offers some useful information for An/Ln separation of phosphine oxide ligands, and may help to design more efficient An3+/Ln3+ separation ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin-Wen Huang
- Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Hangzhou 310018, People's Republic of China.
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Ye ZR, Wu QY, Wang CZ, Lan JH, Chai ZF, Wang HQ, Shi WQ. Theoretical Insights into the Selective Separation of Am(III)/Eu(III) Using Hydrophilic Triazolyl-Based Ligands. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:6110-6119. [PMID: 35416038 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Designing ligands with efficient actinide (An(III))/lanthanide (Ln(III)) separation performance is still one of the key issues for the disposal of accumulated radioactive waste and the recovery of minor actinides. Recently, the hydrophilic ligands as promising extractants in the innovative Selective ActiNide Extraction (i-SANEX) process show excellent selectivity for Am(III) over Eu(III), such as hydroxylated-based ligands. In this work, we investigated the selective back-extraction toward Am(III) over Eu(III) with three hydrophilic hydroxylated triazolyl-based ligands (the skeleton of pyridine La, bipyridine Lb, and phenanthroline Lc) using scalar-relativistic density functional theory. The properties of three hydrophilic hydroxylated ligands and the coordination structures, bonding nature, and thermodynamic properties of the Am(III) and Eu(III) complexes with three ligands have been evaluated using multiple theoretical methods. The results of molecular orbitals (MOs), quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIMs), and natural bond orbital (NBO) reveal that Am-N bonds possess more covalent character compared to Eu-N bonds. The thermodynamic results indicate that the complexing ability of Lb and Lc with metal ions is almost the same, which is stronger than that of La. However, La has the best Am(III)/Eu(III) selectivity among three ligands, which is attributed to the largest difference in covalency between Am-Ntrzl and Eu-Ntrzl bonds in MLa(NO3)3. This work provides an in-depth understanding of the preferential selectivity of the hydrophilic hydroxylated ligands with An(III) over Ln(III) and also provides theoretical support for designing potential hydrophilic ligands with excellent separation performance of Am(III)/Eu(III).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Rong Ye
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China.,Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qun-Yan Wu
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Cong-Zhi Wang
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jian-Hui Lan
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhi-Fang Chai
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong-Qing Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Wei-Qun Shi
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Ye ZR, Wu QY, Wang CZ, Lan JH, Chai ZF, Wang HQ, Shi WQ. Theoretical Insights into the Separation of Am(III)/Eu(III) by Hydrophilic Sulfonated Ligands. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:16409-16419. [PMID: 34632757 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we focused on the separation of Am(III)/Eu(III) with four hydrophilic sulfonated ligands (L) based on the framework of phenanthroline and bipyridine through scalar relativistic density functional theory. We studied the electronic structures of [ML(NO3)3] (M = Am, Eu) complexes and the bonding nature between metal and ligands as well as evaluated the separation selectivity of Am(III)/Eu(III). The tetrasulfonated ligand L2 with a bipyridine framework has the strongest complexing ability for metal ions probably because of the better solubility and flexible skeleton. The disulfonated ligand L1 has the highest Am(III)/Eu(III) selectivity, which is attributed to the covalent difference between the Am-N and Eu-N bonds based on the quantum theory of atoms in the molecule analysis. Thermodynamic analysis shows that the four hydrophilic sulfonated ligands are more selective toward Am(III) over Eu(III). In addition, these hydrophilic sulfonated ligands show better complexing ability and Am(III)/Eu(III) selectivity compared to the corresponding hydrophobic nonsulfonated ones. This work provides theoretical support for the separation of Am(III)/Eu(III) using hydrophilic sulfonated ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Rong Ye
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Qun-Yan Wu
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Cong-Zhi Wang
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jian-Hui Lan
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhi-Fang Chai
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,Engineering Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Materials, Ningbo Institute of Industrial Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, China
| | - Hong-Qing Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Wei-Qun Shi
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Huang PW, Wang CZ, Wu QY, Lan JH, Chai ZF, Shi WQ. Enhancing the Am 3+/Cm 3+ separation ability by weakening the binding affinity of N donor atoms: a comparative theoretical study of N, O combined extractants. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:3559-3567. [PMID: 33605961 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt04266h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mutual separation of trivalent americium (Am3+) and curium (Cm3+) ions through liquid-liquid extraction is challenging due to the similarity in their chemical properties. Three N, O combined extractants 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid di(N-ethyl-4-fluoroanilide) (Et(pFPh)DPA), diphenyl(2-pyridyl)phosphine oxide (Ph2PyPO), and alkyldiamide amine with 2-ethylhexylalkyl chains (ADAAM(EH)) have been identified to exhibit selectivity for Am3+ over Cm3+. In this work, the structures, bonding nature, and thermodynamic behaviors of a series of representative Am- and Cm-complexes with these ligands have been systematically investigated using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Based on our calculations, the ONO angle formed by three donor atoms of the ligand in the Am-complex is slightly larger than that in its Cm-analogue. The studied ligands show their preference toward Am3+ by opening their "mouths" slightly wider. According to the Mayer bond order and the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) analyses, the interactions between the O donor atoms of these ligands and Am3+ and Cm3+ ions show some weak partial covalent character, and compared to the Am-O bond, there is relatively more covalency in the Cm-O bond in the corresponding complex. However, opposite results can be found in the Am-N and Cm-N bonding for the first two ligands. Particularly, for the better separation ligand ADAAM(EH), the Am-N and Cm-N interactions are extremely weak and no covalent character exists in the bonding. Nevertheless, the difference between the very weak Am-N and Cm-N interactions still leads to a better performance of ADAAM(EH). Based on the comparison of these ligands, we can find that weakening the binding ability of N atoms in the ligand may increase the difference between the Am-N and Cm-N interactions, thus enhancing the Am3+/Cm3+ separation ability of the ligand. Our study might provide new insights into understanding the selectivity of these three N, O combined ligands toward minor actinides and pave the way for designing efficient Am3+/Cm3+ extraction and separation ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin-Wen Huang
- Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cong-Zhi Wang
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Qun-Yan Wu
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Jian-Hui Lan
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhi-Fang Chai
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. and Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials, Ningbo Institute of Industrial Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei-Qun Shi
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Ren P, Huang PW, Yang XF, Zou Y, Tao WQ, Yang SL, Liu YH, Wu QY, Yuan LY, Chai ZF, Shi WQ. Hydrophilic Sulfonated 2,9-Diamide-1,10-phenanthroline Endowed with a Highly Effective Ligand for Separation of Americium(III) from Europium(III): Extraction, Spectroscopy, and Density Functional Theory Calculations. Inorg Chem 2020; 60:357-365. [PMID: 33319556 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The design and development of a water-soluble heterocyclic ligand are believed to be an alternative way for improving the separation efficiency of actinides from lanthanides. Herein, we designed and synthesized a novel hydrophilic multidentate ligand: disulfonated N,N'-diphenyl-2,9-diamide-1,10-phenanthroline (DS-Ph-DAPhen) with soft and hard donor atoms, as a masking agent in aqueous solutions for Am(III) separation. The combination of N,N,N',N'-tetraoctyldiglycolamide in kerosene and DS-Ph-DAPhen in aqueous phases could separate Am(III) from Eu(III) across a range of nitric acid concentrations with very high selectivity. The coordination behaviors of Eu(III) with DS-Ph-DAPhen in aqueous solutions were studied by UV-vis titration, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, and Fourier transform infrared spectra. The results indicated that Eu(III) ions could form both 1:1 and 1:2 complexes with the DS-Ph-DAPhen ligand in aqueous solution. Density functional theory calculation suggests that there are more covalent characters for Am-N bonds than that for Eu-N bonds in the complexes, which supports the better selectivity of the DS-Ph-DAPhen ligand toward Am(III) over Eu(III). This work demonstrates a feasible alternative approach to separating trivalent actinides from lanthanides with high selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, China.,Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pin-Wen Huang
- Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Xiao-Fan Yang
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,Department of Radiochemistry, China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE), Beijing 102413, China
| | - Yao Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, China
| | - Wu-Qing Tao
- Department of Radiochemistry, China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE), Beijing 102413, China
| | - Su-Liang Yang
- Department of Radiochemistry, China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE), Beijing 102413, China
| | - Yun-Hai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, China
| | - Qun-Yan Wu
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Li-Yong Yuan
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhi-Fang Chai
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,Engineer Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials, Ningbo Institute of Industrial Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, China
| | - Wei-Qun Shi
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,Engineer Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials, Ningbo Institute of Industrial Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, China
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