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Minotti D, Vergari L, Proto MR, Barbanti L, Garzoli S, Bugli F, Sanguinetti M, Sabatini L, Peduzzi A, Rosato R, Bellardi MG, Mattarelli P, De Luca D, Di Vito M. Il Silenzio: The First Renaissance Oil Painting on Canvas from the Uffizi Museum Restored with a Safe, Green Antimicrobial Emulsion Based on Citrus aurantium var. amara Hydrolate and Cinnamomum zeylanicum Essential Oil. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8020140. [PMID: 35205894 PMCID: PMC8874936 DOI: 10.3390/jof8020140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Preserving artworks from the attacks of biodeteriogens is a primary duty of humanity. Nowadays, restorers use chemicals potentially dangerous for both artworks and human health. The purpose of this work was to find a green and safe formulation based on natural substances with fungicidal activity to restore ancient oil paintings, particularly “Il Silenzio” (by Jacopo Zucchi) preserved at the Uffizi Museum in Florence, Italy. The study was divided into two phases. First phase (in vitro study): three essential oils (EOs) and four hydrolates (Hys) were analysed by GC-mass spectrometry and in vitro tested against six ATCC strains of molds. An emulsion based on the more active natural compounds was tested on aged and unaged canvases samples to evaluate both their fungicidal activity and the impact on chemical-physical parameters. Finally, an in vivo toxicity test performed on the Galleria mellonella model assessed the safety for health. Second phase (in situ application): the emulsion was sprayed on the back of the painting and left to act for 24 h. Biodeteriogens present on the “Il Silenzio” painting were microbiologically identified before and after the treatment. The emulsion formulated with C. zeylanicum EO and C. aurantium var. amara Hy showed the best antifungal activity both in vitro and in situ without altering the chemical-physical characteristics of paintings. Furthermore, no in vivo toxicity was shown. For the first time, a green antimicrobial emulsion based on Hy and EO, safe for operators, was used to decontaminate an artwork colonised by fungi before the restoration practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Minotti
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences (DiSPeA), University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza della Repubblica, 13, 61029 Urbino, Italy; (D.M.); (L.V.); (D.D.L.)
| | - Lara Vergari
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences (DiSPeA), University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza della Repubblica, 13, 61029 Urbino, Italy; (D.M.); (L.V.); (D.D.L.)
| | - Maria Rita Proto
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 42, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (M.R.P.); (L.B.); (M.G.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Lorenzo Barbanti
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 42, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (M.R.P.); (L.B.); (M.G.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Stefania Garzoli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Università di Roma Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00100 Rome, Italy;
| | - Francesca Bugli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy; (F.B.); (M.S.); (R.R.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Sanguinetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy; (F.B.); (M.S.); (R.R.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Luigia Sabatini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Sezione di Farmacologia e Igiene, Università Degli Studi di Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy;
| | - Alice Peduzzi
- Dipartimento di Biologia ambientale, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy;
| | - Roberto Rosato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy; (F.B.); (M.S.); (R.R.)
| | - Maria Grazia Bellardi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 42, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (M.R.P.); (L.B.); (M.G.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Paola Mattarelli
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 42, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (M.R.P.); (L.B.); (M.G.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Daphne De Luca
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences (DiSPeA), University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza della Repubblica, 13, 61029 Urbino, Italy; (D.M.); (L.V.); (D.D.L.)
| | - Maura Di Vito
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy; (F.B.); (M.S.); (R.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-30154964
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Drábková K, Krejčí J, Škrdlantová M, Ďurovič M, Bacílková B. Influence of Disinfectants on Natural Textile Fibres. RESTAURATOR-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR THE PRESERVATION OF LIBRARY AND ARCHIVAL MATERIAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/res-2021-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Textiles are frequently used in bookbinding or for attaching pendent seals and thus they are an integral part of archival and library items. Any part of these items can be contaminated by various microorganisms. Consequently, it is often necessary to include disinfection procedures in the initial stages of the conservation process. Primarily, the agents employed in conservation must not harm the treated material. This work was concerned with monitoring the effect of selected disinfectant agents (ethylene oxide, Septonex®, glutaraldehyde, Bacillol® AF, butanol vapours, Acticide® MV, silver nanoparticles, Chiroseptol®) on the properties and long-term stability of natural textile fibres (cotton and silk). The disinfected textiles were subjected to three kinds of artificial ageing (dry heat, moist heat, and light) and their properties were determined by means of the total colour difference, thread tensile strength and the limiting viscosity number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klára Drábková
- Department of Chemical Technology of Monument Conservation , University of Chemistry and Technology Prague , Praha , Czech Republic
| | - Jan Krejčí
- Department of Chemical Technology of Monument Conservation , University of Chemistry and Technology Prague , Praha , Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Škrdlantová
- Department of Chemical Technology of Monument Conservation , University of Chemistry and Technology Prague , Praha , Czech Republic
| | - Michal Ďurovič
- Department of Chemical Technology of Monument Conservation , University of Chemistry and Technology Prague , Praha , Czech Republic
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