1
|
Odierna GL, Kerwin SK, Harris LE, Shin GJE, Lavidis NA, Noakes PG, Millard SS. Dscam2 suppresses synaptic strength through a PI3K-dependent endosomal pathway. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:151621. [PMID: 32259198 PMCID: PMC7265308 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201909143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dscam2 is a cell surface protein required for neuronal development in Drosophila; it can promote neural wiring through homophilic recognition that leads to either adhesion or repulsion between neurites. Here, we report that Dscam2 also plays a post-developmental role in suppressing synaptic strength. This function is dependent on one of two distinct extracellular isoforms of the protein and is autonomous to motor neurons. We link the PI3K enhancer, Centaurin gamma 1A, to the Dscam2-dependent regulation of synaptic strength and show that changes in phosphoinositide levels correlate with changes in endosomal compartments that have previously been associated with synaptic strength. Using transmission electron microscopy, we find an increase in synaptic vesicles at Dscam2 mutant active zones, providing a rationale for the increase in synaptic strength. Our study provides the first evidence that Dscam2 can regulate synaptic physiology and highlights how diverse roles of alternative protein isoforms can contribute to unique aspects of brain development and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Lorenzo Odierna
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sarah K Kerwin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lucy E Harris
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Grace Ji-Eun Shin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Nickolas A Lavidis
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Peter G Noakes
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - S Sean Millard
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hao J, Kim Y, Mallavarapu T, Oh JH, Kang M. Interpretable deep neural network for cancer survival analysis by integrating genomic and clinical data. BMC Med Genomics 2019; 12:189. [PMID: 31865908 PMCID: PMC6927105 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-019-0624-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding the complex biological mechanisms of cancer patient survival using genomic and clinical data is vital, not only to develop new treatments for patients, but also to improve survival prediction. However, highly nonlinear and high-dimension, low-sample size (HDLSS) data cause computational challenges to applying conventional survival analysis. Results We propose a novel biologically interpretable pathway-based sparse deep neural network, named Cox-PASNet, which integrates high-dimensional gene expression data and clinical data on a simple neural network architecture for survival analysis. Cox-PASNet is biologically interpretable where nodes in the neural network correspond to biological genes and pathways, while capturing the nonlinear and hierarchical effects of biological pathways associated with cancer patient survival. We also propose a heuristic optimization solution to train Cox-PASNet with HDLSS data. Cox-PASNet was intensively evaluated by comparing the predictive performance of current state-of-the-art methods on glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma (OV) cancer. In the experiments, Cox-PASNet showed out-performance, compared to the benchmarking methods. Moreover, the neural network architecture of Cox-PASNet was biologically interpreted, and several significant prognostic factors of genes and biological pathways were identified. Conclusions Cox-PASNet models biological mechanisms in the neural network by incorporating biological pathway databases and sparse coding. The neural network of Cox-PASNet can identify nonlinear and hierarchical associations of genomic and clinical data to cancer patient survival. The open-source code of Cox-PASNet in PyTorch implemented for training, evaluation, and model interpretation is available at: https://github.com/DataX-JieHao/Cox-PASNet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Hao
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Youngsoon Kim
- Department of Computer Science, Kennesaw State University, Marietta, GA, USA
| | | | - Jung Hun Oh
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mingon Kang
- Department of Computer Science, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Marinowic DR, Majolo F, Zanirati GG, Plentz I, Neto EP, Palmini ALF, Machado DC, Da Costa JC. Analysis of genes involved in cell proliferation, adhesion, and control of apoptosis during embryonic neurogenesis in Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) from patients with Focal Cortical Dysplasia. Brain Res Bull 2019; 155:112-118. [PMID: 31816405 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is a malformation of cortical development which is strongly associated with drug-refractory epilepsy. Certain studies have demonstrated an increase in mTOR signaling in patients with FCD on the basis of observation of phosphorylated molecules. The aim of the present study was to verify the differences in genes involved in cell proliferation, adhesion, and control of apoptosis during embryonic neurogenesis in iPSCs derived from the Focal Cortical Dysplasia. Fibroblasts were obtained from the skin biopsies of patients with FCD (n = 2) and controls (n = 2). iPSCs were generated by exposing the fibroblasts to viral vectors that contained the Yamanaka factors (OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, and c-MYC genes) responsible for promoving cell reprogramation. The fibroblasts and iPSCs were tested during different phases of neurodifferentiation for migration capacity and expression of the genes involved in the PI3K pathway. Fibroblasts of patients with FCD migrated with greater intensity during the first two time points of analyses. iPSCs did not exhibit any difference in cell migration between the groups. Fibroblasts, brain tissue, and iPSCs of the patients with FCD exhibited a significant reduction in the relative expression values of 4EBP-1. During neurodevelopment, the iPSCs from patients with FCD exhibited a reduction in the expression of cIAP-1, cIAP-2, PI3K, β-Catenin and 4EBP-1 gene. We suggest that the differences observed in the migration potential of adult cells and in the gene expression related to the fundamental processes involved in normal brain development during the neurodifferentiation process might be associated with cortical alteration in the patients with FCD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rodrigo Marinowic
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Medicine and Health Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Majolo
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Medicine and Health Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gabriele Goulart Zanirati
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Medicine, Pediatrics and Child Health, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ismael Plentz
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Medicine, Pediatrics and Child Health, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Eliseu Paglioli Neto
- School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Epilepsy Surgery Program of São Lucas Hospital of Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - André Luís Fernandes Palmini
- School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Epilepsy Surgery Program of São Lucas Hospital of Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Denise Cantarelli Machado
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Medicine and Health Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jaderson Costa Da Costa
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Medicine and Health Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Medicine, Pediatrics and Child Health, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu Y, Wang M, Marcora EM, Zhang B, Goate AM. Promoter DNA hypermethylation - Implications for Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 2019; 711:134403. [PMID: 31351091 PMCID: PMC6759378 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recent methylome-wide association studies (MWAS) in humans have solidified the concept that aberrant DNA methylation is associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). We summarize these findings to improve the understanding of mechanisms governing DNA methylation pertinent to transcriptional regulation, with an emphasis of AD-associated promoter DNA hypermethylation, which establishes an epigenetic barrier for transcriptional activation. By considering brain cell type specific expression profiles that have been published only for non-demented individuals, we detail functional activities of selected neuron, microglia, and astrocyte-enriched genes (AGAP2, DUSP6 and GPR37L1, respectively), which are DNA hypermethylated at promoters in AD. We highlight future directions in MWAS including experimental confirmation, functional relevance to AD, cell type-specific temporal characterization, and mechanism investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiyuan Liu
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Minghui Wang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Mount Sinai Center for Transformative Disease Modeling, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Edoardo M Marcora
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Mount Sinai Center for Transformative Disease Modeling, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Alison M Goate
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jeong JW, Choi IW, Jo GH, Kim GY, Kim J, Suh H, Ryu CH, Kim WJ, Park KY, Choi YH. Anti-Inflammatory Effects of 3-(4'-Hydroxyl-3',5'-Dimethoxyphenyl)Propionic Acid, an Active Component of Korean Cabbage Kimchi, in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated BV2 Microglia. J Med Food 2015; 18:677-84. [PMID: 25919915 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2014.3275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the protective ability of 3-(4'-hydroxyl-3',5'-dimethoxyphenyl)propionic acid (HDMPPA), an active principle in Korean cabbage kimchi, against the production of proinflammatory mediators and cytokines, and the mechanisms involved in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV2 microglial cells. HDMPPA significantly suppressed the production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2, along with the expression of inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 in LPS-stimulated BV2 cells, at concentrations with no cytotoxicity. HDMPPA also attenuated the LPS-induced expression and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β. Furthermore, HDMPPA inhibited LPS-induced nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation, which was associated with the abrogation of IκB-α degradation and phosphorylation, and subsequent decreases in NF-κB p65 levels. Moreover, the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and Akt, a downstream molecule of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), in LPS-stimulated BV2 cells was suppressed markedly by HDMPPA. This effect was associated with a significant reduction in the formation of intracellular reactive oxygen species. The findings in this study suggest that HDMPPA may exert anti-inflammatory responses by suppressing LPS-induced expression of proinflammatory mediators and cytokines through blockage of NF-κB, MAPKs, and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways and oxidative stress in microglia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Woo Jeong
- 1Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Il-Whan Choi
- 2Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, Korea
| | - Guk-Heui Jo
- 1Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Gi-Young Kim
- 3Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - Jinwoo Kim
- 4Department of Chemistry, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Hongsuk Suh
- 4Department of Chemistry, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Chung-Ho Ryu
- 5Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Wun-Jae Kim
- 6Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Kun-Young Park
- 7Department of Food and Nutrition, Busan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- 1Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
The PIKE homolog Centaurin gamma regulates developmental timing in Drosophila. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97332. [PMID: 24845618 PMCID: PMC4028201 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositide-3-kinase enhancer (PIKE) proteins encoded by the PIKE/CENTG1 gene are members of the gamma subgroup of the Centaurin superfamily of small GTPases. They are characterized by their chimeric protein domain architecture consisting of a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, a GTPase-activating (GAP) domain, Ankyrin repeats as well as an intrinsic GTPase domain. In mammals, three PIKE isoforms with variations in protein structure and subcellular localization are encoded by the PIKE locus. PIKE inactivation in mice results in a broad range of defects, including neuronal cell death during brain development and misregulation of mammary gland development. PIKE -/- mutant mice are smaller, contain less white adipose tissue, and show insulin resistance due to misregulation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and insulin receptor/Akt signaling. here, we have studied the role of PIKE proteins in metabolic regulation in the fly. We show that the Drosophila PIKE homolog, ceng1A, encodes functional GTPases whose internal GAP domains catalyze their GTPase activity. To elucidate the biological function of ceng1A in flies, we introduced a deletion in the ceng1A gene by homologous recombination that removes all predicted functional PIKE domains. We found that homozygous ceng1A mutant animals survive to adulthood. In contrast to PIKE -/- mouse mutants, genetic ablation of Drosophila ceng1A does not result in growth defects or weight reduction. Although metabolic pathways such as insulin signaling, sensitivity towards starvation and mobilization of lipids under high fed conditions are not perturbed in ceng1A mutants, homozygous ceng1A mutants show a prolonged development in second instar larval stage, leading to a late onset of pupariation. In line with these results we found that expression of ecdysone inducible genes is reduced in ceng1A mutants. Together, we propose a novel role for Drosophila Ceng1A in regulating ecdysone signaling-dependent second to third instar larval transition.
Collapse
|
7
|
Segarra AC, Torres-Díaz YM, Silva RD, Puig-Ramos A, Menéndez-Delmestre R, Rivera-Bermúdez JG, Amadeo W, Agosto-Rivera JL. Estrogen receptors mediate estradiol's effect on sensitization and CPP to cocaine in female rats: role of contextual cues. Horm Behav 2014; 65:77-87. [PMID: 24355096 PMCID: PMC3963412 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical studies show that estradiol enhances sensitization to cocaine in females by mechanisms not fully understood. These studies consistently show that ovariectomized (OVX) rats exhibit little or no sensitization to cocaine compared to OVX rats administered estradiol. In this study we varied the dose of cocaine (10, 15, and 30mg/kg), the length of cocaine treatment (from 5 to 10days) and the context of cocaine injections to determine if these factors play a role on estradiol's effects on cocaine sensitization. Because OVX rats are hormonally compromised, they are not representative of the natural state of the animal, and thus the physiological context of these studies remains unclear. To address this issue, we blocked ERs in gonadally intact females by icv administration of the antiestrogen ICI-182,780. Varying the dose or length of exposure to cocaine does not alter estradiol's effect on cocaine sensitization. In contrast, a highly context-dependent sensitization protocol results in robust sensitization even in OVX rats. Interestingly, using this protocol, sensitization in OVX rats diminished with time, suggesting that estradiol is necessary for the maintenance of cocaine sensitization. Blocking brain ERs with ICI completely abolishes the development and expression of cocaine sensitization in gonadally intact female rats, even when tested in a highly context-dependent sensitization protocol. Given these findings, we propose that activation of brain ERs is required for the development and maintenance of sensitization and CPP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annabell C Segarra
- University of Puerto Rico, Physiology Department, Medical Sciences Campus, P.O. Box 365067, San Juan 00936-5067, Puerto Rico.
| | - Yvonne M Torres-Díaz
- University of Puerto Rico, Physiology Department, Medical Sciences Campus, P.O. Box 365067, San Juan 00936-5067, Puerto Rico
| | - Richard D Silva
- Biology Department, Rio Piedras Campus, P.O. Box 23360, San Juan 00931, Puerto Rico
| | - Anabel Puig-Ramos
- University of Puerto Rico, Physiology Department, Medical Sciences Campus, P.O. Box 365067, San Juan 00936-5067, Puerto Rico
| | - Raissa Menéndez-Delmestre
- University of Puerto Rico, Physiology Department, Medical Sciences Campus, P.O. Box 365067, San Juan 00936-5067, Puerto Rico
| | | | - Waldo Amadeo
- University of Puerto Rico, Physiology Department, Medical Sciences Campus, P.O. Box 365067, San Juan 00936-5067, Puerto Rico
| | - José L Agosto-Rivera
- Biology Department, Rio Piedras Campus, P.O. Box 23360, San Juan 00931, Puerto Rico
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
PI3 k/akt inhibition induces apoptosis through p38 activation in neurons. Pharmacol Res 2013; 70:116-25. [PMID: 23376356 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that the PI3K/AKT pathway is a pro-survival signalling system in neurons. Therefore, the inhibition of this pathway may be implicated in the degeneration of neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and other neurological disorders. Here we study the participation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway on apoptosis induced by PI3K/AKT inhibition in cultured cerebellar granule cells (CGCs). LY294002, a specific PI3K/AKT inhibitor, selectively activated the p38 MAPK kinase pathway and enhanced c-Jun phosphorylation, but did not activate JNK. The pharmacological inhibitors SB203580 (p38 inhibitor) and SP600125 (a JNK inhibitor) protected primary cultures of rat CGCs from LY294002-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, both compounds decreased the phosphorylation of c-Jun and lowered mRNA levels of the pro-apoptotic gene dp5, a direct target of c-Jun. Taken together, our data demonstrate that PI3K/AKT inhibition induces neuronal apoptosis, a process that is mediated by the activation of p38 MAPK/c-Jun/dp5.
Collapse
|