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Genzink MJ, Kidd JB, Swords WB, Yoon TP. Chiral Photocatalyst Structures in Asymmetric Photochemical Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:1654-1716. [PMID: 34606251 PMCID: PMC8792375 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric catalysis is a major theme of research in contemporary synthetic organic chemistry. The discovery of general strategies for highly enantioselective photochemical reactions, however, has been a relatively recent development, and the variety of photoreactions that can be conducted in a stereocontrolled manner is consequently somewhat limited. Asymmetric photocatalysis is complicated by the short lifetimes and high reactivities characteristic of photogenerated reactive intermediates; the design of catalyst architectures that can provide effective enantiodifferentiating environments for these intermediates while minimizing the participation of uncontrolled racemic background processes has proven to be a key challenge for progress in this field. This review provides a summary of the chiral catalyst structures that have been studied for solution-phase asymmetric photochemistry, including chiral organic sensitizers, inorganic chromophores, and soluble macromolecules. While some of these photocatalysts are derived from privileged catalyst structures that are effective for both ground-state and photochemical transformations, others are structural designs unique to photocatalysis and offer insight into the logic required for highly effective stereocontrolled photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Genzink
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jesse B Kidd
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Wesley B Swords
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Tehshik P Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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Kanagaraj K, Liang W, Rao M, Yao J, Wu W, Cheng G, Ji J, Wei X, Peng C, Yang C. pH-Controlled Chirality Inversion in Enantiodifferentiating Photocyclodimerization of 2-Antharacenecarboxylic Acid Mediated by γ-Cyclodextrin Derivatives. Org Lett 2020; 22:5273-5278. [PMID: 32418431 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Several γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CDx) derivatives were used as chiral hosts for the photocyclodimerization of 2-anthracenecarboxylic acid (AC). The effect of pH on photoreactivity and stereochemical outcome of photoproducts was investigated. Upon changing the solution pH, the stereochemical outcome of HH cyclodimer 3 was inverted from 25.2% to -64.4% and 41.2% to -76.2%, respectively, in the photocyclodimerization of AC mediated by bis-quinoline-modified γ-CDx 7 and its N-methylated derivative 8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuppusamy Kanagaraj
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, College of Chemistry, and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Wenting Liang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, College of Chemistry, and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.,Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Ming Rao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, College of Chemistry, and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Jiabin Yao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, College of Chemistry, and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Wanhua Wu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, College of Chemistry, and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Guo Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, College of Chemistry, and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Jiecheng Ji
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, College of Chemistry, and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xueqin Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Chao Peng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, College of Chemistry, and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Cheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, College of Chemistry, and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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Effects of Temperature and Host Concentration on the Supramolecular Enantiodifferentiating [4 + 4] Photodimerization of 2-Anthracenecarboxylate through Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Catalyzed by Pt-Modified Cyclodextrins. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24081502. [PMID: 30999573 PMCID: PMC6514921 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Visible-light-driven photocatalytic supramolecular enantiodifferentiating dimerization of 2-anthracenecarboxylic acid (AC) through triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA), mediated by the Schiff base Pt(II) complex (Pt-1, Pt-2, and Pt-3) was studied. The host concentration and the temperature effects on the stereoselectivity were comprehensively investigated. Increasing the concentration of sensitizers/hosts significantly enhanced the conversion of the photoreaction but led to reduced enantioselectivities of the chiral photodimers 2 and 3 when the photoreaction was triggered by a 532 nm laser, which was in contrast with the results obtained by direct irradiation of AC with a 365 nm light-emitting diode (LED) lamp, due to the aggregation of the sensitizer/host in water. The cyclization of AC through triplet-triplet annihilation displayed significant temperature dependency when Pt-3 was employed as the sensitizer/host. Increasing the temperature from 0 °C to 30 °C with 5% equiv. of Pt-3 led to a great increase of the ee of 2 from 2.1% to 31.6%. However, hardly any temperature dependency was observed when the photodimerization was mediated by other sensitizers and/or hosts, or the photoreaction was triggered directly with a 365 nm LED lamp.
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Rao M, Kanagaraj K, Fan C, Ji J, Xiao C, Wei X, Wu W, Yang C. Photocatalytic Supramolecular Enantiodifferentiating Dimerization of 2-Anthracenecarboxylic Acid through Triplet–Triplet Annihilation. Org Lett 2018; 20:1680-1683. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b00520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Gui JC, Yan ZQ, Peng Y, Yi JG, Zhou DY, Su D, Zhong ZH, Gao GW, Wu WH, Yang C. Enhanced head-to-head photodimers in the photocyclodimerization of anthracenecarboxylic acid with a cationic pillar[6]arene. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2016.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Fukuhara G, Iida K, Kawanami Y, Tanaka H, Mori T, Inoue Y. Excited-State Dynamics Achieved Ultimate Stereocontrol of Photocyclodimerization of Anthracenecarboxylates on a Glucose Scaffold. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:15007-14. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b09775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaku Fukuhara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Iida
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuko Kawanami
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Tanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tadashi Mori
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Inoue
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
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