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Yao H, Liu M, Ma W, Yue H, Su Z, Song R, Ma Q, Li L, Wu Z, Ma Y, Chen G, Chen B, Yang J. Prevalence and pathology of Cephalopina titillator infestation in Camelus bactrianus from Xinjiang, China. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:360. [PMID: 36171581 PMCID: PMC9520952 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03464-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In camels, nasopharyngeal myiasis is caused by the larvae of Cephalopina titillator, which parasitize the tissues of nasal and paranasal sinuses, pharynx, and larynx. C. titillator infestation adversely affects the health of camels and decreases milk and meat production and even death. However, the C. titillator infestation in Bactrian camels has not been widely studied. METHODS The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence and risk factors of C. titillator in Bactrian camels of northwestern Xinjiang. Suspected larvae recovered from infested camels were evaluated for C. titillator by microscopy and polymerase chain reaction. Nucleotide sequences of the partial mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COX1) and cytochrome b (CYTB) genes from the C. titillator of camels were aligned from the NCBI database. Furthermore, the gross and histopathological alterations associated with C. titillator infestation were evaluated via pathological examination. RESULTS Of 1263 camels examined 685 (54.2%) camels were infested with suspected C. titillator larvae. Different larval stages were topically detected in the nasal passages and pharynx of the camel heads. Microscopy analysis of the pharyngeal mucosa tissue revealed necrotic tissue debris and some inflammatory cells. Molecular detection of the larval COX1 and CYTB genes indicated that pathogen collected in Bactrian camels was C. titillator. The epidemiological study demonstrated that the prevalence rate of C.titillator infestation was significantly higher in camels of Bestierek Town Pasture (67.2%) and Karamagai Town Pasture (63.6%) compared to Kitagel Town Pasture (38.7%) and Qibal Town Pasture (35.8%) (P < 0.05). No significant difference was observed between the prevalence rates in male (52.6%) and female (54.6%) camels (P > 0.05). The prevalence was higher in warm (64.2%) than that in cold (48.4%) seasons (P < 0.001). The prevalence in camels with non-nomadic method (67.2%) was significantly higher than in animals with nomadic method (47.5%) (P < 0.001). The prevalence of C.titillator infestation was significantly higher in animals of aged 5-10 (60.1%) and aged > 10 (61.1%) years old compared to those of aged < 5 (31.7%) years old camels (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Our results confirm that there is a high prevalence of C. titillator in Bactrian camels from Xinjiang, closely related to age, season, pasture environment, and husbandry methods. Developing prevention, diagnosis, and control programs to prevent transmission is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaibing Yao
- College of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Mengli Liu
- College of Health Management, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Wanpeng Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Haitao Yue
- College of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zhanqiang Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Ruiqi Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Qiang Ma
- College of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Ling Li
- College of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zhuangyuan Wu
- Bureau of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Altai, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yingjun Ma
- Bactrian Camel Academe of Xinjiang, Xinjiang Wangyuan Camel Milk Limited Company, Altai, Xinjiang, China
| | - Gangliang Chen
- Bactrian Camel Academe of Xinjiang, Xinjiang Wangyuan Camel Milk Limited Company, Altai, Xinjiang, China
| | - Baojiang Chen
- Bactrian Camel Academe of Xinjiang, Xinjiang Wangyuan Camel Milk Limited Company, Altai, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jie Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China. .,Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.
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