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Vyas VK, Parikh P, Ramani J, Ghate M. Medicinal Chemistry of Potassium Channel Modulators: An Update of Recent Progress (2011-2017). Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:2062-2084. [PMID: 29714134 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180430152023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Potassium (K+) channels participate in many physiological processes, cardiac function, cell proliferation, neuronal signaling, muscle contractility, immune function, hormone secretion, osmotic pressure, changes in gene expression, and are involved in critical biological functions, and in a variety of diseases. Potassium channels represent a large family of tetrameric membrane proteins. Potassium channels activation reduces excitability, whereas channel inhibition increases excitability. OBJECTIVE Small molecule K+ channel activators and inhibitors interact with voltage-gated, inward rectifying, and two-pore tandem potassium channels. Due to their involvement in biological functions, and in a variety of diseases, small molecules as potassium channel modulators have received great scientific attention. METHODS In this review, we have compiled the literature, patents and patent applications (2011 to 2017) related to different chemical classes of potassium channel openers and blockers as therapeutic agents for the treatment of various diseases. Many different chemical classes of selective small molecule have emerged as potassium channel modulators over the past years. CONCLUSION This review discussed the current understanding of medicinal chemistry research in the field of potassium channel modulators to update the key advances in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek K Vyas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 382 481 Gujarat, India
| | - Palak Parikh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 382 481 Gujarat, India
| | - Jonali Ramani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 382 481 Gujarat, India
| | - Manjunath Ghate
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 382 481 Gujarat, India
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Bagal SK, Brown AD, Cox PJ, Omoto K, Owen RM, Pryde DC, Sidders B, Skerratt SE, Stevens EB, Storer RI, Swain NA. Ion Channels as Therapeutic Targets: A Drug Discovery Perspective. J Med Chem 2012; 56:593-624. [DOI: 10.1021/jm3011433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharan K. Bagal
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Neusentis, The Portway Building, Granta Park,
Great Abington, Cambridge, CB21 6GS, U.K
| | - Alan D. Brown
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Neusentis, The Portway Building, Granta Park,
Great Abington, Cambridge, CB21 6GS, U.K
| | - Peter J. Cox
- Pfizer Neusentis, The
Portway Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, CB21
6GS, U.K
| | - Kiyoyuki Omoto
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Neusentis, The Portway Building, Granta Park,
Great Abington, Cambridge, CB21 6GS, U.K
| | - Robert M. Owen
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Neusentis, The Portway Building, Granta Park,
Great Abington, Cambridge, CB21 6GS, U.K
| | - David C. Pryde
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Neusentis, The Portway Building, Granta Park,
Great Abington, Cambridge, CB21 6GS, U.K
| | - Benjamin Sidders
- Pfizer Neusentis, The
Portway Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, CB21
6GS, U.K
| | - Sarah E. Skerratt
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Neusentis, The Portway Building, Granta Park,
Great Abington, Cambridge, CB21 6GS, U.K
| | - Edward B. Stevens
- Pfizer Neusentis, The
Portway Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, CB21
6GS, U.K
| | - R. Ian Storer
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Neusentis, The Portway Building, Granta Park,
Great Abington, Cambridge, CB21 6GS, U.K
| | - Nigel A. Swain
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Neusentis, The Portway Building, Granta Park,
Great Abington, Cambridge, CB21 6GS, U.K
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Cazzola M, Page CP, Calzetta L, Matera MG. Pharmacology and therapeutics of bronchodilators. Pharmacol Rev 2012; 64:450-504. [PMID: 22611179 DOI: 10.1124/pr.111.004580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchodilators are central in the treatment of of airways disorders. They are the mainstay of the current management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and are critical in the symptomatic management of asthma, although controversies around the use of these drugs remain. Bronchodilators work through their direct relaxation effect on airway smooth muscle cells. at present, three major classes of bronchodilators, β(2)-adrenoceptor (AR) agonists, muscarinic receptor antagonists, and xanthines are available and can be used individually or in combination. The use of the inhaled route is currently preferred to minimize systemic effects. Fast- and short-acting agents are best used for rescue of symptoms, whereas long-acting agents are best used for maintenance therapy. It has proven difficult to discover novel classes of bronchodilator drugs, although potential new targets are emerging. Consequently, the logical approach has been to improve the existing bronchodilators, although several novel broncholytic classes are under development. An important step in simplifying asthma and COPD management and improving adherence with prescribed therapy is to reduce the dose frequency to the minimum necessary to maintain disease control. Therefore, the incorporation of once-daily dose administration is an important strategy to improve adherence. Several once-daily β(2)-AR agonists or ultra-long-acting β(2)-AR-agonists (LABAs), such as indacaterol, olodaterol, and vilanterol, are already in the market or under development for the treatment of COPD and asthma, but current recommendations suggest the use of LABAs only in combination with an inhaled corticosteroid. In addition, some new potentially long-acting antimuscarinic agents, such as glycopyrronium bromide (NVA-237), aclidinium bromide, and umeclidinium bromide (GSK573719), are under development, as well as combinations of several classes of long-acting bronchodilator drugs, in an attempt to simplify treatment regimens as much as possible. This review will describe the pharmacology and therapeutics of old, new, and emerging classes of bronchodilator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Cazzola
- Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Roma, Italy.
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