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Li L, Huang F, Zhang YH, Cai YD. Identifying allergic-rhinitis-associated genes with random-walk-based method in PPI network. Comput Biol Med 2024; 175:108495. [PMID: 38697003 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.108495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Allergic rhinitis is a common allergic disease with a complex pathogenesis and many unresolved issues. Studies have shown that the incidence of allergic rhinitis is closely related to genetic factors, and research on the related genes could help further understand its pathogenesis and develop new treatment methods. In this study, 446 allergic rhinitis-related genes were obtained on the basis of the DisGeNET database. The protein-protein interaction network was searched using the random-walk-with-restart algorithm with these 446 genes as seed nodes to assess the linkages between other genes and allergic rhinitis. Then, this result was further examined by three screening tests, including permutation, interaction, and enrichment tests, which aimed to pick up genes that have strong and special associations with allergic rhinitis. 52 novel genes were finally obtained. The functional enrichment test confirmed their relationships to the biological processes and pathways related to allergic rhinitis. Furthermore, some genes were extensively analyzed to uncover their special or latent associations to allergic rhinitis, including IRAK2 and MAPK, which are involved in the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis and the inhibition of allergic inflammation via the p38-MAPK pathway, respectively. The new found genes may help the following investigations for understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms of allergic rhinitis and developing effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head&neck, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, China; Department of Otolaryngology and Head&neck, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, China.
| | - FeiMing Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
| | - Yu-Hang Zhang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Yu-Dong Cai
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
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2
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Jiang B, Weinstock DM, Donovan KA, Sun HW, Wolfe A, Amaka S, Donaldson NL, Wu G, Jiang Y, Wilcox RA, Fischer ES, Gray NS, Wu W. ITK degradation to block T cell receptor signaling and overcome therapeutic resistance in T cell lymphomas. Cell Chem Biol 2023; 30:383-393.e6. [PMID: 37015223 PMCID: PMC10151063 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-2-inducible T cell kinase (ITK) is essential for T cell receptor (TCR) signaling and plays an integral role in T cell proliferation and differentiation. Unlike the ITK homolog BTK, no inhibitors of ITK are currently US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved. In addition, recent studies have identified mutations within BTK that confer resistance to both covalent and non-covalent inhibitors. Here, as an alternative strategy, we report the development of BSJ-05-037, a potent and selective heterobifunctional degrader of ITK. BSJ-05-037 displayed enhanced anti-proliferative effects relative to its parent inhibitor BMS-509744, blocked the activation of NF-kB/GATA-3 signaling, and increased the sensitivity of T cell lymphoma cells to cytotoxic chemotherapy both in vitro and in vivo. In summary, targeted degradation of ITK is a novel approach to modulate TCR signal strength that could have broad application for the investigation and treatment of T cell-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baishan Jiang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center of Immunology and Metabolism, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - David M Weinstock
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Katherine A Donovan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hong-Wei Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Jinan University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Ashley Wolfe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sam Amaka
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Nicholas L Donaldson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Gongwei Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yuan Jiang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center of Immunology and Metabolism, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ryan A Wilcox
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Eric S Fischer
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nathanael S Gray
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, ChEM-H, Stanford Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Wenchao Wu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
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August A. Degrading the signal amplifier: ITK as a target for targeted protein degradation. Cell Chem Biol 2023; 30:337-339. [PMID: 37084715 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
In this issue of Cell Chemical Biology, Jiang and colleagues show for the first time that the Tec kinase ITK can be targeted using PROTAC approaches. This new modality has implications for the treatment of T cell lymphomas, but also potentially for the treatment of T cell-mediated inflammatory diseases, that depend on ITK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avery August
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Cornell Center for Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Defense, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Cornell Center for Health Equity, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Li L, Huang H, Zhu M, Wu J. Identification of Hub Genes and Pathways of Triple Negative Breast Cancer by Expression Profiles Analysis. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:2095-2104. [PMID: 33688252 PMCID: PMC7935333 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s295951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an intrinsic subtype of breast cancer with a poor prognosis, characterized by a lack of ER and PR expression and the absence of HER2 amplification. The aim of this study is to characterize hub genes (key genes in the molecular interaction network) expression in TNBC, which may serve as prognostic predictors for TNBC treatment. Methods Four transcriptome microarray datasets GSE27447, GSE39004, GSE43358 and GSE45827 were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, and R package limma and RobustRankAggreg were employed to identify common differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were conducted by DAVID and KOBAS database. Thereafter, protein–protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed according to STRING online database. Functional modules and hub genes were screened by MCODE and cytohubba plug-ins, and the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) survival analysis and qRT-PCR were utilized to validate the expression of these hub genes on TNBC. Results A total of 134 DEGs were identified by differential expression analysis, consisting of 88 up- and 46 down-regulated genes. GO and KEGG analyses showed that the terms and pathways enriched were mainly associated with cell adhesion, tumorigenesis and cellular immunity. From the PPI network, we identified six hub genes, including CD3D, CD3E, CD3G, FYN, GRAP2 and ITK. Survival analysis and the qRT-PCR results confirmed the robustness of the identified hub genes. Conclusion This study provides a new insight into the understanding of the molecular mechanisms associated with TNBC and suggested that the hub genes may serve as prognostic predictors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqi Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hu Huang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingjie Zhu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Junqiang Wu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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Lechner KS, Neurath MF, Weigmann B. Role of the IL-2 inducible tyrosine kinase ITK and its inhibitors in disease pathogenesis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2020; 98:1385-1395. [PMID: 32808093 PMCID: PMC7524833 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-01958-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
ITK (IL-2-inducible tyrosine kinase) belongs to the Tec family kinases and is mainly expressed in T cells. It is involved in TCR signalling events driving processes like T cell development as well as Th2, Th9 and Th17 responses thereby controlling the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Studies have shown that ITK is involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases as well as in carcinogenesis. The loss of ITK or its activity either by mutation or by the use of inhibitors led to a beneficial outcome in experimental models of asthma, inflammatory bowel disease and multiple sclerosis among others. In humans, biallelic mutations in the ITK gene locus result in a monogenetic disorder leading to T cell dysfunction; in consequence, mainly EBV infections can lead to severe immune dysregulation evident by lymphoproliferation, lymphoma and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Furthermore, patients who suffer from angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma have been found to express significantly more ITK. These findings put ITK in the strong focus as a target for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina S Lechner
- Department of Medicine 1, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Hartmannstr.14, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus F Neurath
- Department of Medicine 1, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Hartmannstr.14, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Ulmenweg 18, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
- Ludwig Demling Endoscopy Center of Excellence, Ulmenweg 18, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Benno Weigmann
- Department of Medicine 1, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Hartmannstr.14, 91052, Erlangen, Germany.
- Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, Medical Clinic 1, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91052, Erlangen, Germany.
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Bryan MC, Rajapaksa NS. Kinase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Immunological Disorders: Recent Advances. J Med Chem 2018; 61:9030-9058. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marian C. Bryan
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Naomi S. Rajapaksa
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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7
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Carson CC, Moschos SJ, Edmiston SN, Darr DB, Nikolaishvili-Feinberg N, Groben PA, Zhou X, Kuan PF, Pandey S, Chan KT, Jordan JL, Hao H, Frank JS, Hopkinson DA, Gibbs DC, Alldredge VD, Parrish E, Hanna SC, Berkowitz P, Rubenstein DS, Miller CR, Bear JE, Ollila DW, Sharpless NE, Conway K, Thomas NE. IL2 Inducible T-cell Kinase, a Novel Therapeutic Target in Melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 21:2167-76. [PMID: 25934889 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-1826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE IL2 inducible T-cell kinase (ITK) promoter CpG sites are hypomethylated in melanomas compared with nevi. The expression of ITK in melanomas, however, has not been established and requires elucidation. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN An ITK-specific monoclonal antibody was used to probe sections from deidentified, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor blocks or cell line arrays and ITK was visualized by IHC. Levels of ITK protein differed among melanoma cell lines and representative lines were transduced with four different lentiviral constructs that each contained an shRNA designed to knockdown ITK mRNA levels. The effects of the selective ITK inhibitor BI 10N on cell lines and mouse models were also determined. RESULTS ITK protein expression increased with nevus to metastatic melanoma progression. In melanoma cell lines, genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of ITK decreased proliferation and migration and increased the percentage of cells in the G0-G1 phase. Treatment of melanoma-bearing mice with BI 10N reduced growth of ITK-expressing xenografts or established autochthonous (Tyr-Cre/Pten(null)/Braf(V600E)) melanomas. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that ITK, formerly considered an immune cell-specific protein, is aberrantly expressed in melanoma and promotes tumor development and progression. Our finding that ITK is aberrantly expressed in most metastatic melanomas suggests that inhibitors of ITK may be efficacious for melanoma treatment. The efficacy of a small-molecule ITK inhibitor in the Tyr-Cre/Pten(null)/Braf(V600E) mouse melanoma model supports this possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig C Carson
- Department of Dermatology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Stergios J Moschos
- Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Sharon N Edmiston
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - David B Darr
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | | | - Pamela A Groben
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Pei Fen Kuan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Department of Biostatistics, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Shaily Pandey
- Department of Dermatology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Keefe T Chan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jamie L Jordan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Honglin Hao
- Department of Dermatology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jill S Frank
- Department of Surgery, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Dennis A Hopkinson
- Department of Dermatology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - David C Gibbs
- Department of Dermatology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Virginia D Alldredge
- Department of Dermatology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Eloise Parrish
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Sara C Hanna
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Paula Berkowitz
- Department of Dermatology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - David S Rubenstein
- Department of Dermatology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - C Ryan Miller
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Department of Neurology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Neuroscience Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - James E Bear
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - David W Ollila
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Department of Surgery, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Norman E Sharpless
- Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kathleen Conway
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Department of Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Nancy E Thomas
- Department of Dermatology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
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Hojjat-Farsangi M. Targeting non-receptor tyrosine kinases using small molecule inhibitors: an overview of recent advances. J Drug Target 2015. [DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2015.1068319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hojjat-Farsangi
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Immune and Gene Therapy Lab, Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska University Hospital Solna and Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden and
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
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Norman P. Inducible tyrosine kinase inhibitors: a review of the patent literature (2010 - 2013). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2014; 24:979-91. [PMID: 24990480 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2014.936381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The non-receptor tyrosine kinase, inducible tyrosine kinase (Itk), plays an important role in thymus(T)-cell signalling and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Itk, and the other Tec family members, Rlk and Tec, are viewed as attractive drug targets for new agents for the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Interest in Itk inhibitors is still modest compared to other kinases such as the Janus kinase (JAK) family or Syk. AREAS COVERED This article reviews the patent filings published from January 2010 to April 2014 that claim Itk inhibitors. It first considers those applications that claim selective, or apparently selective, Itk inhibitors. It then considers those applications that claim less-selective Itk inhibitors. The recent interest in irreversible Itk inhibitors is also discussed. EXPERT OPINION There is a difference of opinion as to the preferred utility for Itk inhibitors. Progress has been made in designing selective Itk inhibitors but little clinical progress. Until clinical data are available, it remains difficult to assess how well Itk inhibitors compare with JAK inhibitors as potential treatments for rheumatoid arthritis. However, animal data suggest that irreversible Itk inhibitors could be useful in treating asthma, whereas dual Itk inhibitors may have more utility in treating rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Norman
- Norman Consulting , 18 Pink Lane, Burnham, Bucks, SL1 8JW , UK
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10
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Abdel-Magid AF. Treatment of Immunological or Inflammatory Disorders with ITK Kinase Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:456-7. [PMID: 24900859 DOI: 10.1021/ml5000838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Alder CM, Ambler M, Campbell AJ, Champigny AC, Deakin AM, Harling JD, Harris CA, Longstaff T, Lynn S, Maxwell AC, Mooney CJ, Scullion C, Singh OMP, Smith IED, Somers DO, Tame CJ, Wayne G, Wilson C, Woolven JM. Identification of a Novel and Selective Series of Itk Inhibitors via a Template-Hopping Strategy. ACS Med Chem Lett 2013; 4:948-52. [PMID: 24900590 DOI: 10.1021/ml400206q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of Itk potentially constitutes a novel, nonsteroidal treatment for asthma and other T-cell mediated diseases. In-house kinase cross-screening resulted in the identification of an aminopyrazole-based series of Itk inhibitors. Initial work on this series highlighted selectivity issues with several other kinases, particularly AurA and AurB. A template-hopping strategy was used to identify a series of aminobenzothiazole Itk inhibitors, which utilized an inherently more selective hinge binding motif. Crystallography and modeling were used to rationalize the observed selectivity. Initial exploration of the SAR around this series identified potent Itk inhibitors in both enzyme and cellular assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M. Alder
- Respiratory Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels
Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Martin Ambler
- Respiratory Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels
Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Amanda J. Campbell
- Respiratory Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels
Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Aurelie C. Champigny
- Respiratory Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels
Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Angela M. Deakin
- Respiratory Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels
Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - John D. Harling
- Respiratory Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels
Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Carol A. Harris
- Respiratory Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels
Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Tim Longstaff
- Respiratory Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels
Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Sean Lynn
- Respiratory Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels
Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Aoife C. Maxwell
- Respiratory Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels
Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Chris J. Mooney
- Respiratory Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels
Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Callum Scullion
- Respiratory Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels
Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Onkar M. P. Singh
- Respiratory Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels
Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Ian E. D. Smith
- Respiratory Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels
Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Donald O. Somers
- Respiratory Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels
Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Christopher J. Tame
- Respiratory Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels
Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Gareth Wayne
- Respiratory Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels
Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Caroline Wilson
- Respiratory Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels
Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - James M. Woolven
- Respiratory Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels
Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, U.K
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Ibrutinib is an irreversible molecular inhibitor of ITK driving a Th1-selective pressure in T lymphocytes. Blood 2013; 122:2539-49. [PMID: 23886836 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-06-507947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 601] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Given its critical role in T-cell signaling, interleukin-2-inducible kinase (ITK) is an appealing therapeutic target that can contribute to the pathogenesis of certain infectious, autoimmune, and neoplastic diseases. Ablation of ITK subverts Th2 immunity, thereby potentiating Th1-based immune responses. While small-molecule ITK inhibitors have been identified, none have demonstrated clinical utility. Ibrutinib is a confirmed irreversible inhibitor of Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) with outstanding clinical activity and tolerability in B-cell malignancies. Significant homology between BTK and ITK alongside in silico docking studies support ibrutinib as an immunomodulatory inhibitor of both ITK and BTK. Our comprehensive molecular and phenotypic analysis confirms ITK as an irreversible T-cell target of ibrutinib. Using ibrutinib clinical trial samples along with well-characterized neoplastic (chronic lymphocytic leukemia), parasitic infection (Leishmania major), and infectious disease (Listeria monocytogenes) models, we establish ibrutinib as a clinically relevant and physiologically potent ITK inhibitor with broad therapeutic utility. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT01105247 and #NCT01217749.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Damien Charrier
- Chemistry Department at Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd, 86-88 Jubilee Avenue, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RW, UK
| | - Ronald MA Knegtel
- Chemistry Department at Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd, 86-88 Jubilee Avenue, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RW, UK
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14
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Meganathan C, Sakkiah S, Lee Y, Narayanan JV, Lee KW. Discovery of potent inhibitors for interleukin-2-inducible T-cell kinase: structure-based virtual screening and molecular dynamics simulation approaches. J Mol Model 2012; 19:715-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-012-1536-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Kannan A, Huang W, Huang F, August A. Signal transduction via the T cell antigen receptor in naïve and effector/memory T cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 44:2129-34. [PMID: 22981631 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
T cells play an indispensable role in immune defense against infectious agents, but can also be pathogenic. These T cells develop in the thymus, are exported into the periphery as naïve cells and participate in immune responses. Upon recognition of antigen, they are activated and differentiate into effector and memory T cells. While effector T cells carry out the function of the immune response, memory T cells can last up to the life time of the individual, and are activated by subsequent antigenic exposure. Throughout this life cycle, the T cell uses the same receptor for antigen, the T cell Receptor, a complex multi-subunit receptor. Recognition of antigen presented by peptide/MHC complexes on antigen presenting cells unleashes signaling pathways that control T cell activation at each stage. In this review, we discuss the signals regulated by the T cell receptor in naïve and effector/memory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Kannan
- The Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Qi Q, Huang W, Bai Y, Balmus G, Weiss RS, August A. A unique role for ITK in survival of invariant NKT cells associated with the p53-dependent pathway in mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:3611-9. [PMID: 22403441 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells play important roles in the immune response. ITK and TXK/RLK are Tec family kinases that are expressed in iNKT cells; the expression level of ITK is ∼7-fold higher than that of TXK. Itk(-/-) mice have reduced iNKT cell frequency and numbers, with defects in development and cytokine secretion that are exacerbated in Itk/Txk double-knockout mice. In contrast, there is no iNKT cell defect in Txk(-/-) mice. To determine whether ITK and TXK play distinct roles in iNKT cell development and function, we examined mice that overexpress TXK in T cells at levels similar to Itk. Overexpression of TXK rescues the maturation and cytokine secretion of Itk(-/-) iNKT cells, as well as altered expression of transcription factors T-bet, eomesodermin, and PLZF. In contrast, the increased apoptosis observed in Itk(-/-) splenic iNKT cells is not affected by TXK overexpression, likely due to the lack of effect on the elevated expression of p53 regulated proapoptotic pathways Fas, Bax, and Bad in those cells. Supporting this idea, p53(-/-) and Bax(-/-) mice have increased splenic iNKT cells. Our results suggest that TXK plays an overlapping role with ITK in iNKT cell development and function but that ITK also has a unique function in the survival of iNKT cells, likely via a p53-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Qi
- Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16801, USA
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17
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Qi Q, Kannan AK, August A. Structure and function of Tec family kinase Itk. Biomol Concepts 2011; 2:223-32. [PMID: 25962031 DOI: 10.1515/bmc.2011.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Itk is a member of the Tec family of kinases that is expressed predominantly in T cells. Itk regulates the T cell receptor signaling pathway to modulate T cell development and T helper cell differentiation, particularly Th2 differentiation. Itk is also important for the development and function of iNKT cells. In this review we discuss current progress on our understanding of the structure, activation and signaling pathway of Itk, in addition to inhibitors that have been developed, which target this kinase. We also place in context the function of Itk, available inhibitors and potential use in treating disease.
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18
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Hussain A, Yu L, Faryal R, Mohammad DK, Mohamed AJ, Smith CIE. TEC family kinases in health and disease--loss-of-function of BTK and ITK and the gain-of-function fusions ITK-SYK and BTK-SYK. FEBS J 2011; 278:2001-10. [PMID: 21518255 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08134.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The TEC family is ancient and constitutes the second largest family of cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases. In 1993, loss-of-function mutations in the BTK gene were reported as the cause of X-linked agammaglobulinemia. Of all the existing 90 tyrosine kinases in humans, Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) is the kinase for which most mutations have been identified. These experiments of nature collectively provide a form of mutation scanning with direct implications for the several hundred endogenous signaling proteins carrying domains also found in BTK. In 2009, an inactivating mutation in the ITK gene was shown to cause susceptibility to lethal Epstein-Barr virus infection. Both kinases represent interesting targets for inhibition: in the case of BTK, as an immunosuppressant, whereas there is evidence that the inhibition of inducible T-cell kinase (ITK) could influence the infectivity of HIV and also have anti-inflammatory activity. Since 2006, several patients carrying a fusion protein, originating from a translocation joining genes encoding the kinases ITK and spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK), have been shown to develop T-cell lymphoma. We review these disease processes and also describe the role of the N-terminal pleckstrin homology-Tec homology (PH-TH) domain doublet of BTK and ITK in the downstream intracellular signaling of such fusion proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alamdar Hussain
- Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge University Hospital, Sweden
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Charrier JD, Miller A, Kay DP, Brenchley G, Twin HC, Collier PN, Ramaya S, Keily SB, Durrant SJ, Knegtel RMA, Tanner AJ, Brown K, Curnock AP, Jimenez JM. Discovery and structure-activity relationship of 3-aminopyrid-2-ones as potent and selective interleukin-2 inducible T-cell kinase (Itk) inhibitors. J Med Chem 2011; 54:2341-50. [PMID: 21391610 DOI: 10.1021/jm101499u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-2 inducible T-cell kinase (Itk) plays a role in T-cell functions, and its inhibition potentially represents an attractive intervention point to treat autoimmune and allergic diseases. Herein we describe the discovery of a series of potent and selective novel inhibitors of Itk. These inhibitors were identified by structure-based design, starting from a fragment generated de novo, the 3-aminopyrid-2-one motif. Functionalization of the 3-amino group enabled rapid enhancement of the inhibitory activity against Itk, while introduction of a substituted heteroaromatic ring in position 5 of the pyridone fragment was key to achieving optimal selectivity over related kinases. A careful analysis of the hydration patterns in the kinase active site was necessary to fully explain the observed selectivity profile. The best molecule prepared in this optimization campaign, 7v, inhibits Itk with a K(i) of 7 nM and has a good selectivity profile across kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Damien Charrier
- Department of Chemistry, Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd., 88 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RY, UK.
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