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Boss C, Bolli MH, Gatfield J. From bosentan (Tracleer®) to macitentan (Opsumit®): The medicinal chemistry perspective. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:3381-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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2
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Easwaramoorthi K, Rajendran AJ, Rao KC, Arun Y, Balachandran C, Perumal PT, Emi N, Mahalingam SM, Duraipandiyan V, Al-Dhabi NA. Synthesis of novel 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazolo-bosentan derivatives – evaluation of antimicrobial and anticancer activities and molecular docking. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra18618h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
One pot synthesis with good yields. Good antimicrobial activity against 4EMV receptor. Prominent anticancer activity against A549 and SKOV-3 cell lines. Significantin vitrocytotoxicity at 7.81 μg mL−1. Docking mode of1hwith 2XP2 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Y. Arun
- Organic Chemistry Division
- CSIR-CLRI
- Chennai-600020
- India
| | - C. Balachandran
- Department of Hematology
- Fujita Health University
- Toyoake
- Japan
| | - P. T. Perumal
- Organic Chemistry Division
- CSIR-CLRI
- Chennai-600020
- India
| | - Nobuhiko Emi
- Department of Hematology
- Fujita Health University
- Toyoake
- Japan
| | - S. M. Mahalingam
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Department of Chemistry
- Purdue University
- USA
| | - V. Duraipandiyan
- Division of Ethnopharmacology
- Entomology Research Institute
- Loyola College
- Chennai-600034
- India
| | - N. A. Al-Dhabi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology
- Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies
- College of Science
- King Saudi University
- Riyadh-11451
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3
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Treiber A, Äänismaa P, de Kanter R, Delahaye S, Treher M, Hess P, Sidharta P. Macitentan does not interfere with hepatic bile salt transport. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 350:130-43. [PMID: 24769543 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.214106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension with the endothelin receptor antagonist bosentan has been associated with transient increases in liver transaminases. Mechanistically, bosentan inhibits the bile salt export pump (BSEP) leading to an intrahepatic accumulation of cytotoxic bile salts, which eventually results in hepatocellular damage. BSEP inhibition by bosentan is amplified by its accumulation in the liver as bosentan is a substrate of organic anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP) transport proteins. The novel endothelin receptor antagonist macitentan shows a superior liver safety profile. Introduction of the less acidic sulfamide moiety and increased lipophilicity yield a hepatic disposition profile different from other endothelin receptor antagonists. Passive diffusion rather than OATP-mediated uptake is the driving force for macitentan uptake into the liver. Interaction with the sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide and BSEP transport proteins involved in hepatic bile salt homeostasis is therefore limited due to the low intrahepatic drug concentrations. Evidence for this conclusion is provided by in vitro experiments in drug transporter-expressing cell lines, acute and long-term studies in rats and dogs, absence of plasma bile salt changes in healthy human volunteers after multiple dosing, and finally the liver safety profile of macitentan in the completed phase III morbidity/mortality SERAPHIN (Study with an Endothelin Receptor Antagonist in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension to Improve Clinical Outcome) trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Treiber
- Departments of Preclinical Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (A.T., P.A., R.d.K., S.D.), Toxicology (M.T.), Pharmacology (P.H.), and Clinical Pharmacology (P.S.), Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Päivi Äänismaa
- Departments of Preclinical Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (A.T., P.A., R.d.K., S.D.), Toxicology (M.T.), Pharmacology (P.H.), and Clinical Pharmacology (P.S.), Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Ruben de Kanter
- Departments of Preclinical Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (A.T., P.A., R.d.K., S.D.), Toxicology (M.T.), Pharmacology (P.H.), and Clinical Pharmacology (P.S.), Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Stephane Delahaye
- Departments of Preclinical Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (A.T., P.A., R.d.K., S.D.), Toxicology (M.T.), Pharmacology (P.H.), and Clinical Pharmacology (P.S.), Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Marianne Treher
- Departments of Preclinical Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (A.T., P.A., R.d.K., S.D.), Toxicology (M.T.), Pharmacology (P.H.), and Clinical Pharmacology (P.S.), Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Hess
- Departments of Preclinical Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (A.T., P.A., R.d.K., S.D.), Toxicology (M.T.), Pharmacology (P.H.), and Clinical Pharmacology (P.S.), Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Patricia Sidharta
- Departments of Preclinical Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (A.T., P.A., R.d.K., S.D.), Toxicology (M.T.), Pharmacology (P.H.), and Clinical Pharmacology (P.S.), Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
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Bolli MH, Boss C, Binkert C, Buchmann S, Bur D, Hess P, Iglarz M, Meyer S, Rein J, Rey M, Treiber A, Clozel M, Fischli W, Weller T. The Discovery of N-[5-(4-Bromophenyl)-6-[2-[(5-bromo-2-pyrimidinyl)oxy]ethoxy]-4-pyrimidinyl]-N′-propylsulfamide (Macitentan), an Orally Active, Potent Dual Endothelin Receptor Antagonist. J Med Chem 2012; 55:7849-61. [DOI: 10.1021/jm3009103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin H. Bolli
- Drug Discovery Chemistry, Actelion Pharmaceuticals
Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Boss
- Drug Discovery Chemistry, Actelion Pharmaceuticals
Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Binkert
- Drug Discovery Chemistry, Actelion Pharmaceuticals
Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Buchmann
- Drug Discovery Chemistry, Actelion Pharmaceuticals
Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Bur
- Drug Discovery Chemistry, Actelion Pharmaceuticals
Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Hess
- Drug Discovery Chemistry, Actelion Pharmaceuticals
Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Marc Iglarz
- Drug Discovery Chemistry, Actelion Pharmaceuticals
Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Solange Meyer
- Drug Discovery Chemistry, Actelion Pharmaceuticals
Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Josiane Rein
- Drug Discovery Chemistry, Actelion Pharmaceuticals
Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Markus Rey
- Drug Discovery Chemistry, Actelion Pharmaceuticals
Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Treiber
- Drug Discovery Chemistry, Actelion Pharmaceuticals
Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Martine Clozel
- Drug Discovery Chemistry, Actelion Pharmaceuticals
Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Walter Fischli
- Drug Discovery Chemistry, Actelion Pharmaceuticals
Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Weller
- Drug Discovery Chemistry, Actelion Pharmaceuticals
Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
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Abstract
Endothelin receptor antagonists (ERAs) are an important class of agents used for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Ambrisentan is an oral, once-daily, endothelin type-A receptor (ETA)-selective, propanoic acid class ERA under clinical investigation for the treatment of PAH. In a Phase II study, ambrisentan improved 6-minute walk distance, Borg dyspnea index, World Health Organization Functional Class, and hemodynamics. Ambrisentan was well tolerated and adverse events were not dose related, including a low incidence and severity of liver function test abnormalities. There are no relevant interactions between ambrisentan and cytochrome P450 isoenzymes (metabolism, induction or inhibition) that might alter the activity of P450-metabolized drugs. Potential benefits of ambrisentan include oral, once-daily dosing, ETA-receptor selectivity, and the decreased risks of liver toxicity and adverse drug–drug interactions compared with other ERAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis J Rubin
- University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, Pulomary Vascular Center and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 9300 Campus Point Dr., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Dong J, Han H, Geng B, Li X, Gong Z, Liu K. Synthesis and evaluation of a new series of peptide-based endothelin receptor antagonists. THE JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE RESEARCH : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN PEPTIDE SOCIETY 2005; 65:440-4. [PMID: 15813891 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.2005.00230.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Novel peptide-based endothelin (ET) receptor antagonists were designed and synthesized in our laboratory. BQ-485, HIM-CO-Leu-d-Trp-d-Trp-OH, was selected as the leading compound. The primary structures of these new tripeptides were ABO-CO-Leu-d-Trp-d-AA(X)-OH. The introduction of unnatural aromatic amino acids into these tripeptides was useful in the structure-activity relationship studies. Among the 20 tripeptides, 16 of them showed high activities against the contraction of rat aortic smooth muscles induced by ET-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Dong
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
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Ergul A. Development of endothelin receptor antagonists as potential therapeutic agents. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.13.1.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Dingemanse J, Schaarschmidt D, van Giersbergen PLM. Investigation of the mutual pharmacokinetic interactions between bosentan, a dual endothelin receptor antagonist, and simvastatin. Clin Pharmacokinet 2003; 42:293-301. [PMID: 12603176 DOI: 10.2165/00003088-200342030-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vitro, bosentan has been shown to be a mild inducer of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 and 3A4. PURPOSE To investigate in vivo the mutual pharmacokinetic interactions between bosentan and simvastatin, a CYP3A4 substrate. METHODS Nine healthy male subjects were treated in a three-period randomised crossover study with: (A) bosentan 125 mg twice daily for 5.5 days; (B) simvastatin 40 mg once daily for 6 days; and (C) bosentan 125 mg twice daily and simvastatin 40 mg once daily for 5.5 and 6 days, respectively. Plasma concentration-time profiles of bosentan and its metabolites (treatments A and C) and simvastatin and beta-hydroxyacid simvastatin (treatments B and C) were determined on day 6. RESULTS Steady-state conditions for bosentan and its metabolites were attained on day 4 of treatment. The pharmacokinetic parameters of bosentan and its metabolites were not influenced by concomitant treatment with simvastatin: areas under the plasma concentration-time curve over one administration interval of 12 hours (AUC(tau)) [geometric mean and 95% CI] were 4586 (3719-5656) and 4928 (3945-6156) micro g * h/L. In contrast, bosentan significantly reduced exposure to simvastatin and beta-hydroxyacid simvastatin by 34 and 46%, respectively. AUC(tau) values for simvastatin were 30.5 (23.1-40.2) and 20.0 (15.9-25.1) micro g * h/L and for beta-hydroxyacid simvastatin 43.0 (32.1-57.8) and 23.4 (16.7-32.6) micro g * h/L in treatments B and C, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Concomitant treatment with bosentan reduces the exposure to simvastatin and beta-hydroxyacid simvastatin by approximately 40%, indicating that in vivo bosentan is also a mild inducer of CYP3A4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Dingemanse
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland.
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Konoike T, Matsumura KI, Yorifuji T, Shinomoto S, Ide Y, Ohya T. Practical enantioselective synthesis of endothelin antagonist S-1255 by dynamic resolution of 4-methoxychromene-3-carboxylic acid intermediate. J Org Chem 2002; 67:7741-9. [PMID: 12398498 DOI: 10.1021/jo0261092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A practical multikilogram-scale synthesis of enantiomerically pure S-1255 (1), a potent and orally active ET(A) receptor antagonist, is described. Utilizing readily available starting materials and reagents, the entire sequence of reactions starting from 2,5-dihydroxyacetophenone 8 proceeded under mild conditions to give 1 in an excellent chemical yield (8 steps, 41% overall yield) and in a high enantiopurity (98% ee). The crucial step of the synthesis is a dynamic resolution of key intermediate 16. (R)-Methoxy acid (R)-16 having 97-99% ee was obtained in 83-84% yield from racemic 16 as a crystalline (1S,2R)-(+)-norephedrine or (+)-cinchonine salt by the dynamic resolution comprising concurrent crystallization and in situ racemization. A mechanism of the dynamic resolution through a ring-opened zwitterionic intermediate is discussed. In the final synthetic step, an effective carbon-carbon bond formation between the C4 carbon and the p-anisyl group was accomplished by a conjugate addition-elimination reaction of Grignard reagent 3 to (R)-16 to give 1 having 98% ee. Owing to high efficiencies of functional group transformations, carbon-carbon bond formations, and the dynamic resolution, the synthesis required no chromatographic purification and was amenable to a multikilogram-scale preparation. Several kilograms of 1 for clinical trials were successfully prepared by this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiro Konoike
- Shionogi Research Laboratories, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 1-3, Kuise Terajima 2-chome, Amagasaki, Hyogo 660-0813, Japan.
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10
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Anderson RJ. Recent advances and developments in the treatment of acute renal failure. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2002. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.12.5.645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Dingemanse J, Clozel M, van Giersbergen PLM. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of tezosentan, an intravenous dual endothelin receptor antagonist, following chronic infusion in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2002; 53:355-62. [PMID: 11966665 PMCID: PMC1874269 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2125.2002.01158.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2001] [Accepted: 12/18/2001] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The purpose of this study was to investigate the tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of tezosentan, an intravenous dual endothelin receptor antagonist, during chronic infusions in healthy male subjects. METHODS Tezosentan was infused at a rate of 100 mg h(-1) for 6 h (study A, six subjects) and at a rate of 5 mg h(-1) for 72 h (study B, eight subjects). Both studies had a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind design. Tolerability and safety were monitored by the recording of vital signs, ECG, adverse events and clinical laboratory parameters. Blood samples were collected frequently for pharmacokinetic determinations and measurement of plasma endothelin-1 concentrations. RESULTS In both studies tezosentan was well tolerated with headache the most frequently reported adverse event (incidence of 75-100% for tezosentan and 50% for placebo). Plasma concentrations of tezosentan rapidly approached steady state (3000 and 125 ng ml(-1) in study A and B, respectively) and did not change upon prolonged infusion. A two-compartment model could describe its pharmacokinetic profile. The half-lives of the two disposition phases were approximately 0.10 and 3.2 h. Endothelin-1 concentrations increased rapidly 11- and 2-fold compared with pre-dose values in study A and B, respectively, during infusion of tezosentan and did not change during the 72 h infusion. CONCLUSIONS On the basis of these results, dose finding studies with tezosentan in acute heart failure can be initiated in the dose range 5-100 mg h(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Dingemanse
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Department of Preclinical Pharmacology, Gewerbestrasse 18, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland.
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Tilton RG, Brock TA, Dixon RA. Therapeutic potential of endothelin receptor antagonists and nitric oxide donors in pulmonary hypertension. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2001; 10:1291-308. [PMID: 11772252 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.10.7.1291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension can occur idiopathically as a primary disorder of the pulmonary circulation or more commonly, it can exist as a haemodynamic manifestation of a wide variety of pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases, including acute lung injury, chronic obstructive lung disease, congenital heart disease, mitral stenosis, chronic left-sided congestive heart failure and connective tissue diseases such as scleroderma. Pulmonary hypertension is associated with changes in vascular tone as well as vascular structure, with the relative contribution of each dependent upon the aetiology of the increased pulmonary vascular resistance. Most currently available treatments utilise anticoagulants as well as vasodilator drugs that only attenuate the vasoconstrictive component of the disease. The latter category includes oral calcium channel blockers, iv. and aerosolised prostacyclin analogues and inhaled nitric oxide but all three classes of vasodilators have disadvantages and limitations. Treatment with vasodilators is often ineffective in patients with longstanding pulmonary hypertension in which structural changes contribute significantly to the pulmonary hypertension, blood flow obstruction and right heart failure. In view of the immense clinical need, new therapies are being developed by pharmaceutical companies to treat pulmonary hypertension. This update will focus on the current development status of endothelin receptor antagonists and nitric oxide donors for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Tilton
- Department of Pharmacology, Texas Biotechnology Corporation, Houston, Texas, TX 77030, USA.
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