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Putt KS, Du Y, Fu H, Zhang ZY. High-throughput screening strategies for space-based radiation countermeasure discovery. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2022; 35:88-104. [PMID: 36336374 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As humanity begins to venture further into space, approaches to better protect astronauts from the hazards found in space need to be developed. One particular hazard of concern is the complex radiation that is ever present in deep space. Currently, it is unlikely enough spacecraft shielding could be launched that would provide adequate protection to astronauts during long-duration missions such as a journey to Mars and back. In an effort to identify other means of protection, prophylactic radioprotective drugs have been proposed as a potential means to reduce the biological damage caused by this radiation. Unfortunately, few radioprotectors have been approved by the FDA for usage and for those that have been developed, they protect normal cells/tissues from acute, high levels of radiation exposure such as that from oncology radiation treatments. To date, essentially no radioprotectors have been developed that specifically counteract the effects of chronic low-dose rate space radiation. This review highlights how high-throughput screening (HTS) methodologies could be implemented to identify such a radioprotective agent. Several potential target, pathway, and phenotypic assays are discussed along with potential challenges towards screening for radioprotectors. Utilizing HTS strategies such as the ones proposed here have the potential to identify new chemical scaffolds that can be developed into efficacious radioprotectors that are specifically designed to protect astronauts during deep space journeys. The overarching goal of this review is to elicit broader interest in applying drug discovery techniques, specifically HTS towards the identification of radiation countermeasures designed to be efficacious towards the biological insults likely to be encountered by astronauts on long duration voyages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karson S Putt
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Yuhong Du
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology and Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Haian Fu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology and Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Zhong-Yin Zhang
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN 47907 USA; Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN 47907 USA.
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2
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Deb PK, Deka S, Borah P, Abed SN, Klotz KN. Medicinal Chemistry and Therapeutic Potential of Agonists, Antagonists and Allosteric Modulators of A1 Adenosine Receptor: Current Status and Perspectives. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:2697-2715. [PMID: 31333094 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190716100509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine is a purine nucleoside, responsible for the regulation of a wide range of physiological and pathophysiological conditions by binding with four G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), namely A1, A2A, A2B and A3 adenosine receptors (ARs). In particular, A1 AR is ubiquitously present, mediating a variety of physiological processes throughout the body, thus represents a promising drug target for the management of various pathological conditions. Agonists of A1 AR are found to be useful for the treatment of atrial arrhythmia, angina, type-2 diabetes, glaucoma, neuropathic pain, epilepsy, depression and Huntington's disease, whereas antagonists are being investigated for the treatment of diuresis, congestive heart failure, asthma, COPD, anxiety and dementia. However, treatment with full A1 AR agonists has been associated with numerous challenges like cardiovascular side effects, off-target activation as well as desensitization of A1 AR leading to tachyphylaxis. In this regard, partial agonists of A1 AR have been found to be beneficial in enhancing insulin sensitivity and subsequently reducing blood glucose level, while avoiding severe CVS side effects and tachyphylaxis. Allosteric enhancer of A1 AR is found to be potent for the treatment of neuropathic pain, culminating the side effects related to off-target tissue activation of A1 AR. This review provides an overview of the medicinal chemistry and therapeutic potential of various agonists/partial agonists, antagonists and allosteric modulators of A1 AR, with a particular emphasis on their current status and future perspectives in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pran Kishore Deb
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, PO Box - 1, 19392, Amman, Jordan
| | - Satyendra Deka
- Pratiksha Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chandrapur Road, Panikhaiti, Guwahati-26, Assam, India
| | - Pobitra Borah
- Pratiksha Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chandrapur Road, Panikhaiti, Guwahati-26, Assam, India
| | - Sara N Abed
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, PO Box - 1, 19392, Amman, Jordan
| | - Karl-Norbert Klotz
- University of Würzburg, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Versbacher Str. 9, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany
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3
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Hofer M, Pospíšil M, Dušek L, Hoferová Z, Komůrková D. Hematopoiesis in 5-fluorouracil-treated adenosine A(3) receptor knock-out mice. Physiol Res 2014; 64:255-62. [PMID: 25317679 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to describe and compare normal and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-suppressed hematopoiesis in adenosine A(3) receptor knock-out (A(3)AR KO) mice and their wild-type (WT) counterparts. To meet the purpose, a complex hematological analysis comprising nineteen peripheral blood and bone marrow parameters was performed in the mice. Defects previously observed in the peripheral blood erythrocyte and thrombocyte parameters of the A(3)AR KO mice were confirmed. Compartments of the bone marrow progenitor cells for granulocytes/macrophages and erythrocytes were enhanced in the control, as well as in the 5-FU-administered A(3)AR KO mice. 5-FU-induced hematopoietic suppression, evaluated on day 2 after the administration of the cytotoxic drug, was found to be significantly deeper in the A(3)AR KO mice compared with their WT counterparts, as measured at the level of the bone marrow progenitor cells. The rate of regeneration, as assessed between days 2 and 7 after 5-FU administration, was observed in the population of the granulocyte/macrophage progenitor cells to be higher in the A(3)AR KO mice in comparison with the WT ones. The increased depth of 5-FU-induced suppression in the compartments of the hematopoietic progenitor cells in the A(3)AR KO mice represents probably a hitherto undescribed further consequence of the lack of adenosine A(3) receptors and indicates its synergism with the pharmacologically induced cytotoxic action of 5-FU.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hofer
- Department of Molecular Cytology and Cytometry, Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Endo K, Deguchi K, Matsunaga H, Tomaya K, Yamada K. 8-Substituted 2-alkynyl-N9-propargyladenines as A2A adenosine receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:3072-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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5
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Hofer M, Pospíšil M, Dušek L, Hoferová Z, Komůrková D. Lack of adenosine A3 receptors causes defects in mouse peripheral blood parameters. Purinergic Signal 2014; 10:509-14. [PMID: 24763970 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-014-9412-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the adenosine A3 receptor in hematopoiesis was studied using adenosine A3 receptor knockout (A3AR KO) mice. Hematological parameters of peripheral blood and femoral bone marrow of irradiated and untreated A3AR KO mice and their wild-type (WT) counterparts were investigated. Irradiation of the mice served as a defined hematopoiesis-damaging means enabling us to evaluate contingent differences in the pattern of experimentally induced hematopoietic suppression between the A3AR KO mice and WT mice. Defects were observed in the counts and/or functional parameters of blood cells in the A3AR KO mice. These defects include statistically significantly lower values of blood neutrophil and monocyte counts, as well as those of mean erythrocyte volume, mean erythrocyte hemoglobin, blood platelet counts, mean platelet volume, and plateletcrit, and can be considered to bear evidence of the lack of a positive role played by the adenosine A3 receptor in the hematopoietic system. Statistically significantly increased values of the bone marrow parameters studied in A3AR KO mice (femoral bone marrow cellularity, granulocyte/macrophage progenitor cells, and erythrocyte progenitor cells) can probably be explained by compensatory mechanisms attempting to offset the disorders in the function of blood elements in these mice. The pattern of the radiation-induced hematopoietic suppression was very similar in A3AR KO mice and their WT counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Hofer
- Department of Molecular Cytology and Cytometry, Institute of Biophysics, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Královopolská 135, 61265, Brno, Czech Republic,
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6
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Hofer M, Pospíšil M, Hoferová Z, Komůrková D, Páral P, Savvulidi F, Šefc L. The pharmacological activation of adenosine A1 and A 3 receptors does not modulate the long- or short-term repopulating ability of hematopoietic stem and multipotent progenitor cells in mice. Purinergic Signal 2013; 9:207-14. [PMID: 23242571 PMCID: PMC3646123 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-012-9340-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study continues our earlier findings on the hematopoiesis-modulating effects of adenosine A1 and A3 receptor agonists that were performed on committed hematopoietic progenitor and precursor cell populations. In the earlier experiments, N (6)-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA), an adenosine A1 receptor agonist, was found to inhibit proliferation in the above-mentioned hematopoietic cell systems, whereas N (6)-(3-iodobenzyl)adenosine-5'-N-methyluronamide (IB-MECA), an adenosine A3 receptor agonist, was found to stimulate it. The topic of this study was to evaluate the possibility that the above-mentioned adenosine receptor agonists modulate the behavior of early hematopoietic progenitor cells and hematopoietic stem cells. Flow cytometric analysis of hematopoietic stem cells in mice was employed, as well as a functional test of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). These techniques enabled us to study the effect of the agonists on both short-term repopulating ability and long-term repopulating ability, representing multipotent progenitors and hematopoietic stem cells, respectively. In a series of studies, we did not find any significant effect of adenosine agonists on HSPCs in terms of their numbers, proliferation, or functional activity. Thus, it can be concluded that CPA and IB-MECA do not significantly influence the primitive hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell pool and that the hematopoiesis-modulating action of these adenosine receptor agonists is restricted to more mature compartments of hematopoietic progenitor and precursor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Hofer
- />Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Biophysics, v.v.i, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Královopolská 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Pospíšil
- />Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Biophysics, v.v.i, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Královopolská 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Hoferová
- />Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Biophysics, v.v.i, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Královopolská 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Denisa Komůrková
- />Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Biophysics, v.v.i, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Královopolská 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Páral
- />Institute of Pathological Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, U Nemocnice 5, 128 53 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Filipp Savvulidi
- />Institute of Pathological Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, U Nemocnice 5, 128 53 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Luděk Šefc
- />Institute of Pathological Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, U Nemocnice 5, 128 53 Praha 2, Czech Republic
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HOFER M, DUŠEK L, HOFEROVÁ Z, STIXOVÁ L, POSPÍŠIL M. Expression of mRNA for Adenosine A1, A2a, A2b, and A3 Receptors in HL-60 Cells: Dependence on Cell Cycle Phases. Physiol Res 2011; 60:913-20. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The present studies investigated changes in expression of mRNA for adenosine A1, A2a, A2b, and A3 receptors in samples of HL-60 promyelocytic cells differing in the actual presence of cells in various phases of the cell cycle induced by the double thymidine block method. Real-time PCR technique was used for obtaining data on mRNA expression. Statistical analysis of the data revealed that the mRNA expression of adenosine A1, A2a, and A3 receptors is dependent on the cell cycle phase. G0/G1 and G2/M phases were characterized by a higher mRNA expression of adenosine A1 receptors and a lower one of adenosine A2a and A3 receptors whereas the opposite was true for the S phase. Interestingly, expression of mRNA of the adenosine A2b receptors was independent on the cell cycle phase. The results indicate the plasticity of mRNA expression of adenosine receptors in the investigated promyelocytic cells and its interaction with physiological mechanisms of the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. HOFER
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Department of Molecular Cytology and Cytometry, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
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Hofer M, Pospíšil M, Dušek L, Hoferová Z, Weiterová L. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 promotes the stimulatory action of adenosine A₃ receptor agonist on hematopoiesis in sublethally γ-irradiated mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2011; 65:427-31. [PMID: 21719245 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2011.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse hematopoiesis, suppressed by a sublethal dose of ionizing radiation, was the target for combined therapy with a cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor meloxicam and an adenosine A₃ receptor agonist IB-MECA. The drugs were administered in an early postirradiation treatment regimen: meloxicam was given in a single dose 1hour after irradiation, IB-MECA in two doses 24 and 48hours after irradiation. Treatment-induced changes in several compartments of hematopoietic progenitor and precursor cells of the bone marrow were evaluated on day 3 after irradiation. Values of hematopoietic progenitor cells for granulocytes/macrophages and erythrocytes (GM-CFC and BFU-E, respectively), as well as those of proliferative granulocytic cells were found to be significantly higher in the mice treated with the drug combination in comparison to irradiated controls and attained the highest increase factors of 1.6, 1.6, and 2.6, respectively. The study emphasizes the significance of the combined treatment of suppressed hematopoiesis with more agents. Mechanisms of the action of the individual compounds of the studied drug combination and of their joint operation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Hofer
- Research Group of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Biophysics, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic.
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9
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Hofer M, Pospisil M, Weiterova L, Hoferova Z. The role of adenosine receptor agonists in regulation of hematopoiesis. Molecules 2011; 16:675-85. [PMID: 21242946 PMCID: PMC6259153 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16010675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Revised: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The review summarizes data evaluating the role of adenosine receptor signaling in murine hematopoietic functions. The studies carried out utilized either non-selective activation of adenosine receptors induced by elevation of extracellular adenosine or by administration of synthetic adenosine analogs having various proportions of selectivity for a particular receptor. Numerous studies have described stimulatory effects of non-selective activation of adenosine receptors, manifested as enhancement of proliferation of cells at various levels of the hematopoietic hierarchy. Subsequent experimental approaches, considering the hematopoiesis-modulating action of adenosine receptor agonists with a high level of selectivity to individual adenosine receptor subtypes, have revealed differential effects of various adenosine analogs. Whereas selective activation of A₁ receptors has resulted in suppression of proliferation of hematopoietic progenitor and precursor cells, that of A₃ receptors has led to stimulated cell proliferation in these cell compartments. Thus, A₁ and A₃ receptors have been found to play a homeostatic role in suppressed and regenerating hematopoiesis. Selective activation of adenosine A₃ receptors has been found to act curatively under conditions of drug- and radiation-induced myelosuppression. The findings in these and further research areas will be summarized and mechanisms of hematopoiesis-modulating action of adenosine receptor agonists will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Hofer
- Working Group of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Biophysics, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Královopolská 135, CZ-61265 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Volpini R, Dal Ben D, Lambertucci C, Marucci G, Mishra RC, Ramadori AT, Klotz KN, Trincavelli ML, Martini C, Cristalli G. Adenosine A2A receptor antagonists: new 8-substituted 9-ethyladenines as tools for in vivo rat models of Parkinson's disease. ChemMedChem 2009; 4:1010-9. [PMID: 19343763 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200800434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A new series of 8-substituted 9-ethyladenine derivatives has been synthesized and tested at rat and human adenosine receptors. Binding data demonstrates that some compounds could represent new tools suitable for in vivo studies in rat models of Parkinson's disease and for the design of new molecules with improved affinity and selectivity at human AA(2A)R.Clinical evidence has demonstrated that AA(2A)R antagonists could be an alternative approach to the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Recently, three 9-ethyladenine derivatives bearing a bromine atom, an ethoxy group, and a furyl ring, respectively, in the 8-position have been reported to ameliorate motor deficits in rat Parkinson's disease models, suggesting a potential therapeutic role for these compounds. Starting from these observations, a new series of 9-ethyladenine derivatives, bearing different substituents such as halogens, alkoxy groups, aromatic and heteroaromatic rings in the 8-position, were synthesized. Radioligand binding assays demonstrated that some of the new compounds bind rat AA(2A)R with higher affinity than the previously reported congeners and that there is a good correlation between binding to rat and human receptors. Hence, the new molecules could represent new tools suitable for the in vivo studies in rat models of Parkinson's disease. Finally, a molecular docking analysis of the compounds was performed using a homology model of rat AA(2A)R, built using the human crystal structure as the template, and results are in agreement with the binding data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria Volpini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Camerino via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy.
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11
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Baraldi PG, Tabrizi MA, Fruttarolo F, Romagnoli R, Preti D. Recent improvements in the development of A(2B) adenosine receptor agonists. Purinergic Signal 2009; 5:3-19. [PMID: 19184536 PMCID: PMC2721777 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-009-9140-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is known to exert most of its physiological functions by acting as local modulator at four receptor subtypes named A(1), A(2A), A(2B) and A(3) (ARs). Principally as a result of the difficulty in identifying potent and selective agonists, the A(2B) AR is the least extensively characterised of the adenosine receptors family. Despite these limitations, growing understanding of the physiological meaning of this target indicates promising therapeutic perspectives for specific ligands. As A(2B) AR signalling seems to be associated with pre/postconditioning cardioprotective and anti-inflammatory mechanisms, selective agonists may represent a new therapeutic group for patients suffering from coronary artery disease. Herein we present an overview of the recent advancements in identifying potent and selective A(2B) AR agonists reported in scientific and patent literature. These compounds can be classified into adenosine-like and nonadenosine ligands. Nucleoside-based agonists are the result of modifying adenosine by substitution at the N (6)-, C(2)-positions of the purine heterocycle and/or at the 5'-position of the ribose moiety or combinations of these substitutions. Compounds 1-deoxy-1-{6-[N'-(furan-2-carbonyl)-hydrazino]-9H-purin-9-yl}-N-ethyl-beta-D-ribofuranuronamide (19, hA(1) K (i) = 1050 nM, hA(2A) K (i) = 1550 nM, hA(2B) EC(50) = 82 nM, hA(3) K (i) > 5 muM) and its 2-chloro analogue 23 (hA(1) K (i) = 3500 nM, hA(2A) K (i) = 4950 nM, hA(2B) EC(50) = 210 nM, hA(3) K (i) > 5 muM) were confirmed to be potent and selective full agonists in a cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) functional assay in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing hA(2B) AR. Nonribose ligands are represented by conveniently substituted dicarbonitrilepyridines, among which 2-[6-amino-3,5-dicyano-4-[4-(cyclopropylmethoxy)phenyl]pyridin-2-ylsulfanyl]acetamide (BAY-60-6583, hA(1), hA(2A), hA(3) EC(50) > 10 muM; hA(2B) EC(50) = 3 nM) is currently under preclinical-phase investigation for treating coronary artery disorders and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Giovanni Baraldi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Ferrara, Via fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44100, Ferrara, Italy,
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Baraldi PG, Tabrizi MA, Fruttarolo F, Romagnoli R, Preti D. Recent improvements in the development of A(2B) adenosine receptor agonists. Purinergic Signal 2008; 4:287-303. [PMID: 18443746 PMCID: PMC2583210 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-008-9097-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2008] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is known to exert most of its physiological functions by acting as local modulator at four receptor subtypes named A(1), A(2A), A(2B) and A(3) (ARs). Principally as a result of the difficulty in identifying potent and selective agonists, the A(2B) AR is the least extensively characterised of the adenosine receptors family. Despite these limitations, growing understanding of the physiological meaning of this target indicates promising therapeutic perspectives for specific ligands. As A(2B) AR signalling seems to be associated with pre/postconditioning cardioprotective and anti-inflammatory mechanisms, selective agonists may represent a new therapeutic group for patients suffering from coronary artery disease. Herein we present an overview of the recent advancements in identifying potent and selective A(2B) AR agonists reported in scientific and patent literature. These compounds can be classified into adenosine-like and nonadenosine ligands. Nucleoside-based agonists are the result of modifying adenosine by substitution at the N (6)-, C(2)-positions of the purine heterocycle and/or at the 5'-position of the ribose moiety or combinations of these substitutions. Compounds 1-deoxy-1-{6-[N'-(furan-2-carbonyl)-hydrazino]-9H-purin-9-yl}-N-ethyl-beta-D-ribofuranuronamide (19, hA(1) K (i) = 1050 nM, hA(2A) K (i) = 1550 nM, hA(2B) EC(50) = 82 nM, hA(3) K (i) > 5 muM) and its 2-chloro analogue 23 (hA(1) K (i) = 3500 nM, hA(2A) K (i) = 4950 nM, hA(2B) EC(50) = 210 nM, hA(3) K (i) > 5 muM) were confirmed to be potent and selective full agonists in a cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) functional assay in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing hA(2B) AR. Nonribose ligands are represented by conveniently substituted dicarbonitrilepyridines, among which 2-[6-amino-3,5-dicyano-4-[4-(cyclopropylmethoxy)phenyl]pyridin-2-ylsulfanyl]acetamide (BAY-60-6583, hA(1), hA(2A), hA(3) EC(50) > 10 muM; hA(2B) EC(50) = 3 nM) is currently under preclinical-phase investigation for treating coronary artery disorders and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Giovanni Baraldi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Ferrara, Via fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44100, Ferrara, Italy,
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Elzein E, Zablocki J. A1adenosine receptor agonists and their potential therapeutic applications. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2008; 17:1901-10. [DOI: 10.1517/13543780802497284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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14
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Devine SM, Scammells PJ. An efficient convergent synthesis of adenosine-5′-N-alkyluronamides. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.11.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Lambertucci C, Cristalli G, Dal Ben D, Kachare DD, Bolcato C, Klotz KN, Spalluto G, Volpini R. New 2,6,9-trisubstituted adenines as adenosine receptor antagonists: a preliminary SAR profile. Purinergic Signal 2007; 3:339-46. [PMID: 18404447 PMCID: PMC2072915 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-007-9068-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2007] [Accepted: 07/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A new series of 2,6,9-trisubstituted adenines (5-14) have been prepared and evaluated in radioligand binding studies for their affinity at the human A(1), A(2A) and A(3) adenosine receptors and in adenylyl cyclase experiments for their potency at the human A(2B) subtype. From this preliminary study the conclusion can be drawn that introduction of bulky chains at the N (6) position of 9-propyladenine significantly increased binding affinity at the human A(1) and A(3) adenosine receptors, while the presence of a chlorine atom at the 2 position resulted in a not univocal effect, depending on the receptor subtype and/or on the substituent present in the N (6) position. However, in all cases, the presence in the 2 position of a chlorine atom favoured the interaction with the A(2A) subtype. These results demonstrated that, although the synthesized compounds were found to be quite inactive at the human A(2B) subtype, adenine is a useful template for further development of simplified adenosine receptor antagonists with distinct receptor selectivity profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catia Lambertucci
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Gloria Cristalli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Diego Dal Ben
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Dhuldeo D. Kachare
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Chiara Bolcato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Karl-Norbert Klotz
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Giampiero Spalluto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, p.le Europa, 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Rosaria Volpini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, via S. Agostino, 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
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16
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Baraldi PG, Preti D, Tabrizi MA, Fruttarolo F, Saponaro G, Baraldi S, Romagnoli R, Moorman AR, Gessi S, Varani K, Borea PA. N(6)-[(hetero)aryl/(cyclo)alkyl-carbamoyl-methoxy-phenyl]-(2-chloro)-5'-N-ethylcarboxamido-adenosines: the first example of adenosine-related structures with potent agonist activity at the human A(2B) adenosine receptor. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:2514-27. [PMID: 17306548 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2006] [Revised: 01/22/2007] [Accepted: 01/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A new series of N(6)-[(hetero)aryl/(cyclo)alkyl-carbamoyl-methoxy-phenyl]-(2-chloro)-5'-N-ethylcarboxamido-adenosines (24-43) has been synthesised and tested in binding assays at hA(1), hA(2A) and hA(3) adenosine receptors, and in a functional assay at the hA(2B) subtype. The examined compounds displayed high potency in activating A(2B) receptors with good selectivity versus A(2A) subtypes. The introduction of an unsubstituted 4-[(phenylcarbamoyl)-methoxy]-phenyl chain at the N(6) position of 5'-N-ethylcarboxamido-adenosine led us to the recognition of compound 24 as a full agonist displaying the highest efficacy of the series (EC(50) hA(2B)=7.3 nM). These compounds represent the first report about adenosine-related structures capable of activating hA(2B) subtype in the low nanomolar range.
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17
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Ashton TD, Scammells PJ. An expedient synthesis of N6-substituted-5′-modified adenosines. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:4564-6. [PMID: 16793263 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2006] [Revised: 05/18/2006] [Accepted: 06/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report a short and efficient synthesis of N(6)-substituted 5'-modified adenosines, which was achieved in four steps from 2',3',5'-tris-O-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)inosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Ashton
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Victorian College of Pharmacy, Monash University, Parkville, Vic., Australia
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18
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DeNinno MP, Masamune H, Chenard LK, DiRico KJ, Eller C, Etienne JB, Tickner JE, Kennedy SP, Knight DR, Kong J, Oleynek JJ, Tracey WR, Hill RJ. The synthesis of highly potent, selective, and water-soluble agonists at the human adenosine A3 receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:2525-7. [PMID: 16464581 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.01.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2005] [Revised: 01/19/2006] [Accepted: 01/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Using a combination of parallel and directed synthesis, the discovery of a highly potent and selective series of adenosine A3 agonists was achieved. High aqueous solubility, required for the intended parenteral route of administration, was achieved by the presence of one or two basic amine functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P DeNinno
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton/NewLondon Laboratories, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
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19
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Yan L, Burbiel JC, Maass A, Müller CE. Adenosine receptor agonists: from basic medicinal chemistry to clinical development. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2005; 8:537-76. [PMID: 14662005 DOI: 10.1517/14728214.8.2.537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine is a physiological nucleoside which acts as an autocoid and activates G protein-coupled membrane receptors, designated A(1), A(2A), A(2B) and A(3). Adenosine plays an important role in many (patho)physiological conditions in the CNS as well as in peripheral organs and tissues. Adenosine receptors are present on virtually every cell. However, receptor subtype distribution and densities vary greatly. Adenosine itself is used as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of supraventricular paroxysmal tachycardia and arrhythmias and as a vasodilatatory agent in cardiac imaging. During the past 20 years, a number of selective agonists for A(1), A(2A) and A(3) adenosine receptors have been developed, all of them structurally derived from adenosine. Several such compounds are currently undergoing clinical trials for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases (A(1)and A(2A)), pain (A(1)), wound healing (A(2A)), diabetic foot ulcers (A(2A)), colorectal cancer (A(3)) and rheumatoid arthritis (A(3)). Clinical evaluation of some A(1) and A(2A) adenosine receptor agonists has been discontinued. Major problems include side effects due to the wide distribution of adenosine receptors; low brain penetration, which is important for the targeting of CNS diseases; short half-lifes of compounds; or a lack of effects, in some cases perhaps due to receptor desensitisation or to low receptor density in the targeted tissue. Partial agonists, inhibitors of adenosine metabolism (adenosine kinase and deaminase inhibitors) or allosteric activators of adenosine receptors may be advantageous for certain indications, as they may exhibit fewer side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luo Yan
- University of Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute Poppelsdorf, Kreuzbergweg 26, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
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20
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Bauser M, Delapierre G, Hauswald M, Flessner T, D'Urso D, Hermann A, Beyreuther B, De Vry J, Spreyer P, Reissmüller E, Meier H. Discovery and optimization of 2-aryl oxazolo-pyrimidines as adenosine kinase inhibitors using liquid phase parallel synthesis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:1997-2000. [PMID: 15050645 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.01.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2003] [Revised: 12/04/2003] [Accepted: 01/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine kinase inhibition is an attractive therapeutic approach for several conditions for example, neurodegeneration, seizures, ischemia, inflammation and pain. Several nucleosidic and non-nucleosidic inhibitors are available. Using a virtual screening approach, we have discovered that 2-aryl oxazolo-pyrimidines are adenosine kinase inhibitors. Subsequent high throughput derivatization enabled the optimization of this new inhibitor chemotype resulting in highly potent derivatives. A variety of analogues were produced by applying liquid phase parallel synthesis to vary the 7-amino residues as well as the 2-aryl moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bauser
- BAYER AG, Bayer Health Care, Division Pharma, Medicinal Chemistry, Germany.
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21
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Hoferová Z, Hofer M, Pospíšil M, Znojil V, Chramostová K. Effects of synthetic adenosine receptor agonists on growth characteristics of G:5:113 fibrosarcoma cells In Vitro. Drug Dev Res 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.10329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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DeNinno MP, Masamune H, Chenard LK, DiRico KJ, Eller C, Etienne JB, Tickner JE, Kennedy SP, Knight DR, Kong J, Oleynek JJ, Tracey WR, Hill RJ. 3'-Aminoadenosine-5'-uronamides: discovery of the first highly selective agonist at the human adenosine A3 receptor. J Med Chem 2003; 46:353-5. [PMID: 12540233 DOI: 10.1021/jm0255724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Selective adenosine A(3) agonists have potential utility for the prevention of perioperative myocardial ischemic injury. Herein, we report on the discovery and synthesis of compound 7. This amino nucleoside agonist possesses unprecedented levels of selectivity for the human adenosine A(3) receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P DeNinno
- PGRD Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA.
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