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Chen AY, Adamek RN, Dick BL, Credille CV, Morrison CN, Cohen SM. Targeting Metalloenzymes for Therapeutic Intervention. Chem Rev 2019; 119:1323-1455. [PMID: 30192523 PMCID: PMC6405328 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Metalloenzymes are central to a wide range of essential biological activities, including nucleic acid modification, protein degradation, and many others. The role of metalloenzymes in these processes also makes them central for the progression of many diseases and, as such, makes metalloenzymes attractive targets for therapeutic intervention. Increasing awareness of the role metalloenzymes play in disease and their importance as a class of targets has amplified interest in the development of new strategies to develop inhibitors and ultimately useful drugs. In this Review, we provide a broad overview of several drug discovery efforts focused on metalloenzymes and attempt to map out the current landscape of high-value metalloenzyme targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allie Y Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Rebecca N Adamek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Benjamin L Dick
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Cy V Credille
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Christine N Morrison
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Seth M Cohen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
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Abstract
Chirality is a key factor in the safety and efficacy of many drug products and thus the production of single enantiomers of drug intermediates and drugs has become important and state of the art in the pharmaceutical industry. There has been an increasing awareness of the enormous potential of microorganisms and enzymes (biocatalysts) for the transformation of synthetic chemicals with high chemo-, regio- and enatioselectivities providing products in high yields and purity. In this article, biocatalytic processes are described for the synthesis of key chiral intermediates for development pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh N Patel
- SLRP Associates, LLC, Consultation in Biocatalysis and Biotechnology, 572 Cabot Hill Road, Bridgewater, NJ 08807, USA.
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Burt T, Noveck RJ, MacLeod DB, Layton AT, Rowland M, Lappin G. Intra-Target Microdosing (ITM): A Novel Drug Development Approach Aimed at Enabling Safer and Earlier Translation of Biological Insights Into Human Testing. Clin Transl Sci 2017; 10:337-350. [PMID: 28419765 PMCID: PMC5593170 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T Burt
- Burt Consultancy, LLC, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - R J Noveck
- Medical Director, Duke Clinical Research Unit, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - D B MacLeod
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - A T Layton
- Robert R. and Katherine B. Penn Professor of Mathematics Arts and Sciences Council Chair Professor of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - M Rowland
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - G Lappin
- Reader in Pharmaceutical Science, Lincoln School of Pharmacy, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, Lincolnshire, UK
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Sen A, Kumar P, Garg R, Lindsey SH, Katakam PVG, Bloodworth M, Pandey KN. Transforming growth factor β1 antagonizes the transcription, expression and vascular signaling of guanylyl cyclase/natriuretic peptide receptor A - role of δEF1. FEBS J 2016; 283:1767-81. [PMID: 26934489 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the role of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) in transcriptional regulation and function of the guanylyl cyclase A/natriuretic peptide receptor A gene (Npr1) and whether cross-talk exists between these two hormonal systems in target cells. After treatment of primary cultured rat thoracic aortic vascular smooth muscle cells and mouse mesangial cells with TGF-β1, the Npr1 promoter construct containing a δ-crystallin enhancer binding factor 1 (δEF1) site showed 85% reduction in luciferase activity in a time- and dose-dependent manner. TGF-β1 also significantly attenuated luciferase activity of the Npr1 promoter by 62%, and decreased atrial natriuretic peptide-mediated relaxation of mouse denuded aortic rings ex vivo. Treatment of cells with TGF-β1 increased the protein levels of δEF1 by 2.4-2.8-fold, and also significantly enhanced the phosphorylation of Smad 2/3, but markedly reduced Npr1 mRNA and receptor protein levels. Over-expression of δEF1 showed a reduction in Npr1 promoter activity by 75%, while deletion or site-directed mutagenesis of δEF1 sites in the Npr1 promoter eliminated the TGF-β1-mediated repression of Npr1 transcription. TGF-β1 significantly increased the expression of α-smooth muscle actin and collagen type I α2 in rat thoracic aortic vascular smooth muscle cells, which was markedly attenuated by atrial natriuretic peptide in cells over-expressing natriuretic peptide receptor A. Together, the present results suggest that an antagonistic cascade exists between the TGF-β1/Smad/δEF1 pathways and Npr1 expression and receptor signaling that is relevant to renal and vascular remodeling, and may be critical in the regulation of blood pressure and cardiovascular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anagha Sen
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center and School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Prerna Kumar
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center and School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Renu Garg
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center and School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Sarah H Lindsey
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center and School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Prasad V G Katakam
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center and School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Meaghan Bloodworth
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center and School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Kailash N Pandey
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center and School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
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Calenda G, Tong Y, Kanika ND, Tar MT, Suadicani SO, Zhang X, Melman A, Rougeot C, Davies KP. Reversal of diabetic vasculopathy in a rat model of type 1 diabetes by opiorphin-related peptides. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 301:H1353-9. [PMID: 21784987 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00383.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes results in a myriad of vascular complications, often referred to as diabetic vasculopathy, which encompasses both microvascular [erectile dysfunction (ED), retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy] and macrovascular complications (hypertension, coronary heart disease, and myocardial infarction). In diabetic animals and patients with ED, there is decreased opiorphin or opiorphin-related gene expression in corporal tissue. Both opiorphin and the rat homologous peptide sialorphin are found circulating in the plasma. In the present study, we investigated if diabetes induced changes in plasma sialorphin levels and if changes in these levels could modulate the biochemistry and physiology of vascular smooth muscle. We show that circulating sialorphin levels are reduced in a rat model of type I diabetes. Intracorporal injection of plasmids expressing sialorphin into diabetic rats restores sialorphin levels to those seen in the blood of nondiabetic animals and results in both improved erectile function and blood pressure. Sialorphin modulated the ability of C-type natriuretic peptide to relax both corporal and aortic smooth muscle strips and of bradykinin to regulate intracellular calcium levels in both corporal and aortic smooth muscle cells. We have previously shown that expression of genes encoding opiorphins is increased when erectile function is improved. Our findings thus suggest that by affecting circulating levels of opiorphin-related peptides, proper erectile function is not only an indicator but also a modulator of overall vascular health of a man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Calenda
- Department of Urology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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Patyar S, Prakash A, Medhi B. Dual inhibition: a novel promising pharmacological approach for different disease conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:459-71. [PMID: 21401597 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2010.01236.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To overcome the problems associated with polypharmacy, which include medication non compliance, adverse drug reactions, drug-drug interactions and increased pill-burden, various strategies, such as sustained-release drugs and fixed-dose combination regimens (polypills), have been developed. Out of these, a novel and very much promising approach is the use of dual-action drugs. Amongst the dual-action drugs, there is a class of compounds known as dual inhibitors, which possess the dual inhibitory activity. The most common examples of dual inhibitors are rivastigmine, ladostigil, asenapine, phenserine, amitriptyline, clomipramine, doxepin and desipramine. This review article focuses on the conventional drugs used in different diseases which possess dual inhibition activity as well as those which are still in the preclinical/clinical phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sazal Patyar
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, Delhi, India
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Pankow K, Wang Y, Gembardt F, Krause E, Sun X, Krause G, Schultheiss HP, Siems WE, Walther T. Successive action of meprin A and neprilysin catabolizes B-type natriuretic peptide. Circ Res 2007; 101:875-82. [PMID: 17823376 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.107.153585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Natriuretic peptides such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) are important cardioprotective hormones with essential functions in sodium excretion, water balance and blood pressure regulation. Consequently, the catabolism of these peptides is in the focus of clinical research. In previous studies, we demonstrated that BNP, in contrast to the structurally related atrial and C-type natriuretic peptide, was not hydrolyzed by neprilysin (NEP). Because membrane preparations of several organs of NEP-knockout mice rapidly degrade BNP, the aim of this study was to identify BNP-catabolizing peptidases responsible for this fast clearance. Using kidney membranes of wild-type and NEP-knockout mice, as well as several peptidase inhibitors, we monitored the catabolism of BNP and analyzed its degradation products. We identified meprin A, a multimeric metalloprotease expressed in the brush borders of kidney proximal tubules, to initially truncate mouse BNP in the N terminus to mBNP7-32, a BNP metabolite with conserved biological activity. Consequently, in vivo experiments with the meprin inhibitor actinonin successfully elevated plasma BNP concentration in rats. We further demonstrated that the generation of mBNP7-32 is the prerequisite to catabolize BNP and identified NEP as the peptidase degrading the truncated BNP. Thus, the cooperative, successive action of the 2 transmembranal peptidases meprin A and NEP is crucial for rapid renal BNP inactivation. Therefore, the inhibition of meprin A could be a potent tool for increasing circulating BNP levels.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
- Aorta, Thoracic/cytology
- Atrial Natriuretic Factor/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Humans
- Hydroxamic Acids/pharmacology
- Kidney Tubules, Proximal/cytology
- Kidney Tubules, Proximal/enzymology
- Male
- Metalloendopeptidases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Metalloendopeptidases/genetics
- Metalloendopeptidases/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Natriuretic Peptide, Brain/metabolism
- Neprilysin/genetics
- Neprilysin/metabolism
- Peptide Hydrolases/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Strains
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Pankow
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
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