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Sharma B, Twelker K, Nguyen C, Ellis S, Bhatia ND, Kuschner Z, Agriantonis A, Agriantonis G, Arnold M, Dave J, Mestre J, Shafaee Z, Arora S, Ghanta H, Whittington J. Bile Acids in Pancreatic Carcinogenesis. Metabolites 2024; 14:348. [PMID: 39057671 PMCID: PMC11278541 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14070348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a dangerous digestive tract tumor that is becoming increasingly common and fatal. The most common form of PC is pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Bile acids (BAs) are closely linked to the growth and progression of PC. They can change the intestinal flora, increasing intestinal permeability and allowing gut microbes to enter the bloodstream, leading to chronic inflammation. High dietary lipids can increase BA secretion into the duodenum and fecal BA levels. BAs can cause genetic mutations, mitochondrial dysfunction, abnormal activation of intracellular trypsin, cytoskeletal damage, activation of NF-κB, acute pancreatitis, cell injury, and cell necrosis. They can act on different types of pancreatic cells and receptors, altering Ca2+ and iron levels, and related signals. Elevated levels of Ca2+ and iron are associated with cell necrosis and ferroptosis. Bile reflux into the pancreatic ducts can speed up the kinetics of epithelial cells, promoting the development of pancreatic intraductal papillary carcinoma. BAs can cause the enormous secretion of Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), leading to the proliferation of pancreatic β-cells. Using Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) increases the risk of pancreatitis and PC. Therefore, our objective was to explore various studies and thoroughly examine the role of BAs in PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Sharma
- Department of Surgery, NYC Health + Hospitals/Elmhurst, New York, NY 11373, USA; (K.T.); (C.N.); (S.E.); (N.D.B.); (Z.K.); (G.A.); (J.D.); (J.M.); (Z.S.); (S.A.); (H.G.); (J.W.)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (A.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Kate Twelker
- Department of Surgery, NYC Health + Hospitals/Elmhurst, New York, NY 11373, USA; (K.T.); (C.N.); (S.E.); (N.D.B.); (Z.K.); (G.A.); (J.D.); (J.M.); (Z.S.); (S.A.); (H.G.); (J.W.)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (A.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Cecilia Nguyen
- Department of Surgery, NYC Health + Hospitals/Elmhurst, New York, NY 11373, USA; (K.T.); (C.N.); (S.E.); (N.D.B.); (Z.K.); (G.A.); (J.D.); (J.M.); (Z.S.); (S.A.); (H.G.); (J.W.)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (A.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Scott Ellis
- Department of Surgery, NYC Health + Hospitals/Elmhurst, New York, NY 11373, USA; (K.T.); (C.N.); (S.E.); (N.D.B.); (Z.K.); (G.A.); (J.D.); (J.M.); (Z.S.); (S.A.); (H.G.); (J.W.)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (A.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Navin D. Bhatia
- Department of Surgery, NYC Health + Hospitals/Elmhurst, New York, NY 11373, USA; (K.T.); (C.N.); (S.E.); (N.D.B.); (Z.K.); (G.A.); (J.D.); (J.M.); (Z.S.); (S.A.); (H.G.); (J.W.)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (A.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Zachary Kuschner
- Department of Surgery, NYC Health + Hospitals/Elmhurst, New York, NY 11373, USA; (K.T.); (C.N.); (S.E.); (N.D.B.); (Z.K.); (G.A.); (J.D.); (J.M.); (Z.S.); (S.A.); (H.G.); (J.W.)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (A.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Andrew Agriantonis
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (A.A.); (M.A.)
| | - George Agriantonis
- Department of Surgery, NYC Health + Hospitals/Elmhurst, New York, NY 11373, USA; (K.T.); (C.N.); (S.E.); (N.D.B.); (Z.K.); (G.A.); (J.D.); (J.M.); (Z.S.); (S.A.); (H.G.); (J.W.)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (A.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Monique Arnold
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (A.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Jasmine Dave
- Department of Surgery, NYC Health + Hospitals/Elmhurst, New York, NY 11373, USA; (K.T.); (C.N.); (S.E.); (N.D.B.); (Z.K.); (G.A.); (J.D.); (J.M.); (Z.S.); (S.A.); (H.G.); (J.W.)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (A.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Juan Mestre
- Department of Surgery, NYC Health + Hospitals/Elmhurst, New York, NY 11373, USA; (K.T.); (C.N.); (S.E.); (N.D.B.); (Z.K.); (G.A.); (J.D.); (J.M.); (Z.S.); (S.A.); (H.G.); (J.W.)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (A.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Zahra Shafaee
- Department of Surgery, NYC Health + Hospitals/Elmhurst, New York, NY 11373, USA; (K.T.); (C.N.); (S.E.); (N.D.B.); (Z.K.); (G.A.); (J.D.); (J.M.); (Z.S.); (S.A.); (H.G.); (J.W.)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (A.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Shalini Arora
- Department of Surgery, NYC Health + Hospitals/Elmhurst, New York, NY 11373, USA; (K.T.); (C.N.); (S.E.); (N.D.B.); (Z.K.); (G.A.); (J.D.); (J.M.); (Z.S.); (S.A.); (H.G.); (J.W.)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (A.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Hima Ghanta
- Department of Surgery, NYC Health + Hospitals/Elmhurst, New York, NY 11373, USA; (K.T.); (C.N.); (S.E.); (N.D.B.); (Z.K.); (G.A.); (J.D.); (J.M.); (Z.S.); (S.A.); (H.G.); (J.W.)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (A.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Jennifer Whittington
- Department of Surgery, NYC Health + Hospitals/Elmhurst, New York, NY 11373, USA; (K.T.); (C.N.); (S.E.); (N.D.B.); (Z.K.); (G.A.); (J.D.); (J.M.); (Z.S.); (S.A.); (H.G.); (J.W.)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (A.A.); (M.A.)
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NOX as a Therapeutic Target in Liver Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11102038. [PMID: 36290761 PMCID: PMC9598239 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11102038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen oxidase (NADPH oxidase or NOX) plays a critical role in the inflammatory response and fibrosis in several organs such as the lungs, pancreas, kidney, liver, and heart. In the liver, NOXs contribute, through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), to hepatic fibrosis by acting through multiple pathways, including hepatic stellate cell activation, proliferation, survival, and migration of hepatic stellate cells; hepatocyte apoptosis, enhancement of fibrogenic mediators, and mediation of an inflammatory cascade in both Kupffer cells and hepatic stellate cells. ROS are overwhelmingly produced during malignant transformation and hepatic carcinogenesis (HCC), creating an oxidative microenvironment that can cause different and various types of cellular stress, including DNA damage, ER stress, cell death of damaged hepatocytes, and oxidative stress. NOX1, NOX2, and NOX4, members of the NADPH oxidase family, have been linked to the production of ROS in the liver. This review will analyze some diseases related to an increase in oxidative stress and its relationship with the NOX family, as well as discuss some therapies proposed to slow down or control the disease's progression.
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Režen T, Rozman D, Kovács T, Kovács P, Sipos A, Bai P, Mikó E. The role of bile acids in carcinogenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:243. [PMID: 35429253 PMCID: PMC9013344 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04278-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBile acids are soluble derivatives of cholesterol produced in the liver that subsequently undergo bacterial transformation yielding a diverse array of metabolites. The bulk of bile acid synthesis takes place in the liver yielding primary bile acids; however, other tissues have also the capacity to generate bile acids (e.g. ovaries). Hepatic bile acids are then transported to bile and are subsequently released into the intestines. In the large intestine, a fraction of primary bile acids is converted to secondary bile acids by gut bacteria. The majority of the intestinal bile acids undergo reuptake and return to the liver. A small fraction of secondary and primary bile acids remains in the circulation and exert receptor-mediated and pure chemical effects (e.g. acidic bile in oesophageal cancer) on cancer cells. In this review, we assess how changes to bile acid biosynthesis, bile acid flux and local bile acid concentration modulate the behavior of different cancers. Here, we present in-depth the involvement of bile acids in oesophageal, gastric, hepatocellular, pancreatic, colorectal, breast, prostate, ovarian cancer. Previous studies often used bile acids in supraphysiological concentration, sometimes in concentrations 1000 times higher than the highest reported tissue or serum concentrations likely eliciting unspecific effects, a practice that we advocate against in this review. Furthermore, we show that, although bile acids were classically considered as pro-carcinogenic agents (e.g. oesophageal cancer), the dogma that switch, as lower concentrations of bile acids that correspond to their serum or tissue reference concentration possess anticancer activity in a subset of cancers. Differences in the response of cancers to bile acids lie in the differential expression of bile acid receptors between cancers (e.g. FXR vs. TGR5). UDCA, a bile acid that is sold as a generic medication against cholestasis or biliary surge, and its conjugates were identified with almost purely anticancer features suggesting a possibility for drug repurposing. Taken together, bile acids were considered as tumor inducers or tumor promoter molecules; nevertheless, in certain cancers, like breast cancer, bile acids in their reference concentrations may act as tumor suppressors suggesting a Janus-faced nature of bile acids in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeja Režen
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damjana Rozman
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tünde Kovács
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Patrik Kovács
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Adrienn Sipos
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Péter Bai
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Edit Mikó
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
- MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
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Sepe V, Distrutti E, Fiorucci S, Zampella A. Farnesoid X receptor modulators 2014-present: a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2018; 28:351-364. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2018.1459569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Sepe
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Fiorucci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Angela Zampella
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
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Pellicciari R, Passeri D, De Franco F, Mostarda S, Filipponi P, Colliva C, Gadaleta RM, Franco P, Carotti A, Macchiarulo A, Roda A, Moschetta A, Gioiello A. Discovery of 3α,7α,11β-Trihydroxy-6α-ethyl-5β-cholan-24-oic Acid (TC-100), a Novel Bile Acid as Potent and Highly Selective FXR Agonist for Enterohepatic Disorders. J Med Chem 2016; 59:9201-9214. [PMID: 27652492 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
As a continuation of previous efforts in mapping functional hot spots on the bile acid scaffold, we here demonstrate that the introduction of a hydroxy group at the C11β position affords high selectivity for FXR. In particular, the synthesis and FXR/TGR5 activity of novel bile acids bearing different hydroxylation patterns at the C ring are reported and discussed from a structure-activity standpoint. The results obtained led us to discover the first bile acid derivative endowed with high potency and selectivity at the FXR receptor, 3α,7α,11β-trihydroxy-6α-ethyl-5β-cholan-24-oic acid (TC-100, 7) which also shows a remarkable physicochemical and pharmacological profile. Compound 7 combines the excellent physicochemical properties of hydrophilic bile acids such as ursodeoxycholic acid, with the distinct ability to specifically bind and regulate FXR activity in vivo, thus providing a bona fide novel therapeutic agent to treat enterohepatic disorders such as cholestasis, NASH, and inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Pellicciari
- TES Pharma S.r.l. , Via Palmiro Togliatti 22bis, I-06073 Loc. Terrioli, Corciano, Perugia, Italy
| | - Daniela Passeri
- TES Pharma S.r.l. , Via Palmiro Togliatti 22bis, I-06073 Loc. Terrioli, Corciano, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesca De Franco
- TES Pharma S.r.l. , Via Palmiro Togliatti 22bis, I-06073 Loc. Terrioli, Corciano, Perugia, Italy
| | - Serena Mostarda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia , Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Paolo Filipponi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia , Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Carolina Colliva
- TES Pharma S.r.l. , Via Palmiro Togliatti 22bis, I-06073 Loc. Terrioli, Corciano, Perugia, Italy
| | - Raffaella Maria Gadaleta
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari , Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Placido Franco
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bologna , Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Carotti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia , Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonio Macchiarulo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia , Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Aldo Roda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bologna , Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonio Moschetta
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari , Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Antimo Gioiello
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia , Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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Sepe V, Distrutti E, Fiorucci S, Zampella A. Farnesoid X receptor modulators (2011 – 2014): a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2015; 25:885-96. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2015.1045413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Pellicciari R, Gioiello A, Sabbatini P, Venturoni F, Nuti R, Colliva C, Rizzo G, Adorini L, Pruzanski M, Roda A, Macchiarulo A. Avicholic Acid: A Lead Compound from Birds on the Route to Potent TGR5 Modulators. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:273-7. [PMID: 24900463 DOI: 10.1021/ml200256d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Grounding on our former 3D QSAR studies, a knowledge-based screen of natural bile acids from diverse animal species has led to the identification of avicholic acid as a selective but weak TGR5 agonist. Chemical modifications of this compound resulted in the disclosure of 6α-ethyl-16-epi-avicholic acid that shows enhanced potency at TGR5 and FXR receptors. The synthesis, biological appraisals, and structure-activity relationships of this series of compounds are herein described. Moreover, a thorough physicochemical characterization of 6α-ethyl-16-epi-avicholic acid as compared to naturally occurring bile acids is reported and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Pellicciari
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia
del Farmaco, Università di Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Antimo Gioiello
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia
del Farmaco, Università di Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Paola Sabbatini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia
del Farmaco, Università di Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Venturoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia
del Farmaco, Università di Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberto Nuti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia
del Farmaco, Università di Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Carolina Colliva
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Alma Mater
Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Rizzo
- Intercept Pharmaceuticals, New York, New York 10013, United States
| | - Luciano Adorini
- Intercept Pharmaceuticals, New York, New York 10013, United States
| | - Mark Pruzanski
- Intercept Pharmaceuticals, New York, New York 10013, United States
| | - Aldo Roda
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Alma Mater
Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonio Macchiarulo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia
del Farmaco, Università di Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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Gioiello A, Macchiarulo A, Carotti A, Filipponi P, Costantino G, Rizzo G, Adorini L, Pellicciari R. Extending SAR of bile acids as FXR ligands: Discovery of 23-N-(carbocinnamyloxy)-3α,7α-dihydroxy-6α-ethyl-24-nor-5β-cholan-23-amine. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:2650-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a key regulator of cholesterol homeostasis, triglyceride synthesis and lipogenesis. Given some patients' inability to tolerate existing medications, such as the statins, for cholesterol reduction, there is a pressing need for additional medicines to treat dyslipidemia. FXR agonists have emerged in discovery and preclinical efforts to show great potential for the treatment of these and other life-impairing and life-threatening conditions. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW Recent advances in the search for novel FXR modulators are reviewed, with a particular focus on patent applications and peer-reviewed publications disclosed in the past 5 years. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN A total of 72 patent applications and peer-reviewed articles, containing 16 generic structure classes with nearly 5000 novel synthesized structures are reviewed. Where possible, the structure-activity relationship of these structure classes is surveyed, new insights into in vitro and in vivo efficacy of FXR agonists are disclosed, and potential new and promising therapeutic applications are revealed. TAKE HOME MESSAGE FXR agonists have proven their efficacy and safety in primates and have significant potential as therapeutic agents for the treatment of dyslipidemia and potentially an array of other disease areas.
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Honório KM, Garratt RC, Polikarpov I, Andricopulo AD. 3D QSAR comparative molecular field analysis on nonsteroidal farnesoid X receptor activators. J Mol Graph Model 2006; 25:921-7. [PMID: 17055759 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2006.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2006] [Revised: 09/08/2006] [Accepted: 09/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationships (3D QSAR) were performed for a series of farnesoid X receptor activators using comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA). A training set containing 77 compounds served to establish the models. The best statistical results among all models were obtained with region focusing weighted by a S.D. x coefficient values of 0.8 and a grid spacing of 1.0 (r2=0.963, SEE=0.097; q2=0.742, SEP=0.255). The model was used to predict the potency of 20 test set compounds that were not included in the training set, and the predicted values were in good agreement with the experimental results. The final CoMFA model along with the information obtained from 3D contour maps should be useful for the design of novel FXR ligands having improved potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Káthia M Honório
- Laboratório de Química Medicinal e Computacional, Centro de Biotecnologia Molecular Estrutural, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São-Carlense, 400, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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Nuclear Hormone Receptor Modulators for the Treatment of Diabetes and Dyslipidemia. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(06)41006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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