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Wenzel TJ, Kwong E, Bajwa E, Klegeris A. Resolution-Associated Molecular Patterns (RAMPs) as Endogenous Regulators of Glia Functions in Neuroinflammatory Disease. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2020; 19:483-494. [DOI: 10.2174/1871527319666200702143719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Glial cells, including microglia and astrocytes, facilitate the survival and health of all cells
within the Central Nervous System (CNS) by secreting a range of growth factors and contributing to
tissue and synaptic remodeling. Microglia and astrocytes can also secrete cytotoxins in response to
specific stimuli, such as exogenous Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs), or endogenous
Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs). Excessive cytotoxic secretions can induce the death
of neurons and contribute to the progression of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease
(AD). The transition between various activation states of glia, which include beneficial and detrimental
modes, is regulated by endogenous molecules that include DAMPs, cytokines, neurotransmitters,
and bioactive lipids, as well as a diverse group of mediators sometimes collectively referred to as
Resolution-Associated Molecular Patterns (RAMPs). RAMPs are released by damaged or dying CNS
cells into the extracellular space where they can induce signals in autocrine and paracrine fashions by
interacting with glial cell receptors. While the complete range of their effects on glia has not been described
yet, it is believed that their overall function is to inhibit adverse CNS inflammatory responses,
facilitate tissue remodeling and cellular debris removal. This article summarizes the available evidence
implicating the following RAMPs in CNS physiological processes and neurodegenerative diseases:
cardiolipin (CL), prothymosin α (ProTα), binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP), heat shock protein
(HSP) 10, HSP 27, and αB-crystallin. Studies on the molecular mechanisms engaged by RAMPs could
identify novel glial targets for development of therapeutic agents that effectively slow down neuroinflammatory
disorders including AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J. Wenzel
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Evan Kwong
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Ekta Bajwa
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Andis Klegeris
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia, V1V 1V7, Canada
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Bruno K, Woller SA, Miller YI, Yaksh TL, Wallace M, Beaton G, Chakravarthy K. Targeting toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4)-an emerging therapeutic target for persistent pain states. Pain 2018; 159:1908-1915. [PMID: 29889119 PMCID: PMC7890571 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of pattern recognition receptors that initiate signaling in innate and adaptive immune pathways. The highly conserved family of transmembrane proteins comprises an extracellular domain that recognizes exogenous and endogenous danger molecules and an ectodomain that activates downstream pathways in response. Recent studies suggest that continuous activation or dysregulation of TLR signaling may contribute to chronic disease states. The receptor is located not only on inflammatory cells (meningeal and peripheral macrophages) but on neuraxial glia (microglia and astrocytes), Schwann cells, fibroblasts, dorsal root ganglia, and dorsal horn neurons. Procedures blocking TLR functionality have shown pronounced effects on pain behavior otherwise observed in models of chronic inflammation and nerve injury. This review addresses the role of TLR4 as an emerging therapeutic target for the evolution of persistent pain and its role in noncanonical signaling, mediating anomalous pro-algesic actions of opiates. Accordingly, molecules targeting inhibition of this receptor have promise as disease-modifying and opioid-sparing alternatives for persistent pain states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Bruno
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of California San Diego Health Sciences, La Jolla, CA, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Center for Excellence in Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sarah A. Woller
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of California San Diego Health Sciences, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yury I. Miller
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego Health Science, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tony L. Yaksh
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of California San Diego Health Sciences, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Douleur Therapeutics, 10225 Barnes Canyon Road, Suite A104, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mark Wallace
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of California San Diego Health Sciences, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Douleur Therapeutics, 10225 Barnes Canyon Road, Suite A104, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Graham Beaton
- Douleur Therapeutics, 10225 Barnes Canyon Road, Suite A104, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Krishnan Chakravarthy
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of California San Diego Health Sciences, La Jolla, CA, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Douleur Therapeutics, 10225 Barnes Canyon Road, Suite A104, San Diego, CA, USA
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Bonam SR, Wang F, Muller S. Autophagy: A new concept in autoimmunity regulation and a novel therapeutic option. J Autoimmun 2018; 94:16-32. [PMID: 30219390 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, pharmacologic treatments of autoinflammatory diseases are largely palliative rather than curative. Most of them result in non-specific immunosuppression, which can be associated with broad disruption of natural and induced immunity with significant and sometimes serious unwanted injuries. Among the novel strategies that are under development, tools that modulate the immune system to restore normal tolerance mechanisms are central. In these approaches, peptide therapeutics constitute a class of agents that display many physicochemical advantages. Within this class of potent drugs, the phosphopeptide P140 is very promising for treating patients with lupus, and likely also patients with other chronic inflammatory diseases. We discovered that P140 targets autophagy, a finely orchestrated catabolic process, involved in the regulation of inflammation and in the biology of immune cells. In vitro, P140 acts directly on a particular form of autophagy called chaperone-mediated autophagy, which seems to be hyperactivated in certain subsets of lymphocytes in lupus and in other autoinflammatory settings. In lupus, the "correcting" effect of P140 on autophagy results in a weaker signaling of autoreactive T cells, leading to a significant improvement of pathophysiological status of treated mice. These findings also demonstrated ex vivo in human cells, open novel avenues of therapeutic intervention in pathological conditions, in which specific and not general targeting is highly pursued in the context of the new action plans for personalized medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasa Reddy Bonam
- CNRS-University of Strasbourg, Biotechnology and Cell Signaling, Illkirch, France; CNRS-University of Strasbourg, Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, France
| | - Fengjuan Wang
- CNRS-University of Strasbourg, Biotechnology and Cell Signaling, Illkirch, France; CNRS-University of Strasbourg, Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, France
| | - Sylviane Muller
- CNRS-University of Strasbourg, Biotechnology and Cell Signaling, Illkirch, France; CNRS-University of Strasbourg, Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, France; University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Study, Strasbourg, France.
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 9:177-84. [DOI: 10.1097/aci.0b013e328329f9ca] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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