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Li H, Huang S, Geng C, Wu Y, Shi M, Wang M. Comprehensive analysis reveals hub genes associated with immune cell infiltration in allergic rhinitis. World J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2023; 9:340-351. [PMID: 38059138 PMCID: PMC10696276 DOI: 10.1002/wjo2.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Allergic rhinitis (AR) refers to a form of respiratory inflammation that mainly affects the sinonasal mucosa. The purpose of this study was to explore the level of immune cell infiltration and the pathogenesis of AR. Methods We performed a comprehensive analysis of two gene expression profiles (GSE50223 and GSE50101, a total of 30 patients with AR and 31 healthy controls). CIBERSORT was used to evaluate the immune cell infiltration levels. Weighted gene coexpression network analysis was applied to explore potential genes or gene modules related to immune status, and enrichment analyses including gene ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, gene set enrichment analysis, and gene set variation analysis, were performed to analyze the potential mechanisms in AR. A protein-protein interaction network was constructed to investigate the hub genes, and consensus clustering was conducted to identify the molecular subtypes of AR. Results Compared to the healthy controls, patients with AR had high abundance levels and proportions of CD4+ memory-activated T cells. One hundred and eight immune-related differentially expressed genes were identified. Enrichment analysis suggested that AR was mainly related to leukocyte cell-cell adhesion, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, T-cell activation, and T-cell receptor signaling pathway. Ten hub genes, including TYROBP, CSF1R, TLR8, FCER1G, SPI1, ITGAM, CYBB, FCGR2A, CCR1, and HCK, which were related to immune response, might be crucial to the pathogenesis of AR. Three molecular subtypes with significantly different immune statuses were identified. Conclusion This study improves our understanding of the molecular mechanisms in AR via comprehensive strategies and provides potential diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets of AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of OtorhinolaryngologyPeking University People's HospitalBeijingChina
- Department of RhinologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Shi‐En Huang
- Department of OtorhinolaryngologyPeking University People's HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Cong‐Li Geng
- Department of OtorhinolaryngologyPeking University People's HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Yu‐Xiao Wu
- Department of OtorhinolaryngologyPeking University People's HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Mu‐Han Shi
- Department of OtorhinolaryngologyPeking University People's HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Min Wang
- Department of OtorhinolaryngologyPeking University People's HospitalBeijingChina
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Fermi V, Warta R, Wöllner A, Lotsch C, Jassowicz L, Rapp C, Knoll M, Jungwirth G, Jungk C, Dao Trong P, von Deimling A, Abdollahi A, Unterberg A, Herold-Mende C. Effective Reprogramming of Patient-Derived M2-Polarized Glioblastoma-Associated Microglia/Macrophages by Treatment with GW2580. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:4685-4697. [PMID: 37682326 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-0576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Targeting immunosuppressive and pro-tumorigenic glioblastoma (GBM)-associated macrophages and microglial cells (GAM) has great potential to improve patient outcomes. Colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF1R) has emerged as a promising target for reprograming anti-inflammatory M2-like GAMs. However, treatment data on patient-derived, tumor-educated GAMs and their influence on the adaptive immunity are lacking. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN CD11b+-GAMs freshly isolated from patient tumors were treated with CSF1R-targeting drugs PLX3397, BLZ945, and GW2580. Phenotypical changes upon treatment were assessed using RNA sequencing, flow cytometry, and cytokine quantification. Functional analyses included inducible nitric oxide synthase activity, phagocytosis, transmigration, and autologous tumor cell killing assays. Antitumor effects and changes in GAM activation were confirmed in a complex patient-derived 3D tumor organoid model serving as a tumor avatar. RESULTS The most effective reprogramming of GAMs was observed upon GW2580 treatment, which led to the downregulation of M2-related markers, IL6, IL10, ERK1/2, and MAPK signaling pathways, while M1-like markers, gene set enrichment indicating activated MHC-II presentation, phagocytosis, and T-cell killing were substantially increased. Moreover, treatment of patient-derived GBM organoids with GW2580 confirmed successful reprogramming, resulting in impaired tumor cell proliferation. In line with its failure in clinical trials, PLX3397 was ineffective in our analysis. CONCLUSIONS This comparative analysis of CSF1R-targeting drugs on patient-derived GAMs and human GBM avatars identified GW2580 as the most powerful inhibitor with the ability to polarize immunosuppressive GAMs to a proinflammatory phenotype, supporting antitumor T-cell responses while also exerting a direct antitumor effect. These data indicate that GW2580 could be an important pillar in future therapies for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Fermi
- Department of Neurosurgical Research, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rolf Warta
- Department of Neurosurgical Research, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Amélie Wöllner
- Department of Neurosurgical Research, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Catharina Lotsch
- Department of Neurosurgical Research, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lena Jassowicz
- Department of Neurosurgical Research, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 522, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carmen Rapp
- Department of Neurosurgical Research, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Knoll
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO), University Hospital of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Jungwirth
- Department of Neurosurgical Research, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christine Jungk
- Department of Neurosurgical Research, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philip Dao Trong
- Department of Neurosurgical Research, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas von Deimling
- Dept. of Neuropathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Amir Abdollahi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO), University Hospital of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Unterberg
- Department of Neurosurgical Research, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christel Herold-Mende
- Department of Neurosurgical Research, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, Heidelberg, Germany
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Wen J, Wang S, Guo R, Liu D. CSF1R inhibitors are emerging immunotherapeutic drugs for cancer treatment. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 245:114884. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Martin-Estebane M, Gomez-Nicola D. Targeting Microglial Population Dynamics in Alzheimer's Disease: Are We Ready for a Potential Impact on Immune Function? Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:149. [PMID: 32581720 PMCID: PMC7289918 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, affecting two-thirds of people with dementia in the world. To date, no disease-modifying treatments are available to stop or delay the progression of AD. This chronic neurodegenerative disease is dominated by a strong innate immune response, whereby microglia plays a central role as the main resident macrophage of the brain. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in microglial genes and associated with a delayed onset of AD, highlighting the important role of these cells on the onset and/or progression of the disease. These findings have increased the interest in targeting microglia-associated neuroinflammation as a potentially disease-modifying therapeutic approach for AD. In this review we provide an overview on the contribution of microglia to the pathophysiology of AD, focusing on the main regulatory pathways controlling microglial population dynamics during the neuroinflammatory response, such as the colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R), its ligands (the colony-stimulating factor 1 and interleukin 34) and the transcription factor PU.1. We also discuss the current therapeutic strategies targeting proliferation to modulate microglia-associated neuroinflammation and their potential impact on peripheral immune cell populations in the short and long-term. Understanding the effects of immunomodulatory approaches on microglia and other immune cell types might be critical for developing specific, effective, and safe therapies for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Martin-Estebane
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Diego Gomez-Nicola
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Komohara Y, Noyori O, Saito Y, Takeya H, Baghdadi M, Kitagawa F, Hama N, Ishikawa K, Okuno Y, Nosaka K, Seino KI, Matsuoka M, Suzu S. Potential anti-lymphoma effect of M-CSFR inhibitor in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. J Clin Exp Hematop 2018; 58:152-160. [PMID: 30541986 PMCID: PMC6407477 DOI: 10.3960/jslrt.18034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The c-fms proto-oncogene is also known as macrophage colony stimulating factor receptor
(M-CSFR) or colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R), and is expressed on several
types of malignant tumor cells and myeloid cells. In the present study, we found that
overexpression of M-CSFR was present in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) cases.
M-CSFR signaling was associated with lymphoma cell proliferation, and M-CSFR inhibition
induced apoptosis in lymphoma cells. The ATLL cell line ATL-T expressed M-CSF/CSF-1 and
interleukin (IL)-34, which are both M-CSFR ligands. M-CSF and IL-34 expression was seen in
ATLL cases, and co-expression of these ligands was detected in 11 of 13 ATLL cases. M-CSFR
inhibition suppressed programmed death-1 and -2 ligand in ATL-T cells and macrophages
stimulated with conditioned medium from ATL-T cells. Thus, an M-CSFR inhibitor may be
useful as additional therapy against ATLL due to direct and indirect mechanisms.
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Tanzey SS, Shao X, Stauff J, Arteaga J, Sherman P, Scott PJH, Mossine AV. Synthesis and Initial In Vivo Evaluation of [ 11C]AZ683-A Novel PET Radiotracer for Colony Stimulating Factor 1 Receptor (CSF1R). Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:E136. [PMID: 30551596 PMCID: PMC6316681 DOI: 10.3390/ph11040136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of Colony Stimulating Factor 1 Receptor (CSF1R) is a new strategy for quantifying both neuroinflammation and inflammation in the periphery since CSF1R is expressed on microglia and macrophages. AZ683 has high affinity for CSF1R (Ki = 8 nM; IC50 = 6 nM) and >250-fold selectivity over 95 other kinases. In this paper, we report the radiosynthesis of [11C]AZ683 and initial evaluation of its use in CSF1R PET. [11C]AZ683 was synthesized by 11C-methylation of the desmethyl precursor with [11C]MeOTf in 3.0% non-corrected activity yield (based upon [11C]MeOTf), >99% radiochemical purity and high molar activity. Preliminary PET imaging with [11C]AZ683 revealed low brain uptake in rodents and nonhuman primates, suggesting that imaging neuroinflammation could be challenging but that the radiopharmaceutical could still be useful for peripheral imaging of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean S Tanzey
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Xia Shao
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Jenelle Stauff
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Janna Arteaga
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Phillip Sherman
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Peter J H Scott
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Andrew V Mossine
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Virus Infections on Prion Diseased Mice Exacerbate Inflammatory Microglial Response. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:3974648. [PMID: 28003864 PMCID: PMC5149707 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3974648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We investigated possible interaction between an arbovirus infection and the ME7 induced mice prion disease. C57BL/6, females, 6-week-old, were submitted to a bilateral intrahippocampal injection of ME7 prion strain (ME7) or normal brain homogenate (NBH). After injections, animals were organized into two groups: NBH (n = 26) and ME7 (n = 29). At 15th week after injections (wpi), animals were challenged intranasally with a suspension of Piry arbovirus 0.001% or with NBH. Behavioral changes in ME7 animals appeared in burrowing activity at 14 wpi. Hyperactivity on open field test, errors on rod bridge, and time reduction in inverted screen were detected at 15th, 19th, and 20th wpi respectively. Burrowing was more sensitive to earlier hippocampus dysfunction. However, Piry-infection did not significantly affect the already ongoing burrowing decline in the ME7-treated mice. After behavioral tests, brains were processed for IBA1, protease-resistant form of PrP, and Piry virus antigens. Although virus infection in isolation did not change the number of microglia in CA1, virus infection in prion diseased mice (at 17th wpi) induced changes in number and morphology of microglia in a laminar-dependent way. We suggest that virus infection exacerbates microglial inflammatory response to a greater degree in prion-infected mice, and this is not necessarily correlated with hippocampal-dependent behavioral deficits.
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Borjini N, Fernández M, Giardino L, Calzà L. Cytokine and chemokine alterations in tissue, CSF, and plasma in early presymptomatic phase of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), in a rat model of multiple sclerosis. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:291. [PMID: 27846891 PMCID: PMC5111339 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0757-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the most commonly used experimental animal model for human multiple sclerosis (MS) that has been used so far to study the acute and remission-relapsing phases of the disease. Despite the vast literature on neuroinflammation onset and progression in EAE, important questions are still open regarding in particular the early asymptomatic phase between immunization and clinical onset. METHODS In this study, we performed a time-course investigation of neuroinflammation and demyelination biomarkers in the spinal cord (SC), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and blood in EAE induced in dark agouti (DA) female rats compared to the controls and adjuvant-injected rats, using high-throughput technologies for gene expression and protein assays and focusing on the time-course between immunization, clinical onset (1, 5, 8 days post-immunization (DPI)), and progression (11 and 18 DPI). The expression profile of 84 genes related to T cell activation/signaling, adaptive immunity, cytokine/chemokine inflammation, demyelination, and cellular stress were analyzed in the tissue; 24 cytokines were measured in the CSF and plasma. RESULTS The macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF1) was the first up-regulated protein as far as 1 DPI, not only in blood but also in CSF and SC. A treatment with GW2580, a selective CSF1R inhibitor, slowed the disease progression, significantly reduced the severity, and prevented the relapse phase. Moreover, both pro-inflammatory (IL-1β, TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-5, IL-10, VEGF) were up-regulated starting from 8 DPI. Myelin genes were down-regulated starting from 8 DPI, especially MAL, MBP, and PMP22 while an opposite expression profile was observed for inflammation-related genes, such as CXCL11 and CXCL10. CONCLUSIONS This early cytokine and chemokine regulation indicates that novel biomarkers and therapeutic options could be explored in the asymptomatic phase of EAE. Overall, our findings provide clear evidence that CSF1R signaling regulates inflammation in EAE, supporting therapeutic targeting of CSF1R in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozha Borjini
- Research and Development, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A, Via Palermo 26/A, Parma, 43100 Italy
- Health Science and Technologies Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR), University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 41/E, Bologna, Ozzano Emilia I 40064 Italy
- IRET Foundation, Via Tolara di Sopra 41/E, Bologna, Ozzano Emilia 40064 Italy
| | - Mercedes Fernández
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 41/E, Bologna, Ozzano Emilia 40064 Italy
| | - Luciana Giardino
- Health Science and Technologies Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR), University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 41/E, Bologna, Ozzano Emilia I 40064 Italy
- IRET Foundation, Via Tolara di Sopra 41/E, Bologna, Ozzano Emilia 40064 Italy
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano Emilia, BO 40064 Italy
| | - Laura Calzà
- Health Science and Technologies Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR), University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 41/E, Bologna, Ozzano Emilia I 40064 Italy
- IRET Foundation, Via Tolara di Sopra 41/E, Bologna, Ozzano Emilia 40064 Italy
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 41/E, Bologna, Ozzano Emilia 40064 Italy
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Achkova D, Maher J. Role of the colony-stimulating factor (CSF)/CSF-1 receptor axis in cancer. Biochem Soc Trans 2016; 44:333-341. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20150245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells employ a variety of mechanisms to evade apoptosis and senescence. Pre-eminent among these is the aberrant co-expression of growth factors and their ligands, forming an autocrine growth loop that promotes tumour formation and progression. One growth loop whose transforming potential has been repeatedly demonstrated is the CSF-1/CSF-1R axis. Expression of CSF-1 and/or CSF-1R has been documented in a number of human malignancies, including breast, prostate and ovarian cancer and classical Hodgkin's lymphoma (cHL). This review summarizes the large body of work undertaken to study the role of this cytokine receptor system in malignant transformation. These studies have attributed a key role to the CSF-1/CSF-1R axis in supporting tumour cell survival, proliferation and enhanced motility. Moreover, increasing evidence implicates paracrine interactions between CSF-1 and its receptor in defining a tumour-permissive and immunosuppressive tumour-associated stroma. Against this background, we briefly consider the prospects for therapeutic targeting of this system in malignant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Achkova
- Department of Research Oncology, King's Health Partners Integrated Cancer Centre, King's College London, Guy's Hospital Campus, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, U.K
| | - John Maher
- Department of Research Oncology, King's Health Partners Integrated Cancer Centre, King's College London, Guy's Hospital Campus, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, U.K
- Department of Immunology, Barnet Hospital, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, Barnet, Hertfordshire EN5 3DJ, U.K
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, U.K
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Olmos-Alonso A, Schetters STT, Sri S, Askew K, Mancuso R, Vargas-Caballero M, Holscher C, Perry VH, Gomez-Nicola D. Pharmacological targeting of CSF1R inhibits microglial proliferation and prevents the progression of Alzheimer's-like pathology. Brain 2016; 139:891-907. [PMID: 26747862 PMCID: PMC4766375 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The proliferation and activation of microglial cells is a hallmark of several neurodegenerative conditions. This mechanism is regulated by the activation of the colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R), thus providing a target that may prevent the progression of conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease. However, the study of microglial proliferation in Alzheimer’s disease and validation of the efficacy of CSF1R-inhibiting strategies have not yet been reported. In this study we found increased proliferation of microglial cells in human Alzheimer’s disease, in line with an increased upregulation of the CSF1R-dependent pro-mitogenic cascade, correlating with disease severity. Using a transgenic model of Alzheimer’s-like pathology (APPswe, PSEN1dE9; APP/PS1 mice) we define a CSF1R-dependent progressive increase in microglial proliferation, in the proximity of amyloid-β plaques. Prolonged inhibition of CSF1R in APP/PS1 mice by an orally available tyrosine kinase inhibitor (GW2580) resulted in the blockade of microglial proliferation and the shifting of the microglial inflammatory profile to an anti-inflammatory phenotype. Pharmacological targeting of CSF1R in APP/PS1 mice resulted in an improved performance in memory and behavioural tasks and a prevention of synaptic degeneration, although these changes were not correlated with a change in the number of amyloid-β plaques. Our results provide the first proof of the efficacy of CSF1R inhibition in models of Alzheimer’s disease, and validate the application of a therapeutic strategy aimed at modifying CSF1R activation as a promising approach to tackle microglial activation and the progression of Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Olmos-Alonso
- 1 Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Sarmi Sri
- 1 Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Katharine Askew
- 1 Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Renzo Mancuso
- 1 Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Mariana Vargas-Caballero
- 1 Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK 2 Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Christian Holscher
- 3 Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - V Hugh Perry
- 1 Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Diego Gomez-Nicola
- 1 Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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Im D, Jung K, Yang S, Aman W, Hah JM. Discovery of 4-arylamido 3-methyl isoxazole derivatives as novel FMS kinase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 102:600-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Wang B, Xu W, Tan M, Xiao Y, Yang H, Xia TS. Integrative genomic analyses of a novel cytokine, interleukin-34 and its potential role in cancer prediction. Int J Mol Med 2014; 35:92-102. [PMID: 25395235 PMCID: PMC4249750 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-34 (IL-34) is a novel cytokine, which is composed of 222 amino acids and forms homodimers. It binds to the macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) receptor and plays an important role in innate immunity and inflammatory processes. In the present study, we identified the completed IL-34 gene in 25 various mammalian genomes and found that IL-34 existed in all types of vertebrates, including fish, amphibians, birds and mammals. These species have a similar 7 exon/6 intron gene organization. The phylogenetic tree indicated that the IL-34 gene from the primate lineage, rodent lineage and teleost lineage form a species-specific cluster. It was found mammalian that IL-34 was under positive selection pressure with the identified positively selected site, 196Val. Fifty-five functionally relevant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), including 32 SNPs causing missense mutations, 3 exonic splicing enhancer SNPs and 20 SNPs causing nonsense mutations were identified from 2,141 available SNPs in the human IL-34 gene. IL-34 was expressed in various types of cancer, including blood, brain, breast, colorectal, eye, head and neck, lung, ovarian and skin cancer. A total of 5 out of 40 tests (1 blood cancer, 1 brain cancer, 1 colorectal cancer and 2 lung cancer) revealed an association between IL-34 gene expression and cancer prognosis. It was found that the association between the expression of IL-34 and cancer prognosis varied in different types of cancer, even in the same types of cancer from different databases. This suggests that the function of IL-34 in these tumors may be multidimensional. The upstream transcription factor 1 (USF1), regulatory factor X-1 (RFX1), the Sp1 transcription factor 1, POU class 3 homeobox 2 (POU3F2) and forkhead box L1 (FOXL1) regulatory transcription factor binding sites were identified in the IL-34 gene upstream (promoter) region, which may be involved in the effects of IL-34 in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Eastern Hospital of The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510700, P.R. China
| | - Wenming Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Eastern Hospital of The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510700, P.R. China
| | - Miaolian Tan
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Eastern Hospital of The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510700, P.R. China
| | - Yan Xiao
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Eastern Hospital of The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510700, P.R. China
| | - Haiwei Yang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Tian-Song Xia
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
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Sullivan AR, Pixley FJ. CSF-1R signaling in health and disease: a focus on the mammary gland. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2014; 19:149-59. [PMID: 24912655 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-014-9320-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1), also known as macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), is the primary growth factor regulating survival, proliferation and differentiation of macrophages. It is also a potent chemokine for macrophages and monocytes. Signaling via the CSF-1 receptor (CSF-1R) is necessary for the production of almost all tissue resident macrophage populations and these macrophages participate, via trophic mechanisms, in the normal development and homeostasis of tissues and organs in which they reside, including the mammary gland. The drawback of this close interaction between macrophages and parenchymal cells is that dysregulation of macrophage trophic functions assists in the development and progression of many cancers, including breast cancer. Furthermore, tumour cells secrete CSF-1 to attract more macrophages to the tumour microenvironment where CSF-1R signaling frequently drives the behaviour of these tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) to promote tumour progression and metastasis. Evidence is mounting that treated tumours secrete more CSF-1 and the increased recruitment of TAMs limits treatment efficacy. Thus, therapeutic targeting of the CSF-1R to inhibit TAM function is likely to enhance tumour response and improve patient outcomes in the treatment of cancer, including breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Renee Sullivan
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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14
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Nakamichi Y, Udagawa N, Takahashi N. IL-34 and CSF-1: similarities and differences. J Bone Miner Metab 2013; 31:486-95. [PMID: 23740288 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-013-0476-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) is widely expressed and considered to regulate the development, maintenance, and function of mononuclear phagocyte lineage cells such as monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), Langerhans cells (LCs), microglia, and osteoclasts. Interleukin-34 (IL-34) was recently identified as an alternative ligand for the CSF-1 receptor (CSF-1R) through functional proteomics experiments. It is well established that the phenotype of CSF-1R-deficient (CSF-1R⁻/⁻) mice is more severe than that of mice bearing a spontaneous null mutation in CSF-1 (CSF-1(op/op)). CSF-1R⁻/⁻ mice are severely depleted of macrophages and completely lack LCs, microglia, and osteoclasts during their lifetime. In contrast, CSF-1(op/op) mice exhibit late-onset macrophage development and osteoclastogenesis, whereas they show modestly reduced numbers of microglia and a relatively normal LC development. In contrast, IL-34-deficient (IL-34⁻/⁻) mice show a marked reduction of LCs and a decrease in microglia. IL-34 and CSF-1 display different spatiotemporal expression patterns and have distinct biological functions. In this review, we focus on the functional similarities and differences between IL-34 and CSF-1 in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Nakamichi
- Institute for Oral Science, Matsumoto Dental University, 1780 Hiro-oka Gobara, Shiojiri, Nagano, 399-0781, Japan,
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15
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Mitigation of cardiovascular toxicity in a series of CSF-1R inhibitors, and the identification of AZD7507. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:4591-6. [PMID: 23842474 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The potent and selective 3-amido-4-anilinoquinoline CSF-1R inhibitor AZ683 suffered from cardiovascular liabilities, which were linked to the off-target activities of the compound and ion channel activity in particular. Less basic and less lipophilic examples from both the quinoline and cinnoline series demonstrated cleaner secondary pharmacology profiles. Cinnoline 31 retained the required potency and oral PK profile, and was progressed through the safety screening cascade to be nominated into development as AZD7507.
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16
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Transcriptional profiling and pathway analysis of CSF-1 and IL-34 effects on human monocyte differentiation. Cytokine 2013; 63:10-17. [PMID: 23684409 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
CSF-1 is the well-known ligand for CSF-1R, which plays a vital role in monocyte-macrophage generation, survival, and function. IL-34 is a newly discovered cytokine that also signals through CSF-1R. Although there are limited data for downstream signaling and pathway activation for CSF-1, none are published, to date, for expression profiles of IL-34. The objective of this study was to characterize and compare the signaling pathways downstream of the CSF-1R receptor, based on these two ligands. This was accomplished through transcriptional profiling and pathway analysis of CD14(+) human monocytes differentiated with each ligand. Additionally, cells were treated with a CSF-1R inhibitor GW2580 to establish that observations associated with each ligand were CSF-1R mediated. Gene expression profiles were generated for each condition using Agilent 4x44K Whole Human Genome Microarrays. Overall profiles generated by each cytokine were similar (~75% of genes) with a dampened effect noted on some pathways (~25% of genes) with IL-34. One key difference observed, between the two cytokines was in the repression of CCR2 message. A similar divergence in protein level was established by FACS analysis. The differential effect on CCR2 expression has major implications for monocyte/macrophage biology including homeostasis and function. Further study of IL-34 effects on monocyte/macrophage biology will shed light on the specific role each ligand plays and the context in which these roles are important. To our knowledge, this study is the first to illustrate downstream transcriptional profiles and pathways of IL-34 in comparison with CSF-1 and identify notable differences in CCR2 expression.
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17
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Viana L, Lima C, Oliveira M, Borges R, Cardoso T, Almeida I, Diniz D, Bento-Torres J, Pereira A, Batista-de-Oliveira M, Lopes A, Silva R, Abadie-Guedes R, Amâncio dos Santos A, Lima D, Vasconcelos P, Cunningham C, Guedes R, Picanço-Diniz C. Litter size, age-related memory impairments, and microglial changes in rat dentate gyrus: Stereological analysis and three dimensional morphometry. Neuroscience 2013; 238:280-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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18
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Gow DJ, Garceau V, Kapetanovic R, Sester DP, Fici GJ, Shelly JA, Wilson TL, Hume DA. Cloning and expression of porcine Colony Stimulating Factor-1 (CSF-1) and Colony Stimulating Factor-1 Receptor (CSF-1R) and analysis of the species specificity of stimulation by CSF-1 and Interleukin 34. Cytokine 2012; 60:793-805. [PMID: 22974529 PMCID: PMC3500696 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (CSF-1) controls the survival, differentiation and proliferation of cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system. A second ligand for the CSF-1R, Interleukin 34 (IL-34), has been described, but its physiological role is not yet known. The domestic pig provides an alternative to traditional rodent models for evaluating potential therapeutic applications of CSF-1R agonists and antagonists. To enable such studies, we cloned and expressed active pig CSF-1. To provide a bioassay, pig CSF-1R was expressed in the factor-dependent Ba/F3 cell line. On this transfected cell line, recombinant porcine CSF-1 and human CSF-1 had identical activity. Mouse CSF-1 does not interact with the human CSF-1 receptor but was active on pig. By contrast, porcine CSF-1 was active on mouse, human, cat and dog cells. IL-34 was previously shown to be species-specific, with mouse and human proteins demonstrating limited cross-species activity. The pig CSF-1R was equally responsive to both mouse and human IL-34. Based upon the published crystal structures of CSF-1/CSF-1R and IL34/CSF-1R complexes, we discuss the molecular basis for the species specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J. Gow
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK
| | - Valerie Garceau
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK
| | - Ronan Kapetanovic
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK
| | - David P. Sester
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK
| | - Greg J. Fici
- Pfizer Animal Health, 7000 Portage Road, Kalamazoo, MI 49001, United States
| | - John A. Shelly
- Pfizer Animal Health, 7000 Portage Road, Kalamazoo, MI 49001, United States
| | - Thomas L. Wilson
- Pfizer Animal Health, 7000 Portage Road, Kalamazoo, MI 49001, United States
| | - David A. Hume
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK,Corresponding author. Tel.: +44 131 6519181.
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19
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Verstraete K, Savvides SN. Extracellular assembly and activation principles of oncogenic class III receptor tyrosine kinases. Nat Rev Cancer 2012; 12:753-66. [PMID: 23076159 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular signalling cascades initiated by class III receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK-IIIs) and their cytokine ligands contribute to haematopoiesis and mesenchymal tissue development. They are also implicated in a wide range of inflammatory disorders and cancers. Recent snapshots of RTK-III ectodomains in complex with cognate cytokines have revealed timely insights into the structural determinants of RTK-III activation, evolution and pathology. Importantly, candidate 'driver' and 'passenger' mutations that have been identified in RTK-IIIs can now be collectively mapped for the first time to structural scaffolds of the corresponding RTK-III ectodomains. Such insights will generate a renewed interest in dissecting the mechanistic effects of such mutations and their therapeutic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Verstraete
- Unit for Structural Biology, Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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20
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Kirma NB, Tekmal RR. Transgenic mouse models of hormonal mammary carcinogenesis: advantages and limitations. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 131:76-82. [PMID: 22119744 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mouse models of breast cancer, especially transgenic and knockout mice, have been established as valuable tools in shedding light on factors involved in preneoplastic changes, tumor development and malignant progression. The majority of mouse transgenic models develop estrogen receptor (ER) negative tumors. This is seen as a drawback because the majority of human breast cancers present an ER positive phenotype. On the other hand, several transgenic mouse models have been developed that produce ER positive mammary tumors. These include mice over-expressing aromatase, ERα, PELP-1 and AIB-1. In this review, we will discuss the value of these models as physiologically relevant in vivo systems to understand breast cancer as well as some of the pitfalls involving these models. In all, we argue that the use of transgenic models has improved our understanding of the molecular aspects and biology of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nameer B Kirma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
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21
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Eckhardt BL, Francis PA, Parker BS, Anderson RL. Strategies for the discovery and development of therapies for metastatic breast cancer. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2012; 11:479-97. [PMID: 22653217 DOI: 10.1038/nrd2372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nearly all deaths caused by solid cancers occur as a result of metastasis--the formation of secondary tumours in distant organs such as the lungs, liver, brain and bone. A major obstruction to the development of drugs with anti-metastatic efficacy is our fragmented understanding of how tumours 'evolve' and metastasize, at both the biological and genetic levels. Furthermore, although there is significant overlap in the metastatic process among different types of cancer, there are also marked differences in the propensity to metastasize, the extent of metastasis, the sites to which the tumour metastasizes, the kinetics of the process and the mechanisms involved. Here, we consider the case of breast cancer, which has some marked distinguishing features compared with other types of cancer. Considerable progress has been made in the development of preclinical models and in the identification of relevant signalling pathways and genetic regulators of metastatic breast cancer, and we discuss how these might facilitate the development of novel targeted anti-metastatic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bedrich L Eckhardt
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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22
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Mouchemore KA, Pixley FJ. CSF-1 signaling in macrophages: pleiotrophy through phosphotyrosine-based signaling pathways. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2012; 49:49-61. [DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2012.666845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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23
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DMXAA (Vadimezan, ASA404) is a multi-kinase inhibitor targeting VEGFR2 in particular. Clin Sci (Lond) 2012; 122:449-57. [PMID: 22142330 DOI: 10.1042/cs20110412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The flavone acetic acid derivative DMXAA [5,6-dimethylXAA (xanthenone-4-acetic acid), Vadimezan, ASA404] is a drug that displayed vascular-disrupting activity and induced haemorrhagic necrosis and tumour regression in pre-clinical animal models. Both immune-mediated and non-immune-mediated effects contributed to the tumour regression. The vascular disruption was less in human tumours, with immune-mediated effects being less prominent, but nonetheless DMXAA showed promising effects in Phase II clinical trials in non-small-cell lung cancer. However, these effects were not replicated in Phase III clinical trials. It has been difficult to understand the differences between the pre-clinical findings and the later clinical trials as the molecular targets for the agent have never been clearly established. To investigate the mechanism of action, we sought to determine whether DMXAA might target protein kinases. We found that, at concentrations achieved in blood during clinical trials, DMXAA has inhibitory effects against several kinases, with most potent effects being on members of the VEGFR (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor) tyrosine kinase family. Some analogues of DMXAA were even more effective inhibitors of these kinases, in particular 2-MeXAA (2-methylXAA) and 6-MeXAA (6-methylXAA). The inhibitory effects were greatest against VEGFR2 and, consistent with this, we found that DMXAA, 2-MeXAA and 6-MeXAA were able to block angiogenesis in zebrafish embryos and also inhibit VEGFR2 signalling in HUVECs (human umbilical vein endothelial cells). Taken together, these results indicate that at least part of the effects of DMXAA are due to it acting as a multi-kinase inhibitor and that the anti-VEGFR activity in particular may contribute to the non-immune-mediated effects of DMXAA on the vasculature.
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Therapeutic applications of macrophage colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) and antagonists of CSF-1 receptor (CSF-1R) signaling. Blood 2011; 119:1810-20. [PMID: 22186992 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-09-379214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 506] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage-colony stimulating factor (CSF-1) signaling through its receptor (CSF-1R) promotes the differentiation of myeloid progenitors into heterogeneous populations of monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and bone-resorbing osteoclasts. In the periphery, CSF-1 regulates the migration, proliferation, function, and survival of macrophages, which function at multiple levels within the innate and adaptive immune systems. Macrophage populations elicited by CSF-1 are associated with, and exacerbate, a broad spectrum of pathologies, including cancer, inflammation, and bone disease. Conversely, macrophages can also contribute to immunosuppression, disease resolution, and tissue repair. Recombinant CSF-1, antibodies against the ligand and the receptor, and specific inhibitors of CSF-1R kinase activity have been each been tested in a range of animal models and in some cases, in patients. This review examines the potential clinical uses of modulators of the CSF-1/CSF-1R system. We conclude that CSF-1 promotes a resident-type macrophage phenotype. As a treatment, CSF-1 has therapeutic potential in tissue repair. Conversely, inhibition of CSF-1R is unlikely to be effective in inflammatory disease but may have utility in cancer.
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Abstract
The mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) comprises monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells. Tissue phagocytes share several cell surface markers, phagocytic capability and myeloid classification; however, the factors that regulate the differentiation, homeostasis and function of macrophages and dendritic cells remain largely unknown. The purpose of this manuscript is to review the tools that are currently available and those that are under development to study the origin and function of mononuclear phagocytes.
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