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Khan A, Paneerselvam N, Lawson BR. Antiretrovirals to CCR5 CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing - A paradigm shift chasing an HIV cure. Clin Immunol 2023; 255:109741. [PMID: 37611838 PMCID: PMC10631514 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of drug-resistant viral strains and anatomical and cellular reservoirs of HIV pose significant clinical challenges to antiretroviral therapy. CCR5 is a coreceptor critical for HIV host cell fusion, and a homozygous 32-bp gene deletion (∆32) leads to its loss of function. Interestingly, an allogeneic HSCT from an HIV-negative ∆32 donor to an HIV-1-infected recipient demonstrated a curative approach by rendering the recipient's blood cells resistant to viral entry. Ex vivo gene editing tools, such as CRISPR/Cas9, hold tremendous promise in generating allogeneic HSC grafts that can potentially replace allogeneic ∆32 HSCTs. Here, we review antiretroviral therapeutic challenges, clinical successes, and failures of allogeneic and allogeneic ∆32 HSCTs, and newer exciting developments within CCR5 editing using CRISPR/Cas9 in the search to cure HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Khan
- The Scintillon Research Institute, 6868 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | - Brian R Lawson
- The Scintillon Research Institute, 6868 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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2
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Mertinková P, Mochnáčová E, Bhide K, Kulkarni A, Tkáčová Z, Hruškovicová J, Bhide M. Development of peptides targeting receptor binding site of the envelope glycoprotein to contain the West Nile virus infection. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20131. [PMID: 34635758 PMCID: PMC8505397 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99696-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV), re-emerging neurotropic flavivirus, can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and cause fatal encephalitis and meningitis. Infection of the human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMECs), building blocks of the BBB, represents the pivotal step in neuroinvasion. Domain III (DIII) of the envelope (E) glycoprotein is a key receptor-binding domain, thus, it is an attractive target for anti-flavivirus strategies. Here, two combinatorial phage display peptide libraries, Ph.D.-C7C and Ph.D.-12, were panned against receptor-binding site (RBS) on DIII to isolate peptides that could block DIII. From series of pannings, nine peptides (seven 7-mer cyclic and two 12-mer linear) were selected and overexpressed in E. coli SHuffle T5. Presence of disulfide bond in 7-mer peptides was confirmed with thiol-reactive maleimide labeling. Except for linear peptide 19 (HYSWSWIAYSPG), all peptides proved to be DIII binders. Among all peptides, 4 cyclic peptides (CTKTDVHFC, CIHSSTRAC, CTYENHRTC, and CLAQSHPLC) showed significant blocking of the interaction between DIII and hBMECs, and ability to neutralize infection in cultured cells. None of these peptides showed toxic or hemolytic activity. Peptides identified in this study may serve as potential candidates for the development of novel antiviral therapeutics against WNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Mertinková
- grid.412971.80000 0001 2234 6772Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Evelína Mochnáčová
- grid.412971.80000 0001 2234 6772Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Katarína Bhide
- grid.412971.80000 0001 2234 6772Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Amod Kulkarni
- grid.412971.80000 0001 2234 6772Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia ,grid.419303.c0000 0001 2180 9405Institute of Neuroimmunology of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84510 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Tkáčová
- grid.412971.80000 0001 2234 6772Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Jana Hruškovicová
- grid.412971.80000 0001 2234 6772Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Mangesh Bhide
- grid.412971.80000 0001 2234 6772Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia ,grid.419303.c0000 0001 2180 9405Institute of Neuroimmunology of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84510 Bratislava, Slovakia
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3
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Ruiz-Santaquiteria M, Illescas BM, Abdelnabi R, Boonen A, Mills A, Martí-Marí O, Noppen S, Neyts J, Schols D, Gago F, San-Félix A, Camarasa MJ, Martín N. Multivalent Tryptophan- and Tyrosine-Containing [60]Fullerene Hexa-Adducts as Dual HIV and Enterovirus A71 Entry Inhibitors. Chemistry 2021; 27:10700-10710. [PMID: 33851758 PMCID: PMC8361981 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Unprecedented 3D hexa‐adducts of [60]fullerene peripherally decorated with twelve tryptophan (Trp) or tyrosine (Tyr) residues have been synthesized. Studies on the antiviral activity of these novel compounds against HIV and EV71 reveal that they are much more potent against HIV and equally active against EV71 than the previously described dendrimer prototypes AL‐385 and AL‐463, which possess the same number of Trp/Tyr residues on the periphery but attached to a smaller and more flexible pentaerythritol core. These results demonstrate the relevance of the globular 3D presentation of the peripheral groups (Trp/Tyr) as well as the length of the spacer connecting them to the central core to interact with the viral envelopes, particularly in the case of HIV, and support the hypothesis that [60]fullerene can be an alternative and attractive biocompatible carbon‐based scaffold for this type of highly symmetrical dendrimers. In addition, the functionalized fullerenes here described, which display twelve peripheral negatively charged indole moieties on their globular surface, define a new and versatile class of compounds with a promising potential in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Ruiz-Santaquiteria
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz M Illescas
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rana Abdelnabi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, University of Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Boonen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, University of Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alberto Mills
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas y Unidad Asociada IQM-UAH, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Olaia Martí-Marí
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC), IQM-CSIC, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sam Noppen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, University of Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, University of Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dominique Schols
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, University of Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Federico Gago
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas y Unidad Asociada IQM-UAH, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana San-Félix
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC), IQM-CSIC, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Nazario Martín
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,IMDEA-Nanoscience, C/ Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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4
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Mirza MU, Saadabadi A, Vanmeert M, Salo-Ahen OMH, Abdullah I, Claes S, De Jonghe S, Schols D, Ahmad S, Froeyen M. Discovery of HIV entry inhibitors via a hybrid CXCR4 and CCR5 receptor pharmacophore-based virtual screening approach. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 155:105537. [PMID: 32890663 PMCID: PMC7467125 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Chemokine receptors are key regulators of cell migration in terms of immunity and inflammation. Among these, CCR5 and CXCR4 play pivotal roles in cancer metastasis and HIV-1 transmission and infection. They act as essential co-receptors for HIV and furnish a route to the cell entry. In particular, inhibition of either CCR5 or CXCR4 leads very often the virus to shift to a more virulent dual-tropic strain. Therefore, dual receptor inhibition might improve the therapeutic strategies against HIV. In this study, we aimed to discover selective CCR5, CXCR4, and dual CCR5/CXCR4 antagonists using both receptor- and ligand-based computational methods. We employed this approach to fully incorporate the interaction attributes of the binding pocket together with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and binding free energy calculations. The best hits were evaluated for their anti-HIV-1 activity against CXCR4- and CCR5-specific NL4.3 and BaL strains. Moreover, the Ca2+ mobilization assay was used to evaluate their antagonistic activity. From the 27 tested compounds, three were identified as inhibitors: compounds 27 (CCR5), 6 (CXCR4) and 3 (dual) with IC50 values ranging from 10.64 to 64.56 μM. The binding mode analysis suggests that the active compounds form a salt bridge with the glutamates and π-stacking interactions with the aromatic side chains binding site residues of the respective co-receptor. The presented hierarchical virtual screening approach provides essential aspects in identifying potential antagonists in terms of selectivity against a specific co-receptor. The compounds having multiple heterocyclic nitrogen atoms proved to be relatively more specific towards CXCR4 inhibition as compared to CCR5. The identified compounds serve as a starting point for further development of HIV entry inhibitors through synthesis and quantitative structure-activity relationship studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Usman Mirza
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Atefeh Saadabadi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Pharmacy, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biochemistry, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Michiel Vanmeert
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Outi M H Salo-Ahen
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Pharmacy, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biochemistry, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Iskandar Abdullah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 59100, Malaysia
| | - Sandra Claes
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven De Jonghe
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dominique Schols
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sarfraz Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 59100, Malaysia
| | - Matheus Froeyen
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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5
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CCR5/CXCR4 Dual Antagonism for the Improvement of HIV Infection Therapy. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24030550. [PMID: 30717348 PMCID: PMC6384722 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV entry in the host cell requires the interaction with the CD4 membrane receptor, and depends on the activation of one or both co-receptors CCR5 and CXCR4. Former selective co-receptor antagonists, acting at early stages of infection, are able to impair the receptor functions, preventing the viral spread toward AIDS. Due to the capability of HIV to develop resistance by switching from CCR5 to CXCR4, dual co-receptor antagonists could represent the next generation of AIDS prophylaxis drugs. We herein present a survey on relevant results published in the last few years on compounds acting simultaneously on both co-receptors, potentially useful as preventing agents or in combination with classical anti-retroviral drugs based therapy.
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6
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Structure-activity relationship studies on a Trp dendrimer with dual activities against HIV and enterovirus A71. Modifications on the amino acid. Antiviral Res 2016; 139:32-40. [PMID: 28017762 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have recently described a new class of dendrimers with tryptophan (Trp) on the surface that show dual antiviral activities against HIV and EV71 enterovirus. The prototype compound of this family is a pentaerythritol derivative with 12 Trps on the periphery. Here we complete the structure-activity relationship studies of this family to identify key features that might be significant for the antiviral activity. With this aim, novel dendrimers containing different amino acids (aromatic and non-aromatic), tryptamine (a "decarboxylated" analogue of Trp) and N-methyl Trp on the periphery have been prepared. Dendrimer with N-Methyl Trp was the most active against HIV-1 and HIV-2 while dendrimer with tyrosine was endowed with the most potent antiviral activity against EV71. This tyrosine dendrimer proved to inhibit a large panel of EV71 clinical isolates (belonging to different clusters) in the low nanomolar/high picomolar range. In addition, a new synthetic procedure (convergent approach) has been developed for the synthesis of the prototype and some other dendrimers. This convergent approach proved more efficient (higher yields, easier purification) than the divergent approach previously reported.
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7
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Bergström CAS, Charman WN, Porter CJH. Computational prediction of formulation strategies for beyond-rule-of-5 compounds. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 101:6-21. [PMID: 26928657 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The physicochemical properties of some contemporary drug candidates are moving towards higher molecular weight, and coincidentally also higher lipophilicity in the quest for biological selectivity and specificity. These physicochemical properties move the compounds towards beyond rule-of-5 (B-r-o-5) chemical space and often result in lower water solubility. For such B-r-o-5 compounds non-traditional delivery strategies (i.e. those other than conventional tablet and capsule formulations) typically are required to achieve adequate exposure after oral administration. In this review, we present the current status of computational tools for prediction of intestinal drug absorption, models for prediction of the most suitable formulation strategies for B-r-o-5 compounds and models to obtain an enhanced understanding of the interplay between drug, formulation and physiological environment. In silico models are able to identify the likely molecular basis for low solubility in physiologically relevant fluids such as gastric and intestinal fluids. With this baseline information, a formulation scientist can, at an early stage, evaluate different orally administered, enabling formulation strategies. Recent computational models have emerged that predict glass-forming ability and crystallisation tendency and therefore the potential utility of amorphous solid dispersion formulations. Further, computational models of loading capacity in lipids, and therefore the potential for formulation as a lipid-based formulation, are now available. Whilst such tools are useful for rapid identification of suitable formulation strategies, they do not reveal drug localisation and molecular interaction patterns between drug and excipients. For the latter, Molecular Dynamics simulations provide an insight into the interplay between drug, formulation and intestinal fluid. These different computational approaches are reviewed. Additionally, we analyse the molecular requirements of different targets, since these can provide an early signal that enabling formulation strategies will be required. Based on the analysis we conclude that computational biopharmaceutical profiling can be used to identify where non-conventional gateways, such as prediction of 'formulate-ability' during lead optimisation and early development stages, are important and may ultimately increase the number of orally tractable contemporary targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christel A S Bergström
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala Biomedical Center, P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - William N Charman
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Christopher J H Porter
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Nano-Bio Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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8
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Tryptophan dendrimers that inhibit HIV replication, prevent virus entry and bind to the HIV envelope glycoproteins gp120 and gp41. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 106:34-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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9
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Discovery and optimization of novel small-molecule HIV-1 entry inhibitors using field-based virtual screening and bioisosteric replacement. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 24:5439-45. [PMID: 25454268 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
With the emergence of drug-resistant strains and the cumulative toxicities associated with current therapies, demand remains for new inhibitors of HIV-1 replication. The inhibition of HIV-1 entry is an attractive, yet underexploited therapeutic approach with implications for salvage and preexposure prophylactic regimens, as well as topical microbicides. Using the combination of a field-derived bioactive conformation template to perform virtual screening and iterative bioisosteric replacements, coupled with in silico predictions of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, we have identified new leads for HIV-1 entry inhibitors.
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Dueva EV, Osolodkin DI, Kozlovskaya LI, Palyulin VA, Pentkovski VM, Zefirov NS. Interaction of Flaviviruses with Reproduction Inhibitors Binding in β-OG Pocket: Insights from Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Mol Inform 2014; 33:695-708. [DOI: 10.1002/minf.201300185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Binding mode characterization of NBD series CD4-mimetic HIV-1 entry inhibitors by X-ray structure and resistance study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:5478-91. [PMID: 25001301 DOI: 10.1128/aac.03339-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously identified two small-molecule CD4 mimetics--NBD-556 and NBD-557--and synthesized a series of NBD compounds that resulted in improved neutralization activity in a single-cycle HIV-1 infectivity assay. For the current investigation, we selected several of the most active compounds and assessed their antiviral activity on a panel of 53 reference HIV-1 Env pseudoviruses representing diverse clades of clinical isolates. The selected compounds inhibited tested clades with low-micromolar potencies. Mechanism studies indicated that they act as CD4 agonists, a potentially unfavorable therapeutic trait, in that they can bind to the gp120 envelope glycoprotein and initiate a similar physiological response as CD4. However, one of the compounds, NBD-09027, exhibited reduced agonist properties, in both functional and biophysical studies. To understand the binding mode of these inhibitors, we first generated HIV-1-resistant mutants, assessed their behavior with NBD compounds, and determined the X-ray structures of two inhibitors, NBD-09027 and NBD-10007, in complex with the HIV-1 gp120 core at ∼2-Å resolution. Both studies confirmed that the NBD compounds bind similarly to NBD-556 and NBD-557 by inserting their hydrophobic groups into the Phe43 cavity of gp120. The basic nitrogen of the piperidine ring is located in close proximity to D368 of gp120 but it does not form any H-bond or salt bridge, a likely explanation for their nonoptimal antagonist properties. The results reveal the structural and biological character of the NBD series of CD4 mimetics and identify ways to reduce their agonist properties and convert them to antagonists.
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12
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Leahy DK, Pack SK. Preparation of Phosphonooxymethyl Prodrugs of HIV-1 Attachment Inhibitors. Org Process Res Dev 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/op400225q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David K. Leahy
- Chemical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Shawn K. Pack
- Chemical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
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13
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Buitendijk M, Eszterhas SK, Howell AL. Gardiquimod: a Toll-like receptor-7 agonist that inhibits HIV type 1 infection of human macrophages and activated T cells. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2013; 29:907-18. [PMID: 23316755 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2012.0313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune response modifiers are being studied as therapeutic agents for viral infections and cancer. These molecules include agonists for the Toll-like receptors (TLR), a family of innate immune receptors. TLR7 and 8, located in cellular endosomes, bind single-stranded RNA characteristic of viral genomes, and trigger intracellular signaling pathways that induce inflammatory cytokines and antiviral innate immune factors. We studied the anti-HIV-1 effects of gardiquimod, a specific TLR7 agonist when used at concentrations below 10 μM, in macrophages and activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Gardiquimod, added prior to or within 2 days after infection with X4, R5, or dual-tropic (R5/X4) strains of HIV-1, significantly reduced infection in these cells. Cocultures of activated PBMCs added to gardiquimod-treated and HIV-1-exposed macrophages demonstrated minimal HIV-1 replication for up to 10 days, suggesting that gardiquimod inhibited activated PBMCs viral amplification from HIV-1-exposed macrophages. Gardiquimod treatment of both activated PBMCs and macrophages induced interferon-alpha (IFN-α) transcription within hours of addition, and sustained IFN-α protein secretion for several days. Treatment of cells with a peptide inhibitor to the MyD88 adaptor protein blocked the induction of IFN-α by gardiquimod, and partially reversed the anti-HIV effects in activated PBMCs. Blocking the IFN-α receptor with a neutralizing antibody also reduced the anti-HIV effect of gardiquimod. Gardiquimod inhibited HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, an early step in the life cycle of HIV-1. These findings suggest that gardiquimod, functioning as both an immune system modifier and a reverse transcriptase inhibitor, could be developed as a novel therapeutic agent to block systemic and mucosal transmission of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Buitendijk
- V.A. Medical Center, White River Junction, Vermont
- Department of Physiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Susan K. Eszterhas
- V.A. Medical Center, White River Junction, Vermont
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Alexandra L. Howell
- V.A. Medical Center, White River Junction, Vermont
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire
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14
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Zhou Y, Simmons G. Development of novel entry inhibitors targeting emerging viruses. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2013. [PMID: 23199399 DOI: 10.1586/eri.12.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Emerging viral diseases pose a unique risk to public health, and thus there is a need to develop therapies. A current focus of funding agencies, and hence research, is the development of broad-spectrum antivirals, and in particular, those targeting common cellular pathways. The scope of this article is to review screening strategies and recent advances in this area, with a particular emphasis on antivirals targeting the step of viral entry for emerging lipid-enveloped viruses such as Ebola virus and SARS-coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchen Zhou
- Blood Systems Research Institute and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 270 Masonic Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
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15
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Identification of potent and orally bioavailable nucleotide competing reverse transcriptase inhibitors: in vitro and in vivo optimization of a series of benzofurano[3,2-d]pyrimidin-2-one derived inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:3967-75. [PMID: 23673016 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Recently, a new class of HIV reverse transcriptase (HIV-RT) inhibitors has been reported. The novel mechanism of inhibition by this class involves competitive binding to the active site of the RT enzyme and has been termed Nucleotide-Competing Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NcRTIs). In this publication we describe the optimization of a novel benzofurano[3,2-d]pyrimidin-2-one series of NcRTIs. The starting point for the current study was inhibitor 2, which had high biochemical and antiviral potency but only moderate permeability in a Caco-2 assay and high B-to-A efflux, resulting in moderate rat bioavailability and low Cmax. We present herein the results and strategies we employed to optimize both the potency as well as the permeability, metabolic stability and pharmacokinetic profile of this series. One of the key observations of the present study was the importance of shielding polar functionality, at least in the context of the current chemotype, to enhance permeability. These studies led to the identification of inhibitors 39 and 45, which display sub-nanomolar antiviral potency in a p24 ELISA assay with significantly reduced efflux ratios (ratios <1.5). These inhibitors also display excellent rat pharmacokinetic profiles with high bioavailabilities and low clearance.
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James CA, DeRoy P, Duplessis M, Edwards PJ, Halmos T, Minville J, Morency L, Morin S, Simoneau B, Tremblay M, Bethell R, Cordingley M, Duan J, Lamorte L, Pelletier A, Rajotte D, Salois P, Tremblay S, Sturino CF. Nucleotide competing reverse transcriptase inhibitors: discovery of a series of non-basic benzofurano[3,2-d]pyrimidin-2-one derived inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:2781-6. [PMID: 23545107 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A HTS screen led to the identification of a benzofurano[3,2-d]pyrimidin-2-one core structure which upon further optimization resulted in 1 as a potent HIV-1 nucleotide competing reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NcRTI). Investigation of the SAR at N-1 allowed significant improvements in potency and when combined with the incorporation of heterocycles at C-8 resulted in potent analogues not requiring a basic amine to achieve antiviral activity. Additional modifications at N-1 resulted in 33 which demonstrated excellent antiviral potency and improved physicochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clint A James
- Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada) Ltd, Research and Development, 2100 Cunard Street, Laval, Québec, Canada H7S 2G5.
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Kim J, Kwon J, Lee D, Jo S, Park DS, Choi J, Park E, Hwang JY, Ko Y, Choi I, Ju MK, Ahn J, Kim J, Han SJ, Kim TH, Cechetto J, Nam J, Ahn S, Sommer P, Liuzzi M, No Z, Lee J. Synthesis and biological evaluation of triazolothienopyrimidine derivatives as novel HIV-1 replication inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.10.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Mohammadi H, Bienzle D. Pharmacological inhibition of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). Viruses 2012; 4:708-24. [PMID: 22754645 PMCID: PMC3386625 DOI: 10.3390/v4050708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a member of the retroviridae family of viruses and causes an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in domestic and non-domestic cats worldwide. Genome organization of FIV and clinical characteristics of the disease caused by the virus are similar to those of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Both viruses infect T lymphocytes, monocytes and macrophages, and their replication cycle in infected cells is analogous. Due to marked similarity in genomic organization, virus structure, virus replication and disease pathogenesis of FIV and HIV, infection of cats with FIV is a useful tool to study and develop novel drugs and vaccines for HIV. Anti-retroviral drugs studied extensively in HIV infection have targeted different steps of the virus replication cycle: (1) inhibition of virus entry into susceptible cells at the level of attachment to host cell surface receptors and co-receptors; (2) inhibition of fusion of the virus membrane with the cell membrane; (3) blockade of reverse transcription of viral genomic RNA; (4) interruption of nuclear translocation and viral DNA integration into host genomes; (5) prevention of viral transcript processing and nuclear export; and (6) inhibition of virion assembly and maturation. Despite much success of anti-retroviral therapy slowing disease progression in people, similar therapy has not been thoroughly investigated in cats. In this article we review current pharmacological approaches and novel targets for anti-lentiviral therapy, and critically assess potentially suitable applications against FIV infection in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakimeh Mohammadi
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
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