Quinazoline derivatives as potential anticancer agents: a patent review (2007 - 2010)

Inhibition of cancer cells by Quinoline-Based compounds: A review with mechanistic insights

This article includes a thorough examination of the inhibitory potential of quinoline-based drugs on cancer cells, as well as an explanation of their modes of action. Quinoline derivatives, due to their various chemical structures and biological activity, have emerged as interesting candidates in the search for new anticancer drugs. The review paper delves into the numerous effects of quinoline-based chemicals in cancer progression, including apoptosis induction, cell cycle modification, and interference with tumor-growth signaling pathways. Mechanistic insights on quinoline derivative interactions with biological targets enlightens their therapeutic potential. However, obstacles such as poor bioavailability, possible off-target effects, and resistance mechanisms make it difficult to get these molecules from benchside to bedside. Addressing these difficulties might be critical for realizing the full therapeutic potential of quinoline-based drugs in cancer treatment.

A TEMPO promoted tandem reaction of 2-aminobenzophenones and benzylamines under electrochemical conditions

This study describes the efficient synthesis of quinazolines promoted by TEMPO via electro-catalysis with 2-aminobenzophenones and benzylamines. The method exhibited remarkable chemoselectivity under mild reaction conditions. A series of quinazolines could be obtained in moderate to good yields. In addition, control experiments were carried out to verify the reaction mechanism. Furthermore, the synthesis on the gram scale was conducted successfully to give the target product.

Fungicidal activity of novel quinazolin-6-ylcarboxylates and mode of action on Botrytis cinerea

BACKGROUND

Fungal diseases remain important causes of crop failure and economic losses. As the resistance toward current selective fungicides becomes increasingly problematic, it is necessary to develop efficient fungicides with novel chemotypes.

RESULTS

A series of novel quinazolin-6-ylcarboxylates which combined the structures of pyridine or heterocyclic motif and the N-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)quinazolin-4-amine moiety, a binding group of ATP-binding site of gefitinib, were evaluated for their fungicidal activity on different phytopathogenic fungi. Most of these compounds showed excellent fungicidal activities against Botrytis cinerea and Exserohilum rostratum, especially compound F17 displayed the highest activity with EC50 values as 3.79 μg mL-1 against B. cinerea and 2.90 μg mL-1 against E. rostratum, which was similar to or even better than those of the commercial fungicides, such as pyraclostrobin (EC50 , 3.68, 17.38 μg mL-1 ) and hymexazol (EC50 , 4.56, 2.13 μg mL-1 ). Moreover, compound F17 significantly arrested the lesion expansion of B. cinerea infection on tomato detached leaves and strongly suppressed grey mold disease on tomato seedlings in greenhouse. The abilities of compound F17 to induce cell apoptosis of the non-germinated spores, to limit oxalic acid production, to reduce malate dehydrogenase (MDH) expression, and to block the active pocket of MDH protein were demonstrated in B. cinerea.

CONCLUSION

The novel quinazolin-6-ylcarboxylates containing ATP-binding site-directed moiety, especially compound F17, could be developed as a potential fungicidal candidate for further study. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Evaluation of Antimicrobial, Anticholinesterase Potential of Indole Derivatives and Unexpectedly Synthesized Novel Benzodiazine: Characterization, DFT and Hirshfeld Charge Analysis

The pharmacological effectiveness of indoles, benzoxazepines and benzodiazepines initiated our synthesis of indole fused benoxazepine/benzodiazepine heterocycles, along with enhanced biological usefulness of the fused rings. Activated indoles 5, 6 and 7 were synthesized using modified Bischler indole synthesis rearrangement. Indole 5 was substituted with the trichloroacetyl group at the C⁷ position, yielding 8, exclusively due to the increased nucleophilic character of C⁷. When trichloroacylated indole 8 was treated with basified ethanol or excess amminia, indole acid 9 and amide 10 were yielded, respectively. Indole amide 10 was expected to give indole fused benoxazepine/benzodiazepine 11a/11b on treatment with alpha halo ester followed by a coupling agent, but when the reaction was tried, an unexpectedly rearranged novel product, 1,3-bezodiazine 12, was obtained. The synthetic compounds were screened for anticholinesterase and antibacterial potential; results showed all products to be very important candidates for both activities, and their potential can be explored further. In addition, 1,3-bezodiazine 12 was explored by DFT studies, Hirshfeld surface charge analysis and structural insight to obrain a good picture of the structure and reactivity of the products for the design of derivatised drugs from the novel compound.

Discovery of novel (E)-1-methyl-9-(3-methylbenzylidene)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4(1H)-one as DDR2 kinase inhibitor: Synthesis, molecular docking, and anticancer properties

We report the synthesis, molecular docking and anticancer properties of the novel compound (E)-1-methyl-9-(3-methylbenzylidene)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4(1H)-one (PP562). PP562 was screened against sixteen human cancer cell lines and exhibited excellent antiproliferative activity with IC₅₀ values ranging from 0.016 to 5.667 μM. Experiments were carried out using the target PP562 at a single dose of 1.0 μM against a kinase panel comprising 100 different enzymes. A plausible binding mechanism for PP562 inhibition of DDR2 was determined using molecular dynamic analysis. The effect of PP562 on cell proliferation was also examined in cancer cell models with both high and low expression of the DDR2 gene; PP562 inhibition of high-expressing cells was more prominent than that for low expressing cells. PP562 also exhibits excellent anticancer potency toward the HGC-27 gastric cancer cell line. In addition, PP562 inhibits colony formation, cell migration, and adhesion, induces cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase, and affects ROS generation and cell apoptosis. After DDR2 gene knockdown, the antitumor effects of PP562 on tumor cells were significantly impaired. These results suggested that PP562 might exert its inhibitory effect on HCG-27 proliferation through the DDR2 target.

Design, synthesis, and cytotoxic evaluation of quinazoline derivatives bearing triazole-acetamides

A novel series of quinazoline-based agents bearing triazole-acetamides 8a-l were designed and synthesized. All the obtained compounds were tested for in vitro cytotoxic activities against three human cancer cell lines named HCT-116, MCF-7, and HepG2, as well as a normal cell line WRL-68 after 48 and 72 h. The results implied that quinazoline-oxymethyltriazole compounds exhibited moderate to good anticancer potential. The most potent derivative against HCT-116 was 8a (X = 4-OCH₃ and R = H) with IC₅₀ values of 10.72 and 5.33 μM after 48 and 72 h compared with doxorubicin with IC₅₀ values of 1.66 and 1.21 μM, respectively. The same trend was seen in the HepG2 cancerous cell line in which 8a recorded the best results with IC₅₀ values of 17.48 and 7.94 after 48 and 72 h, respectively. The cytotoxic analysis against MCF-7 showed that 8f with IC₅₀ = 21.29 μM (48 h) exhibited the best activity, while compounds 8k (IC₅₀ = 11.32 μM) and 8a (IC₅₀ = 12.96 μM), known as the most effective cytotoxic agents after 72 h. Doxorubicin as positive control exhibited IC₅₀ values of 1.15 and 0.82 μM after 48 and 72 h, respectively. Noteworthy, all derivatives showed limited toxicity against the normal cell line. Moreover, docking studies were also presented to understand the interactions between these novel derivatives and possible targets.

Novel spiro[indene-1,2'-quinazolin]-4'(3'H)-one derivatives as potent anticonvulsant agents: One-pot synthesis, in vivo biological evaluation, and molecular docking studies

A new series of spiro[indene-1,2'-quinazolin]-4'(3'H)-one derivatives 4a-m were synthesized via a one-pot method and evaluated for anticonvulsant activities using pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) and maximal electroshock (MES)-induced seizures. Obtained results demonstrated that these compounds have not anticonvulsant activity in PTZ test while are active in the MES test. Among the synthesized compounds, the best anticonvulsant activity was obtained with compound 4h. This compound also was not neurotoxic. Given that the title new compounds have the pharmacophore requirement for benzodiazepine (BZD) receptor agonist, the most potent compound was assayed in vivo and in silico as BZD receptor agonist. After treatment with flumazenil as a standard BZD receptor antagonist, anticonvulsant activity of compound 4h decreased. Therefore, the involvement of BZD receptors in anticonvulsant activity of this compound confirmed. Furthermore, docking study of compound 4h in the BZD-binding site of GABA_A receptor confirmed that this compound interacted with the important residues.

New synthetic phenylquinazoline derivatives induce apoptosis by targeting the pro-survival members of the BCL-2 family

Chemo-resistant cancer cells acquire robust growth potential through cell signaling mechanisms such as the down-regulation of tumor suppressors and the up-regulation of pro-survival proteins, respectively. To overcome chemo-resistance of cancer, small molecule drugs that interact with the cell signaling proteins to enhance sensitization of cancer cells toward cancer therapies are likely to be effective for the treatment of chemo-drug resistant cancer. To identify high potency small molecules, a series of ten novel phenylquinazoline derivatives were synthesized to determine their cellular effects in MCF-7 and MCF-7- cisplatin-resistant (CR) human breast cancer cells which led to the identification of two bioactive compounds, SMS-IV-20 and SMS-IV-40, that exhibited an elevated level of cytotoxicity against the human breast cancer cells and spheroid cells. In addition, both compounds enhanced chemo-sensitization of the human breast cancer cells that were genetically engineered to express the tumor suppressor and pro-apoptotic proteins, MOAP-1, Bax, and RASSF1a (MBR), suggesting that the compounds interact with the MBR signaling pathway. Furthermore, when MCF-7-CR cells were treated with SMS-IV-20 and SMS-IV-40 in the presence of ABT-737, a BCL-XL and BCL-2 inhibitor, enhanced chemo-sensitization was observed, suggesting SMS-IV-20 and SMS-IV-40 exert antagonistic activity to regulate the functional activity of BCL-2 and BCL-XL. Western blot analysis showed that both SMS-IV-20 and SMS-IV-40 induced down-regulation of BCL-2 or both BCl-2 and BCL-XL expression, respectively while promoting the release of mitochondrial Cytochrome C. Taken together, the data showed that SMS-IV-20 and SMS-IV-40 are potent activators of apoptosis that enhance chemo-sensitization through their antagonistic actions on the pro-survival activity of the BCl-2 family in human cancer cells.

Bimetallic gold-platinum nanoparticles as a drug delivery system coated with a new drug to target glioblastoma

A drug delivery nanosystem of noble bimetallic nanoparticles (NPs) which consists of Au NPs capped with Pt NPs (Au@Pt NPs) is constructed and functionalised with a quinazoline based small molecule (Au@Pt@Q NPs), acting as a theranostic agent against glioblastoma. Two different hydrothermal synthetic procedures for bimetallic Au@Pt NPs are presented and the resulting nanostructures are fully characterised by means of spectroscopic and microscopic methods. The imaging and targeting capacity of the new drug delivery system is assessed through fluorescent optical microscopy and cytotoxicity evaluations. The constructed Au@Pt NPs consist a monodispersed colloidal solution of 25 nm with photoluminescent, fluorescent and X-Ray absorption properties that confirm their diagnostic potential. Haemolysis testing demonstrated that Au@Pt NPs are biocompatible and fluorescent microscopy confirmed their entering the cells. Cytological evaluation of the NPs through MTT assay showed that they do not inhibit the proliferation of control cell line HEK293, whereas they are toxic in U87MG, U251 and D54 glioblastoma cell lines; rendering them selective targeting agents for treating glioblastoma.

Cyclocondensation of Anthranilamide with Aldehydes on Gallium-Containing MCM-22 Zeolite Materials

A gallium-containing MCM-22 (Mobil Composition of Matter No. 22) zeolite material was prepared using a simple hydrothermal method. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis and powder X-ray diffraction provide evidence of the formation of a pure MCM-22 phase framework and an MWW (MCM-tWenty-tWo) structure. Scanning electron microscopy images showed a uniform spherical shape, interpenetrating the platelet structure and a uniform particle size of approximately 6 μm. ⁷¹Ga nuclear magnetic resonance studies confirmed the presence of gallium in both the tetrahedral framework and the octahedral extra-framework environment. From the sorption studies, the presence of strong acidic sites and the microporous nature of the material were evident. The resultant Ga-MCM-22 material showed an excellent isolated yield of 95% in the synthesis of 2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-ones by cyclocondensation of anthranilamide with aldehydes in ethanol. The scope of the reaction was further explored by employing various cyclic, aromatic, and aliphatic aldehydes with anthranilamide. The results provide a very good yield (85-95%). A significant advantage of the developed protocol includes high yield, use of a green solvent, and easy removal of the catalyst through filtration within a short reaction time.

Quinazolin-4(3H)-one based potential multiple tyrosine kinase inhibitors with excellent cytotoxicity

A series of quinazolin-4(3H)-one derivatives were synthesised and evaluated for their cytotoxicity against human Caucasian breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) and human ovarian carcinoma (A2780) cell lines. Cytotoxicity of the most tested compounds was 2- to 30-fold more than the positive control lapatinib (IC₅₀ of 2j = 3.79 ± 0.96; 3j = 0.20 ± 0.02; and lapatinib = 5.9 ± 0.74) against MCF7 cell lines except two compounds (IC₅₀ of 2 b = 15.72 ± 0.07 and 2e = 14.88 ± 0.99). On the other hand, cytotoxicity was 4 − 87 folds (IC₅₀ of 3a = 3.00 ± 1.20; 3 g = 0.14 ± 0.03) more the positive control lapatinib (IC₅₀ = 12.11 ± 1.03) against A2780 cell lines except compound 2e (IC₅₀ = 16.43 ± 1.80). Among the synthesised quinazolin-4(3H)-one derivatives, potent cytotoxic 2f-j and 3f-j were investigated for molecular mechanism of action. Inhibitory activities of the compounds were tested against multiple tyrosine protein kinases (CDK2, HER2, EGFR and VEGFR2) enzymes. As expected, all the quinazolin-4(3H)-one derivatives were showed comparable inhibitory activity against those kinases tested, especially, compound 2i and 3i showed potent inhibitory activity against CDK2, HER2, EGFR tyrosine kinases. Therefore, molecular docking analysis for quinazolin-4(3H)-one derivatives 2i and 3i were performed, and it was revealed that compounds 2i and 3i act as ATP non-competitive type-II inhibitor against CDK2 kinase enzymes and ATP competitive type-I inhibitor against EGFR kinase enzymes. However, in case of HER2, compounds 2i act as ATP non-competitive type-II inhibitor and 3i act as ATP competitive type-I inhibitor. Docking results of known inhibitors were compared with synthesised compounds and found synthesised 2i and 3i are superior than the known inhibitors in case of interactions. In addition, in silico drug likeness properties of quinazolin-4(3H)-one derivatives showed better predicted ADME values than lapatinib.

Doxazosin and erlotinib have anticancer effects in the endometrial cancer cell and important roles in ERα and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways

ERα and Wnt/β-catenin pathways are critical for the progression of most endometrial cancers. We aimed to investigate the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of tamoxifen and quinazoline derivative drugs of doxazosin and erlotinib, and their roles in ERα and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways in human endometrial cancer RL 95-2 cell. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and xCELLigence systems were performed to evaluate cytotoxicity. Furthermore, apoptotic induction was tested by Annexin V analysis. Caspase-3 and -9 activity and changes in the mitochondrial membrane potential were evaluated. The level of reactive oxygen species was measured by incubating with dichlorofluorescein diacetate. Protein ratios of p-ERα/ERα, GSK3β/p-GSK3β, and p-β-catenin/β-catenin and expression levels of ESR1, EGFR, c-Myc genes were evaluated to elucidate mechanisms in signaling pathways. We found that the tested drugs showed cytotoxic and apoptotic effects in the cells. Doxazosin significantly reduced ESR1 expression, slightly reduced the p-β-catenin/β-catenin ratio and c-Myc expression. Erlotinib significantly increased c-Myc expression while significantly decreasing the p-β-catenin/β-catenin and p-ERα/ERα ratio, and ESR1 expression. However, we observed that the cells develop resistance to erlotinib over a certain concentration, suggesting that ERα, ESR1, EGFR, and c-Myc may be a new target for overcoming drug resistance in the treatment of endometrial cancer. We also observed that erlotinib and doxazosin play an important role in the ERα signaling pathway and can act as potent inhibitors of PKA and/or tyrosine kinase in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in RL 95-2 cell. In conclusion, doxazosin and erlotinib may have a possible therapeutic potential in human endometrial cancer.

Discovery of SIPI6473, a New, Potent, and Orally Bioavailable Multikinase Inhibitor for the Treatment of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

A novel series of quinazoline derivatives were designed, synthesized, and evaluated as multikinase inhibitors. Most of these compounds showed antiproliferation activities of several human cancer cell lines and exhibited inhibition efficacy against the estimated glomerular filtration rate (EGFR) in the nanomolar level. Among those compounds, compound B5 (also named SIPI6473) displayed the maximum effect, and thus was chosen for further study. Our data revealed that B5 inhibited the activity of several kinases (such as EGFR, VEGFR2, and PDGFRα) that contributed to the development of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Besides, an in vivo study also showed that B5 inhibited tumor growth without signs of adverse effects in the A549 xenograft model. In conclusion, B5 may represent a new and promising drug for the treatment of NSCLC.

Novel Benzenesulfonate Scaffolds with a High Anticancer Activity and G2/M Cell Cycle Arrest

Sulfonates, unlike their derivatives, sulphonamides, have rarely been investigated for their anticancer activity. Unlike the well-known sulphonamides, esters are mainly used as convenient intermediates in a synthesis. Here, we present the first in-depth investigation of quinazoline sulfonates. A small series of derivatives were synthesized and tested for their anticancer activity. Based on their structural similarity, these compounds resemble tyrosine kinase inhibitors and the p53 reactivator CP-31398. Their biological activity profile, however, was more related to sulphonamides because there was a strong cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase. Further investigation revealed a multitargeted mechanism of the action that corresponded to the p53 protein status in the cell. Although the compounds expressed a high submicromolar activity against leukemia and colon cancers, pancreatic cancer and glioblastoma were also susceptible. Apoptosis and autophagy were confirmed as the cell death modes that corresponded with the inhibition of metabolic activity and the activation of the p53-dependent and p53-independent pathways. Namely, there was a strong activation of the p62 protein and GADD44. Other proteins such as cdc2 were also expressed at a higher level. Moreover, the classical caspase-dependent pathway in leukemia was observed at a lower concentration, which again confirmed a multitargeted mechanism. It can therefore be concluded that the sulfonates of quinazolines can be regarded as promising scaffolds for developing anticancer agents.

Discovery of DB18, a potent inhibitor of CLK kinases with a high selectivity against DYRK1A kinase

We describe in this paper the synthesis of a novel series of anilino-2-quinazoline derivatives. These compounds have been screened against a panel of eight mammalian kinases and in parallel they were tested for cytotoxicity on a representative panel of seven cancer cell lines. One of them (DB18) has been found to be a very potent inhibitor of human "CDC2-like kinases" CLK1, CLK2 and CLK4, with IC50 values in the 10-30 nM range. Interestingly, this molecule is inactive at 100 μM on the closely related "dual-specificity tyrosine-regulated kinase 1A" (DYRK1A). Extensive molecular simulation studies have been performed on the relevant kinases to explain the strong affinity of this molecule on CLKs, as well as its selectivity against DYRK1A.

Antioxidant, Cytotoxic, Genotoxic, and DNA-Protective Potential of 2,3-Substituted Quinazolinones: Structure-Activity Relationship Study

The evaluation of antioxidant compounds that counteract the mutagenic effects caused by the direct action of reactive oxygen species on DNA molecule is of considerable interest. Therefore, a series of 2,3-substituted quinazolinone derivatives (Q1-Q8) were investigated by different assays, and the relationship between their biological properties and chemical structure was examined. Genotoxicity and the potential DNA-protective effects of Q1-Q8 were evaluated by comet assay and DNA topology assay. Antioxidant activity was examined by DPPH-radical-scavenging, reducing-power, and total antioxidant status (TAS) assays. The cytotoxic effect of compounds was assessed in human renal epithelial cells (TH-1) and renal carcinoma cells (Caki-1) by MTT assay. Analysis of the structure-activity relationship disclosed significant differences in the activity depending on the substitution pattern. Derivatives Q5-Q8, bearing electron-donating moieties, were the most potent members of this series. Compounds were not genotoxic and considerably decreased the levels of DNA lesions induced by oxidants (H2O2, Fe2+ ions). Furthermore, compounds exhibited higher cytotoxicity in Caki-1 compared to that in TH-1 cells. Substantial antioxidant effect and DNA-protectivity along with the absence of genotoxicity suggested that the studied quinazolinones might represent potential model structures for the development of pharmacologically active agents.

Synthesis of some quinazolinones inspired from the natural alkaloid L-norephedrine as EGFR inhibitors and radiosensitizers

A set of quinazolinones synthesized by the aid of L-norephedrine was assembled to generate novel analogues as potential anticancer and radiosensitizing agents. The new compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity against MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, HepG-2, HCT-116 cancer cell lines and EGFR inhibitory activity. The most active compounds 5 and 6 were screened against MCF-10A normal cell line and displayed lower toxic effects. They proved their relative safety with high selectivity towards MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line. Measurement of the radiosensitizing activity for 5 and 6 revealed that they could sensitize the tumour cells after being exposed to a single dose of 8 Gy gamma radiation. Compound 5 was able to induce apoptosis and arrest the cell cycle at the G2-M phase. Molecular docking of 5 and 6 in the active site of EGFR was performed to gain insight into the binding interactions with the key amino acids.

Design, synthesis, characterization, enzymatic inhibition evaluations, and docking study of novel quinazolinone derivatives

In this study, novel quinazolinone derivatives 7a-n were synthesized and evaluated against metabolic enzymes including α-glycosidase, acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, human carbonic anhydrase I, and II. These compounds exhibited high inhibitory activities in comparison to used standard inhibitors with K_i values in the range of 19.28-135.88 nM for α-glycosidase (K_i value for standard inhibitor = 187.71 nM), 0.68-23.01 nM for acetylcholinesterase (K_i value for standard inhibitor = 53.31 nM), 1.01-29.56 nM for butyrylcholinesterase (K_i value for standard inhibitor = 58.16 nM), 10.25-126.05 nM for human carbonic anhydrase I (K_i value for standard inhibitor = 248.18 nM), and 13.46-178.35 nM for human carbonic anhydrase II (K_i value for standard inhibitor = 323.72). Furthermore, the most potent compounds against each enzyme were selected in order to evaluate interaction modes of these compounds in the active site of the target enzyme. Cytotoxicity assay of the title compounds 7a-n against cancer cell lines MCF-7 and LNCaP demonstrated that these compounds do not show significant cytotoxic effects.

An insight into medicinal attributes of dithiocarbamates: Bird's eye view

Dithiocarbamates are considered as an important motif owing to its extensive biological applications in medicinal chemistry. The synthesis of this framework can easily be achieved via a one-pot reaction of primary/secondary amines, CS₂, and alkyl halides under catalyst-free conditions or sometimes in the presence of a base. By virtue of its colossal pharmacological scope, it has been an evolving subject of interest for many researchers around the world. The present review aims to highlight various synthetic approaches for dithiocarbamates with the major emphasis on medicinal attributes of these architectures as leads in the drug discovery of small molecules such as HDAC inhibitor, lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) down-regulator, kinase inhibitor (focal adhesion kinase, pyruvate kinase, Bruton's tyrosine kinase), carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, DNA intercalators, and apoptosis-inducing agents. Moreover, recent medicinal advancements in the synthesis of dithiocarbamate derivatives as anticancer, antifungal, antibacterial, anti-Alzheimer, antitubercular, anti-glaucoma, anti-cholinergic, antihyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory activities have been elaborated with notable examples.

2,4-Diamino-Quinazoline, a Wnt Signaling Inhibitor, Suppresses Gastric Cancer Progression and Metastasis

Gastric cancer (GC) is among the most treatment-refractory epithelial malignancies. Aberrant activation of Wnt/β-catenin-signaling has been implicated in a variety of human cancers, including gastric cancer. Here we report that the elevated expression of lymphoid enhancer binding factor 1 (Lef1) is associated with the TNM (tumor- node-metastasis) stage of gastric cancer. Subsequently, 2,4-diamino-quinazoline (2,4-DAQ), a selective inhibitor of Lef1, was identified to suppress the expression of Wnt/β-catenin target genes such as AXIN2, MYC and LGR5 and result in the suppression of gastric cancer cell growth through the apoptotic pathway. The 2,4-DAQ also exhibited an inhibitory effect on the migration/invasion of gastric cancer cells. Importantly, the treatment of human gastric tumor xenograft with 2,4-DAQ suppressed tumor growth in a nude mouse model. Furthermore, 2,4-DAQ appears effective on patient-derived organoids (PDOs). Transcriptome sequencing analysis also revealed that 2,4-DAQ are more effective on the gastric cancers that exhibit higher expression levels of Wnt-signaling pathway-related genes than their adjacent normal gastric tissues.

4t-CHQ a Spiro-Quinazolinone Benzenesulfonamide Derivative Induces G0/G1 Cell Cycle arrest and Triggers Apoptosis Through Down-Regulation of Survivin and Bcl2 in the Leukemia Stem-Like KG1-a Cells

OBJECTIVE

Many experiments have revealed the anti-tumor activity of spiro-quinazolinone derivatives on different cell types. Exposing KG1-a cells to N-(4- tert- butyl- 4'- oxo- 1'H- spiro [cyclohexane- 1, 2'- quinazoline]- 3'(4'H)- yl)- 4- methyl benzenesulfonamide (4t-CHQ), as an active sub-component of spiroquinazolinone benzenesulfonamides, the experiment investigated the possible mechanisms that manifest the role of 4t-CHQ in leukemic KG1-a progenitor cells. Mechanistically, the inhibitory effects of 4t-CHQ on KG1-a cells emerge from its modulating function on the expression of Bax/Bcl2 and survinin proteins.

METHODS

Cell viability was assessed using MTT assay. The IC₅₀ value of cells was calculated to be 131.3μM, after 72h-incubation with 4t-CHQ, ranging from 10 to 150μM. Apoptotic changes were studied using Acridine Orange/Ethidium Bromide (AO/EB) staining. DNA fragmentation was analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis method. To evaluate the percentage of apoptotic cells and cell growth dynamic apoptotic features, we performed Annexin V/PI double staining assay and cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry.

RESULTS

According to the results, apoptosis induction was initiated by 4t-CHQ in the KG1-a cells (at IC₅₀ value). Cell dynamic analysis revealed that the cell cycle at the G1 phase was arrested after treatment with 4t- CHQ. Western blotting analysis showed enhancement in the expression ratio of Bax/Bcl-2, while the expression of survinin protein decreased in a time-dependent manner in the KG1-a cells. According to the docking simulation data, the effectiveness of 4t-CHQ on KG1-a cells commenced by its reactions with the functional domain of BH3 and Bcl2 and BIR domains of survivin protein.

CONCLUSION

These results demonstrate a remarkable role of 4t- CHQ in arresting leukemia KG1-a stem cells both by induction of apoptosis as well as by down-regulating survivin and Bcl2 proteins.

Quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis identifies the potential therapeutic target EphA2 for overcoming sorafenib resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma cells

Limited therapeutic options are available for advanced-stage hepatocellular carcinoma owing to its poor diagnosis. Drug resistance to sorafenib, the only available targeted agent, is commonly reported. The comprehensive elucidation of the mechanisms underlying sorafenib resistance may thus aid in the development of more efficacious therapeutic agents. To clarify the signaling changes contributing to resistance, we applied quantitative phosphoproteomics to analyze the differential phosphorylation changes between parental and sorafenib-resistant HuH-7 cells. Consequently, an average of ~1500 differential phosphoproteins were identified and quantified, among which 533 were significantly upregulated in resistant cells. Further bioinformatic integration via functional categorization annotation, pathway enrichment and interaction linkage analysis led to the discovery of alterations in pathways associated with cell adhesion and motility, cell survival and cell growth and the identification of a novel target, EphA2, in resistant HuH-7^R cells. In vitro functional analysis indicated that the suppression of EphA2 function impairs cell proliferation and motility and, most importantly, overcomes sorafenib resistance. The attenuation of sorafenib resistance may be achieved prior to its development through the modulation of EphA2 and the subsequent inhibition of Akt activity. Binding analyses and in silico modeling revealed a ligand mimic lead compound, prazosin, that could abate the ligand-independent oncogenic activity of EphA2. Finally, data obtained from in vivo animal models verified that the simultaneous inhibition of EphA2 with sorafenib treatment can effectively overcome sorafenib resistance and extend the projected survival of resistant tumor-bearing mice. Thus our findings regarding the targeting of EphA2 may provide an effective approach for overcoming sorafenib resistance and may contribute to the management of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma.

A robust photoluminescence screening assay identifies uracil-DNA glycosylase inhibitors against prostate cancer

Many cancers have developed resistance to 5-FU, due to removal by the enzyme uracil-DNA glycosylase (UDG), a type of base excision repair enzyme (BER) that can excise uracil and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) from DNA. However, the development of UDG inhibitor screening methods, especially for the rapid and efficient screening of natural product/natural product-like compounds, is still limited so far. We developed herein a robust time-resolved photoluminescence method for screening UDG inhibitors, which could significantly improve sensitivity over the screening method based on the conventional steady-state spectroscopy, reducing the substantial fluorescence background interference. As a proof-of-concept, two potential UDG inhibitors were identified from a database of natural products and approved drugs. Co-treatment of these two compounds with 5-FU showed synergistic cytotoxicity, providing the basis for treating drug-resistant cancers. Overall, this method provides an avenue for the rapid screening of small molecule regulators of other BER enzyme activities that can avoid false negatives arising from the background fluorescence.

The discovery of UDG inhibitors against prostate cancer by using a robust photoluminescence screening assay that can avoid false negatives arising from the background fluorescence.

TMSOTf-catalyzed synthesis of substituted quinazolines using hexamethyldisilazane as a nitrogen source under neat and microwave irradiation conditions

An efficient synthetic route for the synthesis of substituted quinazolines under neat, metal-free and microwave irradiation conditions has been developed by using TMSOTf as an acid catalyst and HMDS as a nitrogen source.

Synthesis, molecular docking and biological potentials of new 2-(4-(2-chloroacetyl) piperazin-1-yl)-N-(2-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-oxoquinazolin-3(4H)-yl)acetamide derivatives

In the present study, a series of 2-(4-(2-chloroacetyl)piperazin-1-yl)-N-(2-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-oxoquinazolin-3(4H)-yl)acetamide derivatives was synthesized and its chemical structures were confirmed by physicochemical and spectral characteristics. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their in vitro antimicrobial (tube dilution technique) and anticancer (MTT assay) activities along with molecular docking study by Schrodinger 2018-1, maestro v11.5. The antimicrobial results indicated that compounds 3, 8, 11 and 12 displayed the significant antimicrobial activity and comparable to the standards drugs (ciprofloxacin and fluconazole). The anticancer activity results indicated that compound 5 have good anticancer activity among the synthesized compounds but lower active than the standard drugs (5-fluorouracil and tomudex). Molecular docking study demonstrated that compounds 5 and 7 displayed the good docking score with better anticancer potency within the binding pocket and these compounds may be used as a lead for rational drug designing for the anticancer molecules.

Synergistic catalysis on Fe-N x sites and Fe nanoparticles for efficient synthesis of quinolines and quinazolinones via oxidative coupling of amines and aldehydes

In this paper, we developed a reusable heterogeneous non-precious iron nanocomposite comprising metallic Fe-Fe3C nanoparticles and Fe-N x sites on N-doped porous carbon, which allows for highly efficient synthesis of quinolines and quinazolinones via oxidative coupling of amines and aldehydes using H2O2 as the oxidant in aqueous solution under mild conditions. A set of quinazolines and quinazolinones were synthesized in high yields with a broad substrate scope and good tolerance of functional groups. Characterization and control experiments disclose that a synergistic effect between the metallic Fe nanoparticles and built-in Fe-N x sites is primarily responsible for the outstanding catalytic performance. Furthermore, the iron nanocomposite could be readily recovered for successive use without appreciable loss in catalytic activity and selectivity. This work provides an expedient and sustainable method to access pharmaceutically relevant N-heterocycles.

A Natural Quinazoline Derivative from Marine Sponge Hyrtios erectus Induces Apoptosis of Breast Cancer Cells via ROS Production and Intrinsic or Extrinsic Apoptosis Pathways

Here, we report the therapeutic potential of a natural quinazoline derivative (2-chloro-6-phenyl-8H-quinazolino[4,3-b]quinazolin-8-one) isolated from marine sponge Hyrtios erectus against human breast cancer. The cytotoxicity of the compound was investigated on a human breast carcinoma cell line (MCF-7). Antiproliferative activity of the compound was estimated by 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. MTT assay showed significant inhibition of MCF-7 cells viability with the IC50 value of 13.04 ± 1.03 µg/mL after 48 h. The compound induced down-regulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein and increase in the pro-apoptotic Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in MCF-7 cells. The compound activated the expression of Caspases-9 and stimulated downstream signal transducer Caspase-7. In addition, Caspase-8 showed remarkable up-regulation in MCF-7 cells treated with the compound. Moreover, the compound was found to promote oxidative stress in MCF-7 cells that led to cell death. In conclusion, the compound could induce apoptosis of breast carcinoma cells via a mechanism that involves ROS production and either extrinsic or intrinsic apoptosis pathways. The systemic toxic potential of the compound was evaluated in an in vivo mouse model, and it was found non-toxic to the major organs.

Quinazolinone derivative BNUA-3 ameliorated [NDEA+2-AAF]-induced liver carcinogenesis in SD rats by modulating AhR-CYP1B1-Nrf2-Keap1 pathway

Cytochrome P450 1B1, considered as one of the novel chemotherapeutic targets involved in cancer prevention and therapy is also associated with the conversion of procarcinogens into their active metabolites. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is responsible for mediating different biological responses to a wide variety of environmental pollutants and also causes transcriptional activation of cytochrome P450 enzymes including CYP1B1 and thus plays a pivotal role for initiating cancer and its progression. On the other hand, active carcinogenic metabolites and reactive oxygen species-mediated stress alter different molecular signalling pathways and gene expressions. Quinazoline derivatives are recognized for their diversified biological activities including anticancer properties. The current study was designed for evaluation of chemotherapeutic efficacy of a synthetic quinazolinone derivative BNUA-3 against hepatocellular cancer in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. A detailed in vivo analysis was performed by administrating BNUA-3 (15, 30 mg/kg b.w. for 28 days, i.p.) in N-Nitrosodiethylamine + 2-Acetylaminofluorene induced partially hepatectomized liver cancer in SD rats. This was followed by morphological evaluations, biochemical estimations and analysis of different mRNA and protein expressions. The results demonstrated the potency of BNUA-3 in efficient restoration of the altered morphology of liver, its protective effect against lipid peroxidation, enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidants levels in liver tissue which was disrupted after cancer induction. The study also demonstrated downregulation of AhR, CYP1B1 and Keap1 expressions with subsequent augmentation of protective Nrf2, HO-1, NQO1 and GSTA1 expressions thus, revealing the chemotherapeutic potency of BNUA-3 in inhibiting liver carcinogenesis through AhR/CYP1B1/Nrf2/Keap1 pathway.

Green Synthesis of Substituted Anilines and Quinazolines from Isatoic Anhydride-8-amide

Synthetic methods used to generate substituted anilines and quinazolines, both privileged pharmacological structures, are cumbersome, hazardous or, in some cases, unavailable. We developed a straightforward method for making isatoic anhydride-8-amide from isatin-7-carboxylic acid as a tool to easily produce a range of quinazoline and substituted aniline derivatives using adaptable pH-sensitive cyclization chemistry. The approaches are inexpensive, simple, fast, efficient at room temperature and scalable, enabling the synthesis of both established and new quinazolines and also highly substituted anilines including cyano derivatives.

Mequindox induces apoptosis, DNA damage, and carcinogenicity in Wistar rats

Mequindox (MEQ) is a synthetic antibacterial agent. Recent studies showed that MEQ and its primary metabolites exhibit strong genotoxicity to mammalian cells, and MEQ induced carcinogenicity in mice. These findings suggest that chronic exposure to MEQ could lead to an increased risk of cancer later in life. In the present study, four groups of Wistar rats (55 rats/sex/group) were fed with diets containing MEQ (0, 25, 55, and 110 mg/kg) for 2 years. The results showed that the hematological system, liver, kidneys, and adrenal glands, as well as the developmental and reproductive systems, were the main targets for MEQ. Liver toxicity mediated by MEQ was associated with apoptosis and the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway. In addition, MEQ increased the incidence of tumors in rats. Phosphorylated histone H2AX (γ-H2AX) is identified as a biomarker of cellular response to DNA double-strand breaks (DSB). Our data demonstrated that γ-H2AX expression was significantly increased in tumors. Thus, high levels of DSB might be responsible for carcinogenesis in rats, and further investigation is absolutely required to clarify the exact molecular mechanisms for carcinogenicity caused by MEQ in vivo.

Iodine/potassium iodide catalyst for the synthesis of trifluoromethylated quinazolines via intramolecular cyclization of 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-benzyl-N'-arylacetimidamides

An efficient and simple protocol for the synthesis of trifluoromethylated quinazolines has been described by I₂-/KI-promoted oxidative C(sp³)-C(sp²) bond under the optimal oxidative cyclization reaction conditions. The required 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-benzyl-N'-arylacetimidamides are readily prepared from the corresponding acetimidoyl chlorides and benzylamines under a nucleophilic substitution reaction in the form of in situ. The merits of this protocol are the use of inexpensive molecular iodine, metal-free oxidative coupling and good to excellent yields.

Synthesis and cytotoxic evaluation of some derivatives of triazole-quinazolinone hybrids

Triazoles and quinazolinones are important heterocyclic structures with diverse biological properties including cytotoxic, antibacterial, antifungal and anticonvulsant activities. Due to valuable cytotoxic effects of both triazole and quinazoline derivatives, in this study a series of quinazolinone-triazole hybrids were synthesized in a multiple-step reaction procedure. 3-Amino-quinazolinone derivatives were treated with chloroacetyl chloride in the presence of dichloromethane/triethylamine to afford 2-chloro -N-(4-oxo-2- quinazolin3 (3H)-yl) acetamide derivatives. The reaction of resultants with 4-mehyl-4-H-1, 2, 4-triazole-3- thiol in dry acetone and potassium carbonate led to the formation of final products. Synthesized compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic effects against MCF-7 and Hela cell lines using MTT colorimetric assay. Amongst tested compounds, 6a showed the highest cytotoxic activity against MCF7 cell line at all tested concentrations while compounds 6b and 6c indicated mild cytotoxic effects against Hela cell line at highest tested concentration reducing cell viability about 40%. The IC50 values of tested compounds revealed that the MCF-7 is more susceptible to the compound 6a.

Academic Discovery of Anticancer Drugs: Historic and Future Perspectives

The identification and prosecution of meritorious anticancer drug targets and the discovery of clinical candidates represent an extraordinarily time- and resource-intensive process, and the current failure rate of late-stage drugs is a critical issue that must be addressed. Relationships between academia and industry in drug discovery and development have continued to change over time as a result of technical and financial challenges and, most importantly, to the objective of translating impactful scientific discoveries into clinical opportunities. This Golden Age of anticancer drug discovery features an increased appreciation for the high-risk, high-innovation research conducted in the nonprofit sector, with the goals of infusing commercial drug development with intellectual capital and curating portfolios that are financially tenable and clinically meaningful. In this review, we discuss the history of academic-industry interactions in the context of antidrug discovery and offer a view of where these interactions are likely headed as we continue to reach new horizons in our understanding of the immense complexities of cancer biology.

Synthesis of quinazoline-3-oxides via a Pd(ii) catalyzed azide-isocyanide coupling/cyclocondensation reaction

A novel and efficient protocol concerning palladium catalyzing the three-component reaction of 2-azidobenzaldehyde, isocyanide, and hydroxylamine hydrochloride is developed. This method allows the rapid elaboration of quinazoline 3-oxides in a one-pot fashion. The 3-CR mainly involves concatenation of azide-isocyanide denitrogenative coupling, condensation with hydroxylamine and 6-exo-dig cyclization. The salient features of the methodology are operational simplicity, use of milder reaction conditions, being devoid of any additives such as oxidants (redox neutral) or base, and releasing N2 and H2O as the byproducts.

S. G, A. A, Fathalla W, Ali IAI. Synthesis and antiproliferative assay of triazolyl-2,2-dimethyl-3-phenylpropanoates as potential HDAC inhibitors

Recently, histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition has gained great importance in cancer treatment.

Synthesis of indoles and quinazolines via additive-controlled selective C–H activation/annulation of N-arylamidines and sulfoxonium ylides

Selective synthesis of indoles and quinazolines was achieved through a precise control of C–H activation/annulation by changing additives.