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Xing Y, Xie SY, Deng W, Tang QZ. Cardiolipin in myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury: From molecular mechanisms to clinical strategies. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 176:116936. [PMID: 38878685 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Myocardial reperfusion injury occurs when blood flow is restored after ischemia, an essential process to salvage ischemic tissue. However, this phenomenon is intricate, characterized by various harmful effects. Tissue damage in ischemia-reperfusion injury arises from various factors, including the production of reactive oxygen species, the sequestration of proinflammatory immune cells in ischemic tissues, the induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress, and the occurrence of postischemic capillary no-reflow. Secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) plays a crucial role in the eicosanoid pathway by releasing free arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids' sn-2 position. This liberated arachidonic acid serves as a substrate for various eicosanoid biosynthetic enzymes, including cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases, and cytochromes P450, ultimately resulting in inflammation and an elevated risk of reperfusion injury. Therefore, the activation of sPLA2 directly correlates with the heightened and accelerated damage observed in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI). Presently, clinical trials are in progress for medications aimed at sPLA2, presenting promising avenues for intervention. Cardiolipin (CL) plays a crucial role in maintaining mitochondrial function, and its alteration is closely linked to mitochondrial dysfunction observed in MIRI. This paper provides a critical analysis of CL modifications concerning mitochondrial dysfunction in MIRI, along with its associated molecular mechanisms. Additionally, it delves into various pharmacological approaches to prevent or alleviate MIRI, whether by directly targeting mitochondrial CL or through indirect means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xing
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Sai-Yang Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Wei Deng
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Qi-Zhu Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan 430060, PR China.
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2
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High-throughput optical assays for sensing serine hydrolases in living systems and their applications. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Huang F, Wang K, Shen J. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2: The story continues. Med Res Rev 2019; 40:79-134. [PMID: 31140638 PMCID: PMC6973114 DOI: 10.1002/med.21597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) mediates vascular inflammation through the regulation of lipid metabolism in blood, thus, it has been extensively investigated to identify its role in vascular inflammation-related diseases, mainly atherosclerosis. Although darapladib, the most advanced Lp-PLA2 inhibitor, failed to meet the primary endpoints of two large phase III trials in atherosclerosis patients cotreated with standard medical care, the research on Lp-PLA2 has not been terminated. Novel pathogenic, epidemiologic, genetic, and crystallographic studies regarding Lp-PLA2 have been reported recently, while novel inhibitors were identified through a fragment-based lead discovery strategy. More strikingly, recent clinical and preclinical studies revealed that Lp-PLA2 inhibition showed promising therapeutic effects in diabetic macular edema and Alzheimer's disease. In this review, we not only summarized the knowledge of Lp-PLA2 established in the past decades but also emphasized new findings in recent years. We hope this review could be valuable for helping researchers acquire a much deeper insight into the nature of Lp-PLA2, identify more potent and selective Lp-PLA2 inhibitors, and discover the potential indications of Lp-PLA2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fubao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhua Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Zhou Y, Wang J, Gu Z, Wang S, Zhu W, Aceña JL, Soloshonok VA, Izawa K, Liu H. Next Generation of Fluorine-Containing Pharmaceuticals, Compounds Currently in Phase II-III Clinical Trials of Major Pharmaceutical Companies: New Structural Trends and Therapeutic Areas. Chem Rev 2016; 116:422-518. [PMID: 26756377 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1768] [Impact Index Per Article: 221.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhanni Gu
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shuni Wang
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - José Luis Aceña
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU , Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain.,Department of Organic Chemistry, Autónoma University of Madrid , Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vadim A Soloshonok
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU , Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz de Haro 3, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Kunisuke Izawa
- Hamari Chemicals Ltd., 1-4-29 Kunijima, Higashi-Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, Japan 533-0024
| | - Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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Schimming O, Challinor VL, Tobias NJ, Adihou H, Grün P, Pöschel L, Richter C, Schwalbe H, Bode HB. Structure, Biosynthesis, and Occurrence of Bacterial Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201504877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Schimming O, Challinor VL, Tobias NJ, Adihou H, Grün P, Pöschel L, Richter C, Schwalbe H, Bode HB. Structure, Biosynthesis, and Occurrence of Bacterial Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:12702-5. [PMID: 26465655 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201504877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are widespread plant natural products with potent toxicity and bioactivity. Herein, the identification of bacterial PAs from entomopathogenic bacteria using differential analysis by 2D NMR spectroscopy (DANS) and mass spectrometry is described. Their biosynthesis was elucidated to involve a non-ribosomal peptide synthetase. The occurrence of these biosynthesis gene clusters in Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria indicates an important biological function in bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Schimming
- Merck Stiftungsprofessur für Molekulare Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main (Germany) http://www.bio.uni-frankfurt.de/48050101
| | - Victoria L Challinor
- Merck Stiftungsprofessur für Molekulare Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main (Germany) http://www.bio.uni-frankfurt.de/48050101
| | - Nicholas J Tobias
- Merck Stiftungsprofessur für Molekulare Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main (Germany) http://www.bio.uni-frankfurt.de/48050101
| | - Hélène Adihou
- Merck Stiftungsprofessur für Molekulare Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main (Germany) http://www.bio.uni-frankfurt.de/48050101
| | - Peter Grün
- Merck Stiftungsprofessur für Molekulare Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main (Germany) http://www.bio.uni-frankfurt.de/48050101
| | - Laura Pöschel
- Merck Stiftungsprofessur für Molekulare Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main (Germany) http://www.bio.uni-frankfurt.de/48050101
| | - Christian Richter
- Institut für Organische und Chemische Biologie, Zentrum für Biomolekulare Magnetische Resonanz, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main (Germany)
| | - Harald Schwalbe
- Institut für Organische und Chemische Biologie, Zentrum für Biomolekulare Magnetische Resonanz, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main (Germany)
| | - Helge B Bode
- Merck Stiftungsprofessur für Molekulare Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main (Germany) http://www.bio.uni-frankfurt.de/48050101. .,Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main (Germany).
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Korsnes JS, Davis KL, Ariely R, Bell CF, Mitra D. Health care resource utilization and costs associated with nonfatal major adverse cardiovascular events. J Manag Care Spec Pharm 2015; 21:443-50. [PMID: 26011546 PMCID: PMC10401973 DOI: 10.18553/jmcp.2015.21.6.443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Risk of recurrent cardiovascular events following an initial cardiovascular-related hospitalization remains high despite available interventions. Rates of cardiovascular events as well as associated health care resource utilization and costs are needed to assess the value of treatments. OBJECTIVE To quantify, in patients with previous hospitalization for acute coronary syndrome (ACS), rates of nonfatal major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and secondary coronary events (SCE), as well as health care utilization and costs associated with a first MACE. METHODS Administrative data from a large population of commercial managed care and managed Medicare enrollees in the United States were retrospectively analyzed. Patients with an ACS-related hospitalization from 2006 to 2011 were followed for 12 months to assess subsequent MACE and SCE rates. Patients were aged ≥ 18 years at initial ACS hospitalization (the index episode) and had ≥ 12 months of continuous health plan enrollment before and after the end of the index episode. Resource utilization and costs during a first MACE were assessed. Multivariable analyses were used to assess the associations between cardiovascular risk factors and the occurrence of a MACE, as well as the costs incurred during a first MACE. RESULTS Of 75,231 study patients identified, 3.3% had a MACE and 8.3% had an SCE during the 12-month follow-up. Median time to first MACE and SCE from end of the index episode was 4.6 and 3.7 months, respectively. Mean MACE-related cost incurred during the first MACE was $19,642. Logistic analyses showed that age and diabetes were associated with increased odds of a MACE, while index ACS episodes involving ST-elevation myocardial infarction were associated with reduced odds. Findings from generalized linear models indicated that statin use and age were associated with lower episode-related costs and that MACE occurrence within 3 months of ACS hospitalization was associated with increased episode-related costs. CONCLUSIONS MACEs and SCEs represent a common and costly burden in the year following ACS hospitalization. Our findings may inform future economic assessments of new therapies aimed at prevention of MACEs and SCEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Korsnes
- RTI Health Solutions, 200 Park Offices Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.
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Holst-Albrechtsen S, Kjaergaard M, Huynh ANT, Sorensen JK, Hosbond S, Nybo M. Can lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 be used as a predictor of long-term outcome in patients with acute coronary syndrome? Curr Cardiol Rev 2014; 9:310-5. [PMID: 24313641 PMCID: PMC3941095 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x09666131202143349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies indicate that elevated plasma concentrations of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Lp-PLA2 seems to play a crucial role in the formation of plaques and acute inflammation, and plasma Lp-PLA2 could therefore potentially be used as a predictor of long-term outcome in ACS patients. To evaluate this, data concerning Lp-PLA2 as a predictor in ACS patients was gathered through a systematic literature review, and studies on this issue were extracted from relevant databases, incl. PubMed and Cochrane. A total of 14 articles were retrieved, but after thorough evaluation and elimination of irrelevant articles only seven studies were eligible for the literature review. All studies except two showed significant correlation between Lp-PLA2 and CV events in ACS patients. Only one study found an independent value to predict CV events 30 days after ACS. Altogether, there was inconsistency in the findings regarding the potential use of Lp-PLA2 and a lack of knowledge on several issues. Lp-PLA2 seems to give valuable information on which ACS patients are prone to new events and also provides important information on plaque size. However, more focused studies concerning genetic variations, time-window impact, patients with and without CV risk factors (e.g. diabetes), and treatment effects are needed. In conclusion, Lp-PLA2 offers new insight in the pathophysiological development of ACS, but until the aforementioned issues are addressed the biomarker will mainly be of interest in a research setting, not as a predictive parameter in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Mads Nybo
- Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark.
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Nonribosomal Assembly of Natural Lipocyclocarbamate Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase Inhibitors. Chembiochem 2013; 14:431-5. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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10
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Stern CS, Lebowitz J. Latest drug developments in the field of cardiovascular disease. Int J Angiol 2012; 19:e100-5. [PMID: 22477616 DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1278379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease has been responsible for more deaths annually than any other disease category since 1900, except for the influenza epidemic in 1916. Yet, the drug pipeline has been largely bereft of new entrants. In 2008, one new cardiovascular medication was marketed in the United States. In 2009, there were two new cardiovascular medications. In comparison, there were seven new drugs for oncology in 2009. The present review explores new agents within the context of models currently in the drug pipeline. Of course, there is no guarantee that any of these agents will be marketed. A discussion of the models is illustrative of the types of approaches being used to develop new cardiovascular agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig S Stern
- Pro Pharma Pharmaceutical Consultants Inc, Northridge; and University of Southern California School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Mallat Z, Lambeau G, Tedgui A. Lipoprotein-associated and secreted phospholipases A₂ in cardiovascular disease: roles as biological effectors and biomarkers. Circulation 2010; 122:2183-200. [PMID: 21098459 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.110.936393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziad Mallat
- INSERM, Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center, Université Paris Descartes, UMR, Paris, France
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Rosenson RS. Phospholipase A2 inhibition and atherosclerotic vascular disease: prospects for targeting secretory and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 enzymes. Curr Opin Lipidol 2010; 21:473-80. [PMID: 20739882 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0b013e32833eb581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Selective inhibitors of secretory phospholipase A2 and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 are potential candidates for reducing recurrent cardiovascular events in patients with established coronary heart disease (CHD). With the active enrollment of CHD patients into phase III clinical trials with both classes of inhibitors, this article reviews the available experimental animal and human trial evidence that provides the rationale for the development of the phospholipase A2 inhibitors varespladib methyl and darapladib as preventive therapy. RECENT FINDINGS Recently completed experimental animal studies, human biomarker data, and vascular imaging studies provide support for proceeding with clinical outcome trials secretory phospholipase A2 and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 inhibition. SUMMARY Both secretory phospholipase A2 and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 inhibitors hold promise for the reduction of recurrent cardiovascular events in patients treated with current standards of care. The completion of the ongoing clinical event trials has the potential to provide a new dimension to secondary preventive therapy.
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White H. Darapladib and its potential for plaque stabilization and prevention of cardiac events. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.10.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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