1
|
Hormone receptor binding, selectivity and cytotoxicity of steroid D-homo lactone loaded chitosan nanoparticles for the treatment of breast and prostate cancer cells. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 216:112597. [PMID: 35636320 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Chemically modified steroids have a long history as anti-neoplastic drugs. Incorporation of a lactone moiety in the steroid nucleus, as in previously obtained 3β-acetoxy-17-oxa-17a-homoandrost-5-en-16-one (A) and 3β-hidroxy-17-oxa-17a-homoandrost-5-en-16-one (B), often results in enhanced anticancer properties. In this work, chitosan-based (Ch) nanoparticles were created and loaded with potent anticancer steroidal compounds, A and B. Changes to hormone receptor binding and cytotoxicity were then measured. In agreement with our previous results for A and B, A- and B-loaded Ch displayed cytotoxic properties against cancer cell lines. Both A-Ch and B-Ch showed activity toward estrogen negative breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) and androgen negative prostate cancer cell lines (PC-3). Greater selectivity toward cancer cells versus healthy lung fibroblast (MRC-5) was observed for B-Ch particles. Cell viability and cytotoxicity measurements after a recovery period indicate more robust recovery of healthy cells versus malignant cells. Compounds A and B or their Ch-encapsulated forms were shown to have negligible affinity for the ligand binding domain of estrogen receptor β or the androgen receptor in a fluorescent yeast screen, suggesting a lack of estrogenicity and androgenicity. Steroid-loaded chitosan nanoparticles display strong cytotoxicity towards MDA-MB-231 and PC-3 with a lack of hormone activity, indicating their safety and efficacy.
Collapse
|
2
|
Cao J, Hacking S, Chavarria-Bernal HD, Bhuiya TA, Khutti S. Androgen Receptor Immunohistochemical Expression in Undifferentiated/Dedifferentiated Endometrial Carcinoma. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2022; 41:28-34. [PMID: 33399351 DOI: 10.1097/pgp.0000000000000756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Uterine undifferentiated (UC)/dedifferentiated (DEAC) carcinomas are rare malignant neoplasms. They tend to pursue an aggressive clinical course with an advanced stage at presentation. It has been found that androgen receptor (AR) might play a role as a prognostic and therapeutic marker in endometrial carcinoma. However, its expression in UC/DEAC has not been investigated. Herein, the aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of AR along with estrogen receptor (ER), progestin receptor (PR), and HER2 in UC/DEAC and also in other subtypes of high-grade endometrial carcinomas. Review of our pathology database over the period of 2011 to 2019 identified 16 UC/DEAC cases (N=16). We also randomly selected other high-grade endometrial carcinomas including FIGO 3 endometrioid carcinoma (N=9), serous carcinoma (N=8), clear cell carcinoma (N=12) and carcinosarcoma (N=10) for comparison. Immunohistochemical stains for AR, ER, PR, and HER2 were performed on all 55 cases. The protein expression was evaluated both quantitatively and qualitatively. In DEAC cases both the undifferentiated component and the well-differentiated component were recorded separately. Overall, variable degrees of AR reactivity (by Allred scoring method) was present in 63% of UC/DEACs(10/16), 67% of FIGO 3 endometrioid carcinomas (6/9), 88% of serous carcinomas (7/8), 80% of carcinosarcomas (8/10), and 9% of clear cell carcinoma (1/12). AR expression was most often seen with PR (70%) or ER (60%) staining in UC/DEACs. Thirteen cases of UC/DEACs were positive for at least 1 hormone receptor. HER2 was negative in all UC/DEACs. Almost all other high-grade carcinoma cases were negative for HER2 except 20% of carcinosarcoma (2/10) and 13% of serous carcinoma (1/8) which showed 3+ HER2. Loss of AR appears to be associated with worse clinicopathologic parameters in UC/DEAC. AR is highly expressed in UC/DEAC, and in the majority of FIGO 3 endometrioid carcinomas, serous carcinomas, and carcinosarcoma. These findings suggest a potential role for androgen inhibitors in the management of patients with these tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Cao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, New York
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tangen IL, Onyango TB, Kopperud R, Berg A, Halle MK, Øyan AM, Werner HMJ, Trovik J, Kalland KH, Salvesen HB, Krakstad C. Androgen receptor as potential therapeutic target in metastatic endometrial cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:49289-49298. [PMID: 27384477 PMCID: PMC5226508 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The expression and involvement of estrogen (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) is extensively studied in endometrial cancer. Androgen receptor (AR) is a hormone receptor less studied in female cancers, and we here aim to investigate the expression level of AR in endometrial cancer precursor lesions, primary tumors and metastases, and its potential as therapeutic target. RESULTS Expression of AR was observed in 93% of hyperplasias, but only in 41% of non-endometrioid tumors. Compared to estrogen and progesterone receptor AR is more commonly expressed in metastatic lesions, and AR status is discordant in primary and metastatic lesions in a large proportion of cases. AR protein level was significantly associated with survival (P < 0.001), and a calculated AR to ERα ratio identified a subgroup of patients with particular poor outcome. The anti-androgen enzalutamide may have a growth inhibitory effect in endometrial cancer cells based on experiments with primary endometrial tumor cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS 718 primary endometrial cancers and 298 metastatic lesions (from 142 patients) were investigated for expression of AR in relation to survival, clinical and histopathological data. Protein levels were investigated by immunohistochemistry and reverse phase protein array; mRNA levels by DNA oligonucleotide microarray. The effect of androgen stimulation and inhibition was tested on primary endometrial tumor cells. CONCLUSIONS A large proportion of metastatic endometrial cancer lesions express AR, which may be a potential target in these patients. Treatment targeting AR may be of particular benefit in patients with high AR levels compared to ERα levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingvild Løberg Tangen
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Norway
| | - Therese Bredholt Onyango
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Norway
| | - Reidun Kopperud
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Norway
| | - Anna Berg
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Norway
| | - Mari K Halle
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Norway
| | - Anne M Øyan
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Norway.,Department of Microbiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Norway
| | - Henrica M J Werner
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Norway
| | - Jone Trovik
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Norway
| | - Karl Henning Kalland
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Norway.,Department of Microbiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Norway
| | - Helga B Salvesen
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Norway
| | - Camilla Krakstad
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Norway.,Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Papatsoris AG, Liolitsa D, Deliveliotis C. Manipulation of the nerve growth factor network in prostate cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2007; 16:303-9. [PMID: 17302525 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.16.3.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Autocrine and paracrine events regulated by nerve growth factor (NGF) and relevant receptors (low- and high affinity; p75 neurotrophin receptor [p75(NTR)] and TrkA, respectively) seem to play a significant role in prostate carcinogenesis. Studies reveal that p75(NTR) is both a tumor suppressor of growth and a metastasis suppressor of human prostate cancer cells. Furthermore, p75(NTR) is progressively lost during prostate carcinogenesis. An imbalance between p75(NTR) and tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA)-mediated signals may be involved in the progression of prostate cancer through increased proliferation and reduced apoptosis. The antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of GnRH analogs in prostate cancer cells may be mediated by altering the TrkA:p75(NTR) NGF receptor ratio. Administration of NGF induces a reversion of the androgen-independent/androgen receptor-negative prostate cancer cell lines to a less malignant phenotype. Finally, Trk inhibition is a novel, attractive and rational approach for prostate cancer therapy. This review unravels the NGF 'circuitry' in prostate cancinogenesis for relevant pharmacologic manipulation to lead to the development of novel therapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios G Papatsoris
- 2nd Department of Urology, University of Athens, School of Medicine, Sismanoglio General Hospital, Athens, Greece.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Andriole G, Bostwick D, Civantos F, Epstein J, Lucia MS, McConnell J, Roehrborn CG. The effects of 5alpha-reductase inhibitors on the natural history, detection and grading of prostate cancer: current state of knowledge. J Urol 2006; 174:2098-104. [PMID: 16280736 DOI: 10.1097/01.ju.0000181216.71605.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT) showed that the 5alpha-reductase inhibitor (5ARI) finasteride significantly decreased the 7-year period prevalence of prostate cancer vs placebo. However, Gleason score 7-10 tumors were significantly more common in the finasteride vs the placebo group. We considered data on the effects of 5ARIs on prostate cancer natural history and detection. MATERIALS AND METHODS A detailed review was performed of the literature identified from the MEDLINE database examining the effects of 5ARIs on prostate cancer prevalence and tumor histopathology. RESULTS In PCPT there were fewer biopsies performed for cause in the finasteride vs the placebo group and the proportion of high grade tumors in the treatment groups did not diverge with time. Given that finasteride has an effect on prostate specific antigen and prostate volume, which are key factors in triggering prostate biopsies, they may be significant confounders of Gleason score results. Prostate shrinkage in the finasteride treated group may minimize biopsy sampling error. Furthermore, histological studies have shown that 5ARIs have a significant effect on prostate architecture, which can make the interpretation of prostate specimens in men treated with 5ARIs difficult. Further evaluation of PCPT findings will help determine the true nature of these observations. CONCLUSIONS 5ARIs decrease the risk of prostate cancer but also alter the detection of disease through effects on prostate specific antigen, and prostate volume and histology. The weight of evidence suggests an artifactual effect of finasteride on Gleason grading in the PCPT. The role of 5ARIs for prostate cancer chemoprevention needs further examination before it can be considered for wide recommendation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Andriole
- Division of Urologic Surgery, School of Medicine, Washington University-St. Louis, 4960 Children's Place, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li H, Anderes KL, Kraynov EA, Luthin DR, Do QQ, Hong Y, Tompkins E, Sun ET, Rajapakse R, Pathak VP, Christie LC, Feng J, Vazir H, Castillo R, Gregory ML, Castro M, Nared-Hood K, Paderes G, Anderson MB. Discovery of a Novel, Orally Active, Small Molecule Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Receptor Antagonist. J Med Chem 2006; 49:3362-7. [PMID: 16722655 DOI: 10.1021/jm060012g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) plays an important role in the biology of reproduction. The use of GnRH receptor antagonists has been reported in the literature for the treatment of breast, ovarian, and prostate cancers. In this article, we report the synthesis, in vitro characterization, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of an orally bioavailable, potent, small molecule GnRH receptor antagonist N-{4,6-dimethoxy-2-[(3-morpholin-4-ylpropyl)amino]pyrimidin-5-yl}-5-[3,3,6-trimthyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-5-yl)oxy]-2-furamide (compound 1).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Research Pharmacology, and Pharmacokenetics, Dynamics & Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research & Development, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jiménez N, Abasolo I, Jongsma J, Calvo A, Garayoa M, van der Kwast TH, van Steenbrugge GJ, Montuenga LM. Androgen-independent expression of adrenomedullin and peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase in human prostatic carcinoma. Mol Carcinog 2003; 38:14-24. [PMID: 12949839 DOI: 10.1002/mc.10134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Most of the locally advanced and metastatic prostate carcinomas (PCs) treated with antiandrogenic therapy eventually become refractory to this treatment. Locally produced factors may control prostate tumor biology after androgen withdrawal. Adrenomedullin (AM) is expressed in the prostate and could control cell growth in androgen-independent conditions. AM needs to be amidated by the enzyme peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase (PAM) to become fully active. The objective of the present study was to analyze whether the expression of preproadrenomedullin (preproAM) and PAM in PC is regulated by androgens. For this purpose, human in vitro and in vivo PC models were grown in the presence or absence of androgens, and the expression of AM and PAM was examined by immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, RT-PCR, and Northern blotting. Furthermore, immunohistochemical analysis of AM in clinical specimens was performed to test if its expression is related to Gleason score and antiandrogenic therapy. In PC cell lines and xenografts, mRNA and protein AM levels were similar in the presence or absence of androgens. PAM expression seemed to be induced by androgen-withdrawal. Our results in clinical samples showed no relationship between AM expression and Gleason score or antiandrogenic treatment. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that preproAM and PAM expression in the human prostate is androgen-independent. In addition, we also report for the first time the expression of a novel PAM transcript in PC, which has not been previously described in other tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Jiménez
- Department of Histology and Pathology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Luthin DR, Hong Y, Pathak VP, Paderes G, Nared-Hood KD, Castro MA, Vazir H, Li H, Tompkins E, Christie L, May JM, Anderson MB. The discovery of novel small molecule non-peptide gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:3467-70. [PMID: 12419385 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00755-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of non-peptide derivatives 1, 14, and 15 that bind with high affinity to the human GnRH receptors is discussed. The discovery was made from screening our in-house libraries that contained the active structure 2 along with a trace amount of a second active structure 1 that was derived from an acid-induced rearrangement. From this structure type 1, a series of guanidine and non-guanidine containing analogues were prepared and tested as GnRH receptor antagonists. Compounds derived from this series bind to both human and rat GnRH receptors and antagonize GnRH-mediated increases in inositol phosphate production in cells containing recombinant human receptors. These compounds or their analogues may be useful as therapeutic agents for the treatment of hormone-dependent pathologies including prostate, breast and ovarian cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David R Luthin
- Pfizer Global Research and Development-La Jolla/Agouron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Leuprorelin acetate is a synthetic agonist analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Continued leuprorelin administration results in suppression of gonadal steroid synthesis, resulting in pharmacological castration. Since leuprorelin is a peptide, it is orally inactive and generally given subcutaneously or intramuscularly. Sustained release parenteral depot formulations, in which the hydrophilic leuprorelin is entrapped in biodegradable highly lipophilic synthetic polymer microspheres, have been developed to avoid daily injections. The peptide drug is released from these depot formulations at a functionally constant daily rate for 1, 3 or 4 months, depending on the polymer type [polylactic/glycolic acid (PLGA) for a 1-month depot and polylactic acid (PLA) for depot of >2 months], with doses ranging between 3.75 and 30mg. Mean peak plasma leuprorelin concentrations (C(max)) of 13.1, 20.8 to 21.8, 47.4, 54.5 and 53 microg/L occur within 1 to 3 hours of depot subcutaneous administration of 3.75, 7.5, 11.25, 15 and 30 mg, respectively, compared with 32 to 35 microg/L at 36 to 60 min after a subcutaneous injection of 1mg of a non-depot formulation. Sustained drug release from the PLGA microspheres maintains plasma concentrations between 0.4 and 1.4 microg/L over 28 days after single 3.75, 7.5 or 15mg depot injections. Mean areas under the concentration-time curve (AUCs) are similar for subcutaneous or intravenous injection of short-acting leuprorelin 1mg; a significant dose-related increase in the AUC from 0 to 35 days is noted after depot injection of leuprorelin 3.75, 7.5 and 15mg. Mean volume of distribution of leuprorelin is 37L after a single subcutaneous injection of 1mg, and 36, 33 and 27L after depot administration of 3.75, 7.5 and 15mg, respectively. Total body clearance is 9.1 L/h and elimination half-life 3.6 hours after a subcutaneous 1mg injection; corresponding values after intravenous injection are 8.3 L/h and 2.9 hours. A 3-month depot PLA formulation of leuprorelin acetate 11.25mg ensures a C(max) of around 20 microg/L at 3 hours after subcutaneous injection, and continuous drug concentrations of 0.43 to 0.19 microg/L from day 7 until before the next injection. Recently, an implant that delivers leuprorelin for 1 year has been evaluated. Serum leuprorelin concentrations remained at a steady mean of 0.93 microg/L until week 52, suggesting zero-order drug release from the implant. In general, regular or depot leuprorelin treatment is well tolerated. Local reactions are more common after application of the 3- or 4-month depot in comparison with the 1-month depot.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piero Periti
- Department of Preclinical and Clinical Pharmacology, Università di Firenze, Via XX Settembre 104, 50129 Florence, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Albert Cuñat V, Maestro Castelblanque E. Cáncer de próstata. Semergen 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1138-3593(02)74079-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|