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Skvortsova A, Trelin A, Kriz P, Elashnikov R, Vokata B, Ulbrich P, Pershina A, Svorcik V, Guselnikova O, Lyutakov O. SERS and advanced chemometrics – Utilization of Siamese neural network for picomolar identification of beta-lactam antibiotics resistance gene fragment. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1192:339373. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Determination of Lekethromycin, a Novel Macrolide Lactone, in Rat Plasma by UPLC-MS/MS and Its Application to a Pharmacokinetic Study. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25204676. [PMID: 33066303 PMCID: PMC7587338 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lekethromycin, a new macrolide lactone, exhibits significant antibacterial activity. In this study, a reliable analytical ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization quadrupole Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-Orbitrap-MS) method was established and validated for the detection of lekethromycin in rat plasma. After a simple acetonitrile (ACN)-mediated plasma protein precipitation, chromatographic separation was performed on a Phenomenex Luna Omega PS C18 column (30 × 2.1 mm i.d. particle size = 3 μm) conducted in a gradient elution procedure using 0.5% formic acid (FA) in ACN and 0.5% FA in water as the mobile phase pumped at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. Detection was carried out under positive electrospray ionization (ESI+) conditions in parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) mode with observation of m/z 804.5580 > 577.4056 for lekethromycin and 777.5471 > 619.4522 for gamithromycin (internal standard, IS). The linear range was 5–1000 ng/mL (r2 > 0.99), and the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) was 5 ng/mL. The intra- and inter-day precision (expressed as relative standard deviation, RSD) values were ≤7.3% and ≤6.3%, respectively, and the accuracy was ≥90% ± 5.3%. The mean extraction recovery RSD valWeue was <5.1%. Matrix effects and dilution integrity RSD values were <5.6% and <3.2%, respectively. Lekethromycin was deemed stable under certain storage conditions. This fully validated method was effectively applied to study the pharmacokinetics of lekethromycin after a single intravenous administration of 5 mg/kg in rats. The main pharmacokinetic parameters were T1/2λz, CL_obs and VZ_obs were 32.33 ± 14.63 h, 0.58 ± 0.17 L/h/kg and 25.56 ± 7.93 L/kg, respectively.
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Alrumaihi F, Allemailem KS, Almatroudi A, Alsahli MA, Khan A, Khan MA. Tinospora cordifolia Aqueous Extract Alleviates Cyclophosphamide- Induced Immune Suppression, Toxicity and Systemic Candidiasis in Immunosuppressed Mice: In vivo Study in Comparison to Antifungal Drug Fluconazole. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2020; 20:1055-1063. [PMID: 31333126 DOI: 10.2174/1389201019666190722151126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study was aimed to evaluate the effect of the aqueous extract of Tinospora cordifolia (AETC) against cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression and systemic Candida albicans infection in a murine model. METHODS The protective effect of AETC against cyclophosphamide-induced leukopenia was evaluated by quantitative and qualitative analysis of the leukocytes. The immune-stimulating potential of AETC on macrophages was assessed by determining the levels of secreted cytokines. To determine the direct antifungal activity, AETC or fluconazole was administered to C. albicans infected mice. The efficacy of treatment was assessed by determining the survival rate, kidney fungal burden, the organ index and liver inflammation parameters. RESULTS Cyclophosphamide administration resulted in substantial depletion of leukocytes, whereas AETC treatment induced the recovery of leukocytes in cyclophosphamide-injected mice. Moreover, AETC treatment of macrophages resulted in enhanced secretion of IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-1β. C. albicans infected mice treated with AETC at the doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg exhibited 40% and 60% survival rate, whereas the mice treated with fluconazole at a dose of 50 mg/kg showed 20% survival rate. Like survival data, the fungal load was found to be the lowest in the kidney tissues of mice treated with AETC at a dose of 100 mg/kg. Interestingly, mice infected with C. albicans demonstrated improvement in the organ indices and liver functioning after AETC treatment. CONCLUSION These results suggest that AETC may potentially be used to rejuvenate the weakened immune system and eliminate systemic candidiasis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faris Alrumaihi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled S Allemailem
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Almatroudi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Alsahli
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arif Khan
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Masood A Khan
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
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Khazi-Syed A, Hasan MT, Campbell E, Gonzalez-Rodriguez R, Naumov AV. Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube-Assisted Antibiotic Delivery and Imaging in S. epidermidis Strains Addressing Antibiotic Resistance. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E1685. [PMID: 31775318 PMCID: PMC6955706 DOI: 10.3390/nano9121685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although conventional antibiotics have evolved as a staple of modern medicine, increasing antibiotic resistance and the lack of antibiotic efficacy against new bacterial threats is becoming a major medical threat. In this work, we employ single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) known to deliver and track therapeutics in mammalian cells via intrinsic near-infrared fluorescence as carriers enhancing antibacterial delivery of doxycycline and methicillin. SWCNTs dispersed in water by antibiotics without the use of toxic bile salt surfactants facilitate efficacy enhancement for both antibiotics against Staphylococcus epidermidis strain showing minimal sensitivity to methicillin. Doxycycline to which the strain did not show resistance in complex with SWCNTs provides only minor increase in efficacy, whereas the SWCNTs/methicillin complex yields up to 40-fold efficacy enhancement over antibiotics alone, suggesting that SWCNT-assisted delivery may circumvent antibiotic resistance in that bacterial strain. At the same time SWCNT/antibiotic formulations appear to be less toxic to mammalian cells than antibiotics alone suggesting that nanomaterial platforms may not restrict potential biomedical applications. The improvement in antibacterial performance with SWCNT delivery is tested via 3 independent assays-colony count, MIC (Minimal Inhibitory Concentration) turbidity and disk diffusion, with the statistical significance of the latter verified by ANOVA and Dunnett's method. The potential mechanism of action is attributed to SWCNT interactions with bacterial cell wall and adherence to the membrane, as substantial association of SWCNT with bacteria is observed-the near-infrared fluorescence microscopy of treated bacteria shows localization of SWCNT fluorescence in bacterial clusters, scanning electron microscopy verifies SWCNT association with bacterial surface, whereas transmission electron microscopy shows individual SWCNT penetration into bacterial cell wall. This work characterizes SWCNTs as novel advantageous antibiotic delivery/imaging agents having the potential to address antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afeefah Khazi-Syed
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Christian University, TCU Box 298840, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA; (A.K.-S.); (M.T.H.); (E.C.)
| | - Md Tanvir Hasan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Christian University, TCU Box 298840, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA; (A.K.-S.); (M.T.H.); (E.C.)
| | - Elizabeth Campbell
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Christian University, TCU Box 298840, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA; (A.K.-S.); (M.T.H.); (E.C.)
| | - Roberto Gonzalez-Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, TCU Box 298860, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA;
| | - Anton V. Naumov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Christian University, TCU Box 298840, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA; (A.K.-S.); (M.T.H.); (E.C.)
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Immune-Stimulatory and Therapeutic Activity of Tinospora cordifolia: Double-Edged Sword against Salmonellosis. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:1787803. [PMID: 29318160 PMCID: PMC5727750 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1787803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was aimed at determining the activity of aqueous and methanolic extracts of Tinospora cordifolia (AETC and METC) against Salmonella typhimurium. In vitro anti-Salmonella activity of T. cordifolia was determined through the broth dilution and agar well diffusion assays. The immune-stimulating potential of AETC or METC was determined by measuring the cytokine levels in the culture supernatants of treated murine J774 macrophages. Antibacterial activity of AETC or METC was determined by treating S. typhimurium-infected macrophages and BALB/C mice. The toxicity of AETC or METC was determined by measuring the levels of liver inflammation markers aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) and antioxidant enzymes. Macrophages treated with AETC or METC secreted greater levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-1β. METC showed greater activity against S. typhimurium infection in macrophages and mice as well. Treatment with METC resulted in increased survival and reduced bacterial load in S. typhimurium-infected mice. Moreover, METC or AETC treatment reduced the liver inflammation and rescued the levels of antioxidant enzymes in S. typhimurium-infected mice. The results of the present study suggest that the use of T. cordifolia may act as a double-edged sword in combating salmonellosis.
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Hong W, Zeng J, Xie J. Antibiotic drugs targeting bacterial RNAs. Acta Pharm Sin B 2014; 4:258-65. [PMID: 26579393 PMCID: PMC4629089 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
RNAs have diverse structures that include bulges and internal loops able to form tertiary contacts or serve as ligand binding sites. The recent increase in structural and functional information related to RNAs has put them in the limelight as a drug target for small molecule therapy. In addition, the recognition of the marked difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic rRNA has led to the development of antibiotics that specifically target bacterial rRNA, reduce protein translation and thereby inhibit bacterial growth. To facilitate the development of new antibiotics targeting RNA, we here review the literature concerning such antibiotics, mRNA, riboswitch and tRNA and the key methodologies used for their screening.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jianping Xie
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education Eco-Environment of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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Ruan ZX, Huangfu DS, Xu XJ, Sun PH, Chen WM. 3D-QSAR and molecular docking for the discovery of ketolide derivatives. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 8:427-44. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2013.774369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Xiong Ruan
- Jinan University, College of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China ;
| | - De-Sheng Huangfu
- Jinan University, College of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China ;
| | - Xing-Jun Xu
- Jinan University, College of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China ;
| | - Ping-Hua Sun
- Jinan University, College of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China ;
| | - Wei-Min Chen
- Jinan University, College of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China ;
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Duval V, Lister IM. MarA, SoxS and Rob of Escherichia coli - Global regulators of multidrug resistance, virulence and stress response. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 2:101-124. [PMID: 24860636 DOI: 10.6000/1927-3037.2013.02.03.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria have a great capacity for adjusting their metabolism in response to environmental changes by linking extracellular stimuli to the regulation of genes by transcription factors. By working in a co-operative manner, transcription factors provide a rapid response to external threats, allowing the bacteria to survive. This review will focus on transcription factors MarA, SoxS and Rob in Escherichia coli, three members of the AraC family of proteins. These homologous proteins exemplify the ability to respond to multiple threats such as oxidative stress, drugs and toxic compounds, acidic pH, and host antimicrobial peptides. MarA, SoxS and Rob recognize similar DNA sequences in the promoter region of more than 40 regulatory target genes. As their regulons overlap, a finely tuned adaptive response allows E. coli to survive in the presence of different assaults in a co-ordinated manner. These regulators are well conserved amongst Enterobacteriaceae and due to their broad involvement in bacterial adaptation in the host, have recently been explored as targets to develop new anti-virulence agents. The regulators are also being examined for their roles in novel technologies such as biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Duval
- Center for Adaptation Genetics and Drug Resistance, Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111
| | - Ida M Lister
- Arietis Corporation, 650 Albany Street, Room 130, Boston, MA 02118
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Kwiatkowska B, Maslinska M, Przygodzka M, Dmowska-Chalaba J, Dabrowska J, Sikorska-Siudek K. Immune system as a new therapeutic target for antibiotics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/abb.2013.44a013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Macrolide therapy in chronic inflammatory diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:636157. [PMID: 22969171 PMCID: PMC3432395 DOI: 10.1155/2012/636157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrolides are a group of antibiotics with a distinctive macrocyclic lactone ring combined with sugars (cladinose, desosamine). The action of macrolides is to block protein synthesis by binding to the subunit of 50S ribosome of bacteria. Prototype macrolide was erythromycin, which came into clinical practice in the 50s of the 20th century. Its antimicrobial spectrum covers the scope of the penicillins but is extended to the impact of atypical bacteria. In the 90s more drugs of this group were synthesized—they have less severe side effects than erythromycin, extended spectrum of Gram-negative bacteria. Macrolides are effective in treating mycobacterial infections especially in patients infected with HIV. It is now known that in addition to antibacterial abilities, macrolides have immunomodulatory effects—they inhibit the production of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF, IL1, 6, and 8) affect transcription factors (NF-κB) as well as costimulaton (CD 80) and adhesion molecules (ICAM). This review article focused not only on the their antimicrobial abilities but also on efficacy in the treatment of several inflammatory disorders independent of the infectious agent. Their wider use as immunomodulators requires further study, which can lead to an extension of indications for their administration.
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Lall MS, Hoge G, Tran TP, Kissel W, Murphy ST, Taylor C, Hutchings K, Samas B, Ellsworth EL, Curran T, Showalter HDH. Stereoselective Synthesis of (S)-3-(Methylamino)-3-((R)-pyrrolidin-3-yl)propanenitrile. J Org Chem 2012; 77:4732-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jo3004716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manjinder S. Lall
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton,
Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Garrett Hoge
- Dr. Reddy’s, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire
CB40PE, U.K
| | - Tuan P. Tran
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton,
Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - William Kissel
- Ironwood Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts
02142, United States
| | - Sean T. Murphy
- Takeda California, San Diego, California 92121, United
States
| | - Clarke Taylor
- Lycera Corp., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Kim Hutchings
- AstraZeneca,
Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Brian Samas
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton,
Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Edmund L. Ellsworth
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Portage Street, Kalamazoo,
Michigan 49007, United States
| | - Timothy Curran
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts
02139, United States
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Giessen TW, Marahiel MA. Ribosome-independent biosynthesis of biologically active peptides: Application of synthetic biology to generate structural diversity. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:2065-75. [PMID: 22273582 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Peptide natural products continue to play an important role in modern medicine as last-resort treatments of many life-threatening diseases, as they display many interesting biological activities ranging from antibiotic to antineoplastic. A large fraction of these microbial natural products is assembled by ribosome-independent mechanisms. Progress in sequencing technology and the mechanistic understanding of secondary metabolite pathways has led to the discovery of many formerly cryptic natural products and a molecular understanding of their assembly. Those advances enable us to apply protein and metabolic engineering approaches towards the manipulation of biosynthetic pathways. In this review we discuss the application potential of both templated and non-templated pathways as well as chemoenzymatic strategies for the structural diversification and tailoring of peptide natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias W Giessen
- Department of Chemistry/Biochemistry, Philipps-University, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
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13
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Mencarelli A, Distrutti E, Renga B, Cipriani S, Palladino G, Booth C, Tudor G, Guse JH, Hahn U, Burnet M, Fiorucci S. Development of non-antibiotic macrolide that corrects inflammation-driven immune dysfunction in models of inflammatory bowel diseases and arthritis. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 665:29-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Brugarolas P, Duguid EM, Zhang W, Poor CB, He C. Structural and biochemical characterization of N5-carboxyaminoimidazole ribonucleotide synthetase and N5-carboxyaminoimidazole ribonucleotide mutase from Staphylococcus aureus. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA. SECTION D, BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2011; 67:707-15. [PMID: 21795812 PMCID: PMC3144853 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444911023821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
With the rapid rise of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections, new strategies against S. aureus are urgently needed. De novo purine biosynthesis is a promising yet unexploited target, insofar as abundant evidence has shown that bacteria with compromised purine biosynthesis are attenuated. Fundamental differences exist within the process by which humans and bacteria convert 5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide (AIR) to 4-carboxy-5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide (CAIR). In bacteria, this transformation occurs through a two-step conversion catalyzed by PurK and PurE; in humans, it is mediated by a one-step conversion catalyzed by class II PurE. Thus, these bacterial enzymes are potential targets for selective antibiotic development. Here, the first comprehensive structural and biochemical characterization of PurK and PurE from S. aureus is presented. Structural analysis of S. aureus PurK reveals a nonconserved phenylalanine near the AIR-binding site that occupies the putative position of the imidazole ring of AIR. Mutation of this phenylalanine to isoleucine or tryptophan reduced the enzyme efficiency by around tenfold. The K(m) for bicarbonate was determined for the first time for a PurK enzyme and was found to be ∼18.8 mM. The structure of PurE is described in comparison to that of human class II PurE. It is confirmed biochemically that His38 is essential for function. These studies aim to provide foundations for future structure-based drug-discovery efforts against S. aureus purine biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Brugarolas
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, GCIS E321, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Erica M. Duguid
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, GCIS E321, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Catherine B. Poor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Chuan He
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, GCIS E321, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Sharma M, Joshi P, Kumar N, Joshi S, Rohilla RK, Roy N, Rawat DS. Synthesis, antimicrobial activity and structure–activity relationship study of N,N-dibenzyl-cyclohexane-1,2-diamine derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:480-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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17
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Abstract
The ocean contains a host of macroscopic life in a great microbial soup. Unlike the terrestrial environment, an aqueous environment provides perpetual propinquity and blurs spatial distinctions. Marine organisms are under a persistent threat of infection by resident pathogenic microbes including bacteria, and in response they have engineered complex organic compounds with antibacterial activity from a diverse set of biological precursors. The diluting effect of the ocean drives the construction of potent molecules that are stable to harsh salty conditions. Members of each class of metabolite-ribosomal and non-ribosomal peptides, alkaloids, polyketides, and terpenes-have been shown to exhibit antibacterial activity. The sophistication and diversity of these metabolites points to the ingenuity and flexibility of biosynthetic processes in Nature. Compared with their terrestrial counterparts, antibacterial marine natural products have received much less attention. Thus, a concerted effort to discover new antibacterials from marine sources has the potential to contribute significantly to the treatment of the ever increasing drug-resistant infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chambers C. Hughes
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSD, 9500 Gilman Dr. La Jolla, CA 92093-0204 (USA)
| | - William Fenical
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSD, 9500 Gilman Dr. La Jolla, CA 92093-0204 (USA)
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Pavlović D, Fajdetić A, Mutak S. Novel hybrids of 15-membered 8a- and 9a-azahomoerythromycin A ketolides and quinolones as potent antibacterials. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:8566-82. [PMID: 21055953 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Revised: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel 6-O-substituted and 6,12-di-O-substituted 8a-aza-8a-homoerythromycin A and 9a-aza-9a-homoerythromycin A ketolides were synthesized and evaluated for in vitro antibacterial activity against a panel of representative erythromycin-susceptible and erythromycin-resistant test strains. Another series of ketolides based on 14-membered erythromycin oxime scaffold was also synthesized and their antibacterial activity compared to those of 15-membered azahomoerythromycin analogues. In general, structure-activity studies have shown that 14-membered ketolides displayed favorable antibacterial activity in comparison to their corresponding 15-membered analogues within 9a-azahomoerythromycin series. However, within 8a-azahomoerythromycin series, some compounds incorporating a ketolide combined with either quinoline or quinolone pharmacophore substructures showed significantly potent activity against a variety of erythromycin-susceptible and macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (MLS(B))-resistant Gram-positive pathogens as well as fastidious Gram-negative pathogens. The best compounds in this series overcome all types of resistance in relevant clinical Gram-positive pathogens and display hitherto unprecedented in vitro activity against the constitutively MLS(B)-resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus. In addition, they also represent an improvement over telithromycin (2) and cethromycin (3) against fastidious Gram-negative pathogens Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dražen Pavlović
- PLIVA Research Institute, Prilaz baruna Filipovića 29, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Pavlović D, Mutak S. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of novel 8a-aza-8a-homoerythromycin A ketolides. J Med Chem 2010; 53:5868-80. [PMID: 20684614 DOI: 10.1021/jm100711p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel 6-O-substituted 8a-aza-8a-homoerythromycin A ketolides was synthesized and evaluated for in vitro antibacterial activity. Key strategic elements of the synthesis include the base-induced E-Z isomerization of 3-O-descladinosyl-6-O-allylerythromycin A 9(E)-oxime followed by ring-expanding reaction of the resulting 9(Z)-oxime via Beckmann rearrangement. The ketolides showed potent activity against a variety of erythromycin-susceptible and macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (MLS(B)) resistant Gram-positive and fastidious Gram-negative pathogens. The best compounds in this series overcome all types of resistance in relevant clinical Gram-positive pathogens and display in vitro activity comparable to telithromycin and cethromycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drazen Pavlović
- Pliva Research Institute, Prilaz baruna Filipovica 29, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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20
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Vooturi SK, Firestine SM. Solution-phase parallel synthesis of novel membrane-targeted antibiotics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 12:151-60. [PMID: 19928911 DOI: 10.1021/cc900138h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The increase in the incidence of antibiotic-resistant infections is a major concern to healthcare workers and requires the development of novel antibacterial agents. Recently, we described a series of benzophenone-containing antibiotics which displayed activity against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. We have shown that these agents function by disrupting the bacterial membrane. To further explore these compounds, a practical and efficient solution-phase parallel synthesis method was developed which allowed us to prepare combinatorial libraries of these agents. Using this method, we prepared 218 compounds in 58 reactions. All of the compounds were characterized by HPLC and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Analysis of this library for antibacterial activity identified six compounds which displayed MIC values of 2.0 mg/L against Staphylococcus aureus. Examination of the structure-function relationships of these agents revealed that cationic groups were required and that cyclic, aliphatic amines were crucial for activity. Using the information generated here, we speculate on how the various structural features of the molecule are necessary for the interaction with the bacterial membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K Vooturi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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21
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Thoden JB, Holden HM, Paritala H, Firestine SM. Structural and functional studies of Aspergillus clavatus N(5)-carboxyaminoimidazole ribonucleotide synthetase . Biochemistry 2010; 49:752-60. [PMID: 20050602 DOI: 10.1021/bi901599u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
N(5)-Carboxyaminoimidazole ribonucleotide synthetase (N(5)-CAIR synthetase), a key enzyme in microbial de novo purine biosynthesis, catalyzes the conversion of aminoimidazole ribonucleotide (AIR) to N(5)-CAIR. To date, this enzyme has been observed only in microorganisms, and thus, it represents an ideal target for antimicrobial drug development. Here we report the cloning, crystallization, and three-dimensional structural analysis of Aspergillus clavatus N(5)-CAIR synthetase solved in the presence of either Mg(2)ATP or MgADP and AIR. These structures, determined to 2.1 and 2.0 A, respectively, revealed that AIR binds in a pocket analogous to that observed for other ATP-grasp enzymes involved in purine metabolism. On the basis of these models, a site-directed mutagenesis study was subsequently conducted that focused on five amino acid residues located in the active site region of the enzyme. These investigations demonstrated that Asp 153 and Lys 353 play critical roles in catalysis without affecting substrate binding. All other mutations affected substrate binding and, in some instances, catalysis as well. Taken together, the structural and kinetic data presented here suggest a catalytic mechanism whereby Mg(2)ATP and bicarbonate first react to form the unstable intermediate carboxyphosphate. This intermediate subsequently decarboxylates to CO(2) and inorganic phosphate, and the amino group of AIR, through general base assistance by Asp 153, attacks CO(2) to form N(5)-CAIR.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Thoden
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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22
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Kumar D, Joshi S, Rohilla RK, Roy N, Rawat DS. Synthesis and antibacterial activity of benzyl-[3-(benzylamino-methyl)-cyclohexylmethyl]-amine derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:893-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.12.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Revised: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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23
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Vooturi SK, Cheung CM, Rybak MJ, Firestine SM. Design, Synthesis, and Structure−Activity Relationships of Benzophenone-Based Tetraamides as Novel Antibacterial Agents. J Med Chem 2009; 52:5020-31. [DOI: 10.1021/jm900519b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K. Vooturi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Anti-Infective Research Laboratory
- Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201
| | - Chrissy M. Cheung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Anti-Infective Research Laboratory
- Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201
| | - Michael J. Rybak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Anti-Infective Research Laboratory
- Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201
| | - Steven M. Firestine
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Anti-Infective Research Laboratory
- Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201
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24
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Biosynthesis, biotechnological production, and application of teicoplanin: current state and perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 84:417-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2107-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Revised: 06/19/2009] [Accepted: 06/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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25
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Firestine SM, Paritala H, McDonnell JE, Thoden JB, Holden HM. Identification of inhibitors of N5-carboxyaminoimidazole ribonucleotide synthetase by high-throughput screening. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:3317-23. [PMID: 19362848 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2008] [Revised: 03/18/2009] [Accepted: 03/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The increasing risk of drug-resistant bacterial infections indicates that there is a growing need for new and effective antimicrobial agents. One promising, but unexplored area in antimicrobial drug design is de novo purine biosynthesis. Recent research has shown that de novo purine biosynthesis in microbes is different from that in humans. The differences in the pathways are centered around the synthesis of 4-carboxyaminoimidazole ribonucleotide (CAIR) which requires the enzyme N(5)-carboxyaminoimidazole ribonucleotide (N(5)-CAIR) synthetase. Humans do not require and have no homologs of this enzyme. Unfortunately, no studies aimed at identifying small-molecule inhibitors of N(5)-CAIR synthetase have been published. To remedy this problem, we have conducted high-throughput screening (HTS) against Escherichia coliN(5)-CAIR synthetase using a highly reproducible phosphate assay. HTS of 48,000 compounds identified 14 compounds that inhibited the enzyme. The hits identified could be classified into three classes based on chemical structure. Class I contains compounds with an indenedione core. Class II contains an indolinedione group, and Class III contains compounds that are structurally unrelated to other inhibitors in the group. We determined the Michaelis-Menten kinetics for five compounds representing each of the classes. Examination of compounds belonging to Class I indicates that these compounds do not follow normal Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Instead, these compounds inhibit N(5)-CAIR synthetase by reacting with the substrate AIR. Kinetic analysis indicates that the Class II family of compounds are non-competitive with both AIR and ATP. One compound in Class III is competitive with AIR but uncompetitive with ATP, whereas the other is non-competitive with both substrates. Finally, these compounds display no inhibition of human AIR carboxylase:SAICAR synthetase indicating that these agents are selective inhibitors of N(5)-CAIR synthetase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Firestine
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, United States.
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26
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Lynch GS. Update on emerging drugs for sarcopenia – age-related muscle wasting. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2008; 13:655-73. [DOI: 10.1517/14728210802544476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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27
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Ochsner UA, Sun X, Jarvis T, Critchley I, Janjic N. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases: essential and still promising targets for new anti-infective agents. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2007; 16:573-93. [PMID: 17461733 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.16.5.573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of resistance to existing antibiotics demands the development of novel antimicrobial agents directed against novel targets. Historically, bacterial cell wall synthesis, protein, and DNA and RNA synthesis have been major targets of very successful classes of antibiotics such as beta-lactams, glycopeptides, macrolides, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, rifampicins and quinolones. Recently, efforts have been made to develop novel agents against validated targets in these pathways but also against new, previously unexploited targets. The era of genomics has provided insights into novel targets in microbial pathogens. Among the less exploited--but still promising--targets is the family of 20 aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs), which are essential for protein synthesis. These targets have been validated in nature as aaRS inhibition has been shown as the specific mode of action for many natural antimicrobial agents synthesized by bacteria and fungi. Therefore, aaRSs have the potential to be targeted by novel agents either from synthetic or natural sources to yield specific and selective anti-infectives. Numerous high-throughput screening programs aimed at identifying aaRS inhibitors have been performed over the last 20 years. A large number of promising lead compounds have been identified but only a few agents have moved forward into clinical development. This review provides an update on the present strategies to develop novel aaRS inhibitors as anti-infective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs A Ochsner
- Replidyne, Inc., 1450 Infinite Dr, Louisville, CO 80027, USA.
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28
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Baltz RH. Molecular engineering approaches to peptide, polyketide and other antibiotics. Nat Biotechnol 2007; 24:1533-40. [PMID: 17160059 DOI: 10.1038/nbt1265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Molecular engineering approaches to producing new antibiotics have been in development for about 25 years. Advances in cloning and analysis of antibiotic gene clusters, engineering biosynthetic pathways in Escherichia coli, transfer of engineered pathways from E. coli into Streptomyces expression hosts, and stable maintenance and expression of cloned genes have streamlined the process in recent years. Advances in understanding mechanisms and substrate specificities during assembly by polyketide synthases, nonribosomal peptide synthetases, glycosyltransferases and other enzymes have made molecular engineering design and outcomes more predictable. Complex molecular scaffolds not amenable to synthesis by medicinal chemistry (for example, vancomycin (Vancocin), daptomycin (Cubicin) and erythromycin) are now tractable by molecular engineering. Medicinal chemistry can further embellish the properties of engineered antibiotics, making the two disciplines complementary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard H Baltz
- Cubist Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 65 Hayden Avenue, Lexington, Massachusetts 02421, USA.
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Kalia VC, Rani A, Lal S, Cheema S, Raut CP. Combing databases reveals potential antibiotic producers. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2007; 2:211-24. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2.2.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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30
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Poulakou G, Giamarellou H. Investigational treatments for postoperative surgical site infections. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2007; 16:137-55. [PMID: 17243935 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.16.2.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Surgical site infections rank third among nosocomial infections, representing a global threat, associated with the emergence of multi-drug-resistant bacteria. The pharmaceutical industry has recently curtailed developmental programmes; however, the need for new compounds is extremely important. This article reviews new antimicrobials and immunointerventional targets for their potential to treat surgical site infections in comparison with recently licensed compounds. Daptomycin, dalbavancin, oritavancin, telavancin, iclaprim and ranbezolid seem to be promising agents against infections caused by Gram-positive pathogens and effectively address the present problems of multi-resistance in Gram-positive infections. Peptide deformylase inhibitors and immunostimulating agents open new perspectives in this field; however, very few compounds targeting Gram-negative problematic pathogens are in the pipeline of the future. Tigecycline (recently marketed) ceftobiprole, ceftaroline and doripenem seem to possess an extended anti-Gram-positive and -negative spectrum. Among these compounds, only doripenem demonstrates activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, for which there is a clear unmet need for new compounds, focusing on new targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garyphallia Poulakou
- University General Hospital Attikon, 4th Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, 1 Rimini Street, 12462 Athens, Greece.
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31
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Abstract
Considerable progress has been achieved in derivatization of glycopeptide antibiotics by using genetic engineering and in vitro enzymatic approaches. In this issue of Chemistry & Biology, the identification and application of a glycopeptide-specific sulfotransferase by Lamb et al. expands the tool box of biocombinatorial synthesis.
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32
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Wang L, Barrett JF. Pharmacoeconomics of treatment with the newer anti-Gram-positive agents. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2006; 7:885-97. [PMID: 16634711 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.7.7.885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The unmet medical need of emerging resistance among Gram-positive pathogens, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant enterococci and penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, has driven industry towards the identification and development of novel anti-Gram-positive agents. Among the newer agents are improved quinolones, a lipopeptide, an oxazolidinone and novel glycopeptides. Scientific distinctions between these drugs, which impact on the placement, usage and, ultimately, the pharmacoeconomics of several of these new agents, may lead to further consideration despite poor initial observations of minimal improvement. Key differences in the characteristics of these drugs (i.e., spectrum, activity, resistance emergence, efficacy, target, safety) provide a basis for an emerging pharmacoeconomic-based distinction between these newer anti-Gram-positive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangsu Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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33
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Abstract
Antimicrobial use presents a dilemma, say Foster and Grundmann. Appropriate use can benefit individual patients but carries a cost to society by selecting for resistant strains that are difficult to treat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Foster
- Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin, Institute for Advanced Study, Berlin, Germany.
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35
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Butler MS, Buss AD. Natural products--the future scaffolds for novel antibiotics? Biochem Pharmacol 2005; 71:919-29. [PMID: 16289393 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2005] [Revised: 09/30/2005] [Accepted: 10/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Natural products have played a pivotal role in antibiotic drug discovery with most antibacterial drugs being derived from a natural product or natural product lead. However, the rapid onset of resistance to most antibacterial drugs diminishes their effectiveness considerably and necessitates a constant supply of new antibiotics for effective treatment of infections. The natural product templates of actinonin, pleuromutilin, ramoplanin and tiacumicin B, which are compounds undergoing clinical evaluation, represent templates not found in currently marketed antibacterial drugs. In addition, the new templates present in the recently discovered lead antibacterials arylomycin, GE23077, mannopeptimycin, muraymycin/caprazamycin, nocathiacin and ECO-0501, are discussed. Despite extensive efforts to identify antibiotic leads from molecular targets, only the peptide deformylase inhibitor LBM-415 is currently in clinical trials. It is proposed that new antibacterial assays which combine cell-based screening with molecular targets could offer better prospects for lead discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Butler
- MerLion Pharmaceuticals, 1 Science Park Road, The Capricorn #05-01, Singapore Science Park II, Singapore 117528, Singapore.
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36
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Dougherty TJ, Magee TV. Novel antibacterial compounds addressing resistance: patent disclosures 2002 – 2005. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.15.10.1409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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37
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Molteni V, Kreusch A. Peptide deformylase inhibitors: a survey of the patent literature. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.15.10.1423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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38
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Talbot GH, Bradley J, Edwards JE, Gilbert D, Scheld M, Bartlett JG. Bad bugs need drugs: an update on the development pipeline from the Antimicrobial Availability Task Force of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 42:657-68. [PMID: 16447111 DOI: 10.1086/499819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 734] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2005] [Accepted: 10/28/2005] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Antimicrobial Availability Task Force (AATF) of the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) has viewed with concern the decreasing investment by major pharmaceutical companies in antimicrobial research and development. Although smaller companies are stepping forward to address this gap, their success is uncertain. The IDSA proposed legislative and other federal solutions to this emerging public health problem in its July 2004 policy report "Bad Bugs, No Drugs: As Antibiotic R&D Stagnates, a Public Health Crisis Brews." At this time, the legislative response cannot be predicted. To emphasize further the urgency of the problem for the benefit of legislators and policy makers and to capture the ongoing frustration our clinician colleagues experience in their frequent return to an inadequate medicine cabinet, the AATF has prepared this review to highlight pathogens that are frequently resistant to licensed antimicrobials and for which few, if any, potentially effective drugs are identifiable in the late-stage development pipeline.
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