Non-prostanoid prostacyclin agonists for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension

A sustained-release drug-delivery system of synthetic prostacyclin agonist, ONO-1301SR: a new reagent to enhance cardiac tissue salvage and/or regeneration in the damaged heart

Cardiac failure is a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide, since the standard treatment for cardiac failure in the clinical practice is chiefly to focus on removal of insults against the heart or minimisation of additional factors to exacerbate cardiac failure, but not on regeneration of the damaged cardiac tissue. A synthetic prostacyclin agonist, ONO-1301, has been developed as a long-acting drug for acute and chronic pathologies related to regional ischaemia, inflammation and/or interstitial fibrosis by pre-clinical studies. In addition, poly-lactic co-glycolic acid-polymerised form of ONO-1301, ONO-1301SR, was generated to achieve a further sustained release of this drug into the targeted region. This unique reagent has been shown to act on fibroblasts, vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells in the tissue via the prostaglandin IP receptor to exert paracrinal release of multiple protective factors, such as hepatocyte growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor or stromal cell-derived factor-1, into the adjacent damaged tissue, which is salvaged and/or regenerated as a result. Our laboratory developed a new surgical approach to treat acute and chronic cardiac failure using a variety of animal models, in which ONO-1301SR is directly placed over the cardiac surface to maximise the therapeutic effects and minimise the systemic complications. This review summarises basic and pre-clinical information of ONO-1301 and ONO-1301SR as a new reagent to enhance tissue salvage and/or regeneration, with a particular focus on the therapeutic effects on acute and chronic cardiac failure and underlying mechanisms, to explore a potential in launching the clinical study.

Prostacyclin: an inflammatory paradox

Prostacyclin (PGI₂) is a member of the prostaglandin family of bioactive lipids. Its best-characterized role is in the cardiovascular system, where it is released by vascular endothelial cells, serving as a potent vasodilator and inhibitor of platelet aggregation. In recent years, prostacyclin (PGI₂) has also been shown to promote differentiation and inhibit proliferation in vascular smooth muscle cells. In addition to these well-described homeostatic roles within the cardiovascular system, prostacyclin (PGI₂) also plays an important role as an inflammatory mediator. In this review, we focus on the contribution of prostacyclin (PGI₂) as both a pathophysiological mediator and therapeutic agent in three major inflammatory-mediated disease processes, namely rheumatoid arthritis, where it promotes disease progression (“pro-inflammatory”), along with pulmonary vascular disease and atherosclerosis, where it inhibits disease progression (“anti-inflammatory”). The emerging role of prostacyclin (PGI₂) in this context provides new opportunities for understanding the complex molecular basis for inflammatory-related diseases, and insights into the development of current and future anti-inflammatory treatments.