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Kapoor K, Gräfe N, Herbig ME. Topical film-forming solid solutions for enhanced dermal delivery of the retinoid tazarotene. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:2779-2787. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Phatak A, Athar M, Crowell JA, Leffel D, Herbert BS, Bale AE, Kopelovich L. Global gene expression of histologically normal primary skin cells from BCNS subjects reveals "single-hit" effects that are influenced by rapamycin. Oncotarget 2019; 10:1360-1387. [PMID: 30858923 PMCID: PMC6402716 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies of dominantly heritable cancers enabled insights about tumor progression. BCNS is a dominantly inherited disorder that is characterized by developmental abnormalities and postnatal neoplasms, principally BCCs. We performed an exploratory gene expression profiling of primary cell cultures derived from clinically unaffected skin biopsies of BCNS gene-carriers (PTCH1+/-) and normal individuals. PCA and HC of untreated keratinocytes or fibroblasts failed to clearly distinguish BCNS samples from controls. These results are presumably due to the common suppression of canonical HH signaling in vitro. We then used a relaxed threshold (p-value <0.05, no FDR cut-off; FC 1.3) that identified a total of 585 and 857 genes differentially expressed in BCNS keratinocytes and fibroblasts samples, respectively. A GSEA identified pancreatic β cell hallmark and mTOR signaling genes in BCNS keratinocytes, whereas analyses of BCNS fibroblasts identified gene signatures regulating pluripotency of stem cells, including WNT pathway. Significantly, rapamycin treatment (FDR<0.05), affected a total of 1411 and 4959 genes in BCNS keratinocytes and BCNS fibroblasts, respectively. In contrast, rapamycin treatment affected a total of 3214 and 4797 genes in normal keratinocytes and normal fibroblasts, respectively. The differential response of BCNS cells to rapamycin involved 599 and 1463 unique probe sets in keratinocytes and fibroblasts, respectively. An IPA of these genes in the presence of rapamycin pointed to hepatic fibrosis/stellate cell activation, and HIPPO signaling in BCNS keratinocytes, whereas mitochondrial dysfunction and AGRN expression were uniquely enriched in BCNS fibroblasts. The gene expression changes seen here are likely involved in the etiology of BCCs and they may represent biomarkers/targets for early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amruta Phatak
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Mohammad Athar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - David Leffel
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Brittney-Shea Herbert
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Allen E Bale
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Levy Kopelovich
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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Sharma M, Levenson C, Clements I, Castella P, Gebauer K, Cox ME. East Indian Sandalwood Oil (EISO) Alleviates Inflammatory and Proliferative Pathologies of Psoriasis. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:125. [PMID: 28360856 PMCID: PMC5352686 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis, a chronic inflammatory skin disease marked by hyper proliferation and aberrant differentiation of keratinocytes, affects 2–3% of the world’s population. Research into the pathogenesis of psoriasis has been hampered by the lack of models that accurately reflect the biology of the psoriatic phenotype. We have previously reported that East Indian Sandalwood oil (EISO) has significant anti-inflammatory properties in skin models and hypothesized that EISO might provide therapeutic benefit to psoriasis patients due to its anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative properties. Here we present interim results from an on-going proof-of-concept Phase 2 clinical trial in which topically applied EISO is demonstrating to be well tolerated and helpful in alleviating mild to moderate psoriasis symptoms. This led us to evaluate the ability of EISO to affect the psoriatic phenotype using MatTek Corporation reconstituted organotypic psoriatic and normal human skin models. EISO had no impact on the phenotype of the normal skin tissue model, however, EISO treatment of the psoriasis tissue model reverted psoriatic pathology as demonstrated by histologic characterization and expression of keratinocyte proliferation markers, Ki67 and psoriasin. These phenotypic affects correlated with suppressed production of ENA-78, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, GM-CSF, and IL-1β. Demonstration of the ability of EISO to abrogate these psoriasis symptoms in well-characterized in vitro psoriatic tissue models, supports the hypothesis that the clinically observed symptom alleviation is due to suppression of intrinsic tissue inflammation reactions in afflicted lesions. This study presents a systematic approach to further study the underlying mechanisms that cause psoriasis, and presents data supporting the potential of EISO as a new ethnobotanical therapeutic concept to help direct and accelerate the development of more effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manju Sharma
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver BC, Canada
| | | | - Ian Clements
- Santalis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Antonio TX, USA
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4
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Cancer prevention and therapy through the modulation of transcription factors by bioactive natural compounds. Semin Cancer Biol 2016; 40-41:35-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Liu R, Wang G, Liu C, Qiu J, Yan L, Li X, Wang X. Gene expression profile analysis of dbpA knockdown in colorectal cancer cells. Cell Biol Int 2016; 40:1280-1293. [PMID: 27569444 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruiting Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital; The Third Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Xi'an Jiao Tong University; Xi'an 710068 China
| | - Guorong Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital; The Third Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Xi'an Jiao Tong University; Xi'an 710068 China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College; Xi'an Jiao Tong University; Xi'an 710061 China
| | - Jian Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital; The Third Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Xi'an Jiao Tong University; Xi'an 710068 China
| | - Likun Yan
- Department of General Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital; The Third Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Xi'an Jiao Tong University; Xi'an 710068 China
| | - Xiaojun Li
- Department of General Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital; The Third Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Xi'an Jiao Tong University; Xi'an 710068 China
| | - Xiaoqiang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital; The Third Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Xi'an Jiao Tong University; Xi'an 710068 China
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Mathias SD, Chren MM, Crosby RD, Colwell HH, Yim YM, Reyes C, Chen DM, Fosko SW. Reliability and validity of the Advanced Basal Cell Carcinoma Index (aBCCdex). Br J Dermatol 2015; 173:713-9. [PMID: 25939524 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patient-reported outcome (PRO) questionnaires were recently developed specifically for use with patients with advanced basal cell carcinoma (aBCC) and basal cell carcinoma naevus syndrome (BCCNS). OBJECTIVES To evaluate the measurement properties of PRO questionnaires for use in patients with aBCC or BCCNS. METHODS In total 129 patients from 10 clinical sites in the U.S.A. and the BCCNS Support Network completed the two newly developed questionnaires multiple times over 3 months. Patients also completed the Skindex-16 and the 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey as collateral measures. Psychometric properties of the questionnaires were evaluated, including internal consistency and test-retest reliability, construct and known-groups validity, and responsiveness. RESULTS Based on the results of exploratory factor analysis and clinical input, the two newly developed questionnaires were combined into a single questionnaire, called the aBCCdex, which is relevant for patients with both aBCC and BCCNS. The internal consistency reliability was acceptable, and all aBCCdex scale scores correlated significantly with conceptually similar scales. When divided into groups that differed based on scores from collateral measures, aBCCdex scale scores differentiated between groups (known-groups validity) and were responsive to change. CONCLUSIONS The aBCCdex is a brief and comprehensive questionnaire appropriate for use with patients with aBCC and BCCNS. Its reliability and validity have been confirmed. Further research is necessary to estimate the minimally important difference in a larger patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Mathias
- Health Outcomes Solutions, 2351 Via Tuscany, Winter Park, FL, 32789, U.S.A
| | - M M Chren
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, U.S.A
| | - R D Crosby
- Health Outcomes Solutions, Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, and University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Fargo, ND, U.S.A
| | - H H Colwell
- Health Outcomes Solutions, 2351 Via Tuscany, Winter Park, FL, 32789, U.S.A
| | - Y M Yim
- Genentech, San Francisco, CA, U.S.A
| | - C Reyes
- Genentech, San Francisco, CA, U.S.A
| | - D M Chen
- Genentech, San Francisco, CA, U.S.A
| | - S W Fosko
- Departments of Dermatology, Internal Medicine, Head and Neck Surgery-Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology, Saint Louis University Cancer Center, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, U.S.A
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Chen Y, Ruben EA, Rajadas J, Teng NNH. In silico investigation of FOXM1 binding and novel inhibitors in epithelial ovarian cancer. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:4576-4582. [PMID: 26164623 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Using TCGA database, we had demonstrated that aberrantly activated Forkhead box M1 (FOXM1) correlates to worse overall survival in a subgroup of platinum resistant patients. Application of thiostrepton, a natural thiazole antibiotics that inhibits FOXM1 transcription activity in the clinic is hampered by difficulties in synthesis, degradation potential, and solubility. In this study, we aim to identify potential FOXM1 small molecule inhibitors to develop a new class of therapeutic agents to address the challenges in treating chemotherapy resistant EOC. METHODS We used in silico screening of compounds against a solved structure of FOXM1 and subsequently to derive a list of possible compounds that could inhibit FOXM1. Three compounds were tested for in vitro cytotoxicity and FOXM1 expression level was confirmed by RT-PCR and Western blot in EOC cell lines. RESULTS The FOXM1 structure obtained from 3G73 represented the DNA binding region of FOXM1 and possessed the winged helix fold representative of the Forkhead family of enzymes with two wings in direct contact with DNA. For ease of representation, we described both wings as a dimer and a single wing as a monomer. From this structure, we hypothesized two main models of how thiostrepton binding to FOXM1 could possibly curtail its transcriptional activity. In the first model thiostrepton could bind either of the wings or both wings and prevent association to DNA. In the second model thiostrepton bind the FOXM1/DNA complex and weaken association of FOXM1 to DNA. Subsequently, small molecular inhibitors could also use either of the models to inhibit transcription. To account for both models, the NCI diversity set was screened against the FOXM1 dimer:DNA complex (39 hits), dimer (11 hits) and monomer (14 hits). Those hits were further classified by chemical structure, biological function and chemical similarities to known molecules that target FOXM1. In cellular cytotoxicity assays, N-phenylphenanthren-9-amine (related to hit #225) successfully showed cytotoxicity to all three cell lines with IC50 around 1μM, and downregulate FOXM1 and transcription of its downstream molecules such as CCNB1. CONCLUSION By a combination of in silico screening coupled to cellular cytotoxicity studies, we have taken the first step towards identifying potential inhibitors of FOXM1 that can replace thiostrepton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, HH333, Stanford, CA 94305-5317, USA
| | - Eliza A Ruben
- Biomaterials and Advanced Drug Delivery Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jayakumar Rajadas
- Biomaterials and Advanced Drug Delivery Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nelson N H Teng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, HH333, Stanford, CA 94305-5317, USA.
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Dessinioti C, Antoniou C, Stratigos AJ. New targeted approaches for the treatment and prevention of nonmelanoma skin cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/edm.11.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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9
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Sharma M, Levenson C, Bell R, Anderson S, Hudson J, Collins C, Cox M. Suppression of Lipopolysaccharide-stimulated Cytokine/Chemokine Production in Skin Cells by Sandalwood Oils and Purified α-santalol and β-santalol. Phytother Res 2013; 28:925-32. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Sharma
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre; Vancouver General Hospital; Vancouver BC V6H3Z6 Canada
| | - C. Levenson
- Santalis Pharmaceuticals; San Antonio TX USA
| | - R. H. Bell
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre; Vancouver General Hospital; Vancouver BC V6H3Z6 Canada
| | - S. A. Anderson
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre; Vancouver General Hospital; Vancouver BC V6H3Z6 Canada
| | - J. B. Hudson
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine; University of British Columbia; 2733 Heather Street Vancouver BC V5Z3J5 Canada
| | - C. C. Collins
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre; Vancouver General Hospital; Vancouver BC V6H3Z6 Canada
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine; University of British Columbia
| | - M. E. Cox
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre; Vancouver General Hospital; Vancouver BC V6H3Z6 Canada
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine; University of British Columbia
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Abstract
Molecular diagnostic strategies are gaining wider acceptance and use in dermatology and dermatopathology as more practitioners in this field develop an understanding of the principles and applications of genomic technologies. Molecular testing is facilitating more accurate diagnosis, staging, and prognostication, in addition to guiding the selection of appropriate treatment, monitoring of therapy, and identification of novel therapeutic targets, for a wide variety of skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zendee Elaba
- Department of Pathology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA
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11
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Topical therapies for periorbital cutaneous malignancies: indications and treatment regimens. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2012; 23:439-42. [PMID: 22828167 DOI: 10.1097/icu.0b013e328356ad55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To present a brief review of periorbital cutaneous tumorogenesis, highlighting the steps which might be amenable to topical treatments and then discuss the use of topical agents in the management of periorbital skin malignancy. RECENT FINDINGS A rapid expansion in the understanding of the pathogenesis of melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer has allowed the development of a number of topical agents targeting specific tumor-forming processes. Topical agents have been shown to be effective in the management of periorbital skin malignancy. SUMMARY 5-Fluorouracil and imiquimod have established roles in the management of periorbital skin malignancy. Newer agents such as ingenol mebutate, tazarotene, and diclofenac gel probably have evolving roles that require further research but show promise.
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Weiss GJ, Korn RL. Metastatic basal cell carcinoma in the era of hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitors. Cancer 2012; 118:5310-9. [PMID: 22511370 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.27532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhibition of the hedgehog signaling pathway (HHSP) for the treatment of locally advanced basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and metastatic BCC (mBCC) has produced promising results. Typically, mBCC is not taken into consideration during the workup of a patient with multifocal metastatic disease who has a history of BCC. The objective of the current review, in which the authors evaluated the time from the first BCC diagnosis to metastasis, location of disease, and radiographic features, was to contribute to the general knowledge and awareness among providers, patients, and support groups about mBCC and to provide an outlook for the future of treatments for mBCC. A literature review on mBCC and a review of records from patients with mBCC who presented to Virginia G. Piper Cancer Center Clinical Trials (an oncology clinical trials center) were conducted. The clinical and radiographic findings of 22 patients with mBCC who were evaluated at that center from the initiation of smoothened (SMO) antagonist trials were analyzed along with a review of BCC epidemiology and pathogenesis, the HHSP, and current and future treatments for this rare presentation of the most common malignancy. The results indicated that, in the last 5 years, there has been a plethora of new agents targeting SMO, a key component of the HHSP that, for the majority of patients with mBCC, may be a good match for targeting tumor genetic vulnerability. Like with other targeted therapy for uncommon malignancies, such as chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumors, the authors anticipate that there will be clinical development of next-generation HHSP inhibitors to combat mBCCs that are nonresponsive to or progress on current SMO antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen J Weiss
- Virginia G. Piper Cancer Center Clinical Trials at Scottsdale Healthcare, Scottsdale, Arizona; Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85258, USA.
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Kasper M, Jaks V, Hohl D, Toftgård R. Basal cell carcinoma - molecular biology and potential new therapies. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:455-63. [PMID: 22293184 DOI: 10.1172/jci58779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) of the skin, the most common malignancy in individuals of mixed European descent, is increasing in incidence due to an aging population and sun exposure habits. The realization that aberrant activation of Hedgehog signaling is a pathognomonic feature of BCC development has opened the way for exciting progress toward understanding BCC biology and translation of this knowledge to the clinic. Genetic mouse models closely mimicking human BCCs have provided answers about the tumor cell of origin, and inhibition of Hedgehog signaling is emerging as a potentially useful targeted therapy for patients with advanced or multiple BCCs that have hitherto lacked effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kasper
- Karolinska Institutet, Center for Biosciences and Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Novum, Huddinge, Sweden
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Daramwar PP, Srivastava PL, Priyadarshini B, Thulasiram HV. Preparative separation of α- and β-santalenes and (Z)-α- and (Z)-β-santalols using silver nitrate-impregnated silica gel medium pressure liquid chromatography and analysis of sandalwood oil. Analyst 2012; 137:4564-70. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an35575b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Abstract
An increasing progress on the role of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling for carcinogenesis has been achieved since the link of Hh pathway to human cancer was firstly established. In particular, the critical role of Hh signaling in the development of Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) has been convincingly demonstrated by genetic mutation analyses, mouse models of BCCs, and successful clinical trials of BCCs using Hh signaling inhibitors. In addition, the Hh pathway activity is also reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC), melanoma and Merkel Cell Carcinoma. These findings have significant new paradigm on Hh signaling transduction, its mechanisms in skin cancer and even therapeutic approaches for BCC. In this review, we will summarize the major advances in the understanding of Hh signaling transduction, the roles of Hh signaling in skin cancer development, and the current implications of "mechanism-based" therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxin Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Sumin Chi
- Department of Physiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Jingwu Xie
- Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
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Strand MF, Wilson SR, Dembinski JL, Holsworth DD, Khvat A, Okun I, Petersen D, Krauss S. A novel synthetic smoothened antagonist transiently inhibits pancreatic adenocarcinoma xenografts in a mouse model. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19904. [PMID: 21698280 PMCID: PMC3115942 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is over-activated in several solid tumors where it plays a central role in cell growth, stroma recruitment and tumor progression. In the Hh signaling pathway, the Smoothened (SMO) receptor comprises a primary drug target with experimental small molecule SMO antagonists currently being evaluated in clinical trials. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Using Shh-Light II (Shh-L2) and alkaline phosphatase (AP) based screening formats on a "focused diversity" library we identified a novel small molecule inhibitor of the Hh pathway, MS-0022 (2-bromo-N-(4-(8-methylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-2-yl)phenyl)benzamide). MS-0022 showed effective Hh signaling pathway inhibition at the level of SMO in the low nM range, and Hh pathway inhibition downstream of Suppressor of fused (SUFU) in the low µM range. MS-0022 reduced growth in the tumor cell lines PANC-1, SUIT-2, PC-3 and FEMX in vitro. MS-0022 treatment led to a transient delay of tumor growth that correlated with a reduction of stromal Gli1 levels in SUIT-2 xenografts in vivo. SIGNIFICANCE We document the in vitro and in vivo efficacy and bioavailability of a novel small molecule SMO antagonist, MS-0022. Although MS-0022 primarily interferes with Hh signaling at the level of SMO, it also has a downstream inhibitory effect and leads to a stronger reduction of growth in several tumor cell lines when compared to related SMO antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin F. Strand
- Unit for Cell Signalling, Institute for Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Jennifer L. Dembinski
- Unit for Cell Signalling, Institute for Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Alexander Khvat
- ChemDiv Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Ilya Okun
- ChemDiv Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Dirk Petersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stefan Krauss
- Unit for Cell Signalling, Institute for Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
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Scatena R, Bottoni P, Pontoglio A, Giardina B. Cancer stem cells: the development of new cancer therapeutics. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2011; 11:875-92. [PMID: 21463158 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2011.573780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a subpopulation of tumor cells with indefinite proliferative potential that drive the growth of tumors. CSCs seem to provide a suitable explanation for several intriguing aspects of cancer pathophysiology. AREAS COVERED An explosion of therapeutic options for cancer treatment that selectively target CSCs has been recorded in the recent years. These include the targeting of cell-surface proteins, various activated signalling pathways, different molecules of the stem cell niche and various drug resistance mechanisms. Importantly, approaching cancer research by investigating the pathogenesis of these intriguing cancer cells is increasing the knowledge of the pathophysiology of the disease, emphasizing certain molecular mechanisms that have been partially neglected. EXPERT OPINION The characterization of the molecular phenotype of these cancer stem-like cells, associated with an accurate definition of their typical derangement in cell differentiation, can represent a fundamental advance in terms of diagnosis and therapy of cancer. Preliminary results seem to be promising but further studies are required to define the therapeutic index of this new anticancer treatment. Moreover, understanding the pathogenetic mechanisms of CSCs can expand the therapeutic applications of normal adult stem cells by reducing the risk of uncontrolled tumorigenic stem cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Scatena
- Catholic University, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy.
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