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Montoya S, Soong D, Nguyen N, Affer M, Munamarty SP, Taylor J. Targeted Therapies in Cancer: To Be or Not to Be, Selective. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1591. [PMID: 34829820 PMCID: PMC8615814 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of targeted therapies in recent years revealed several nonchemotherapeutic options for patients. Chief among targeted therapies is small molecule kinase inhibitors targeting key oncogenic signaling proteins. Through competitive and noncompetitive inhibition of these kinases, and therefore the pathways they activate, cancers can be slowed or completely eradicated, leading to partial or complete remissions for many cancer types. Unfortunately, for many patients, resistance to targeted therapies, such as kinase inhibitors, ultimately develops and can necessitate multiple lines of treatment. Drug resistance can either be de novo or acquired after months or years of drug exposure. Since resistance can be due to several unique mechanisms, there is no one-size-fits-all solution to this problem. However, combinations that target complimentary pathways or potential escape mechanisms appear to be more effective than sequential therapy. Combinations of single kinase inhibitors or alternately multikinase inhibitor drugs could be used to achieve this goal. Understanding how to efficiently target cancer cells and overcome resistance to prior lines of therapy became imperative to the success of cancer treatment. Due to the complexity of cancer, effective treatment options in the future will likely require mixing and matching these approaches in different cancer types and different disease stages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Justin Taylor
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1501 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (S.M.); (D.S.); (N.N.); (M.A.); (S.P.M.)
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2
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Rebecca VW, Herlyn M. Nongenetic Mechanisms of Drug Resistance in Melanoma. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CANCER BIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030419-033533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to targeted and immune-based therapies limits cures in patients with metastatic melanoma. A growing number of reports have identified nongenetic primary resistance mechanisms including intrinsic microenvironment- and lineage plasticity–mediated processes serving critical functions in the persistence of disease throughout therapy. There is a temporally shifting spectrum of cellular identities fluidly occupied by therapy-persisting melanoma cells responsible for driving therapeutic resistance and metastasis. The key epigenetic, metabolic, and phenotypic reprogramming events requisite for the manifestation and maintenance of so-called persister melanoma populations remain poorly understood and underscore the need to comprehensively investigate actionable vulnerabilities. Here we attempt to integrate the field's observations on nongenetic mechanisms of drug resistance in melanoma. We postulate that the future design of therapeutic strategies specifically addressing therapy-persisting subpopulations of melanoma will improve the curative potential of therapy for patients with metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito W. Rebecca
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program and Melanoma Research Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Meenhard Herlyn
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program and Melanoma Research Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Unterlass JE, Baslé A, Blackburn TJ, Tucker J, Cano C, Noble ME, Curtin NJ. Validating and enabling phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH) as a target for fragment-based drug discovery in PHGDH-amplified breast cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 9:13139-13153. [PMID: 29568346 PMCID: PMC5862567 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
3-Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH) has recently been identified as an attractive target in cancer therapy as it links upregulated glycolytic flux to increased biomass production in cancer cells. PHGDH catalyses the first step in the serine synthesis pathway and thus diverts glycolytic flux into serine synthesis. We have used siRNA-mediated suppression of PHGDH expression to show that PHGDH is a potential therapeutic target in PHGDH-amplified breast cancer. Knockdown caused reduced proliferation in the PHGDH-amplified cell line MDA-MB-468, whereas breast cancer cells with low PHGDH expression or with elevated PHGDH expression in the absence of genomic amplification were not affected. As a first step towards design of a chemical probe for PHGDH, we report a fragment-based drug discovery approach for the identification of PHGDH inhibitors. We designed a truncated PHGDH construct that gave crystals which diffracted to high resolution, and could be used for fragment soaking. 15 fragments stabilising PHGDH were identified using a thermal shift assay and validated by X-ray crystallography and ITC competition experiments to exhibit 1.5-26.2 mM affinity for PHGDH. A structure-guided fragment growing approach was applied to the PHGDH binders from the initial screen, yielding greater understanding of the binding site and suggesting routes to achieve higher affinity NAD-competitive inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith E. Unterlass
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Arnaud Baslé
- Institute of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Timothy J. Blackburn
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, School of Chemistry, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Julie Tucker
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Céline Cano
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, School of Chemistry, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Martin E.M. Noble
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Nicola J. Curtin
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
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Li X, Cai Q, Mei H, Zhou X, Shen Y, Li D, Liu W. The Rpd3/Hda1 family of histone deacetylases regulates azole resistance in Candida albicans. J Antimicrob Chemother 2015; 70:1993-2003. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkv070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Yang J, Bill MA, Young GS, La Perle K, Landesman Y, Shacham S, Kauffman M, Senapedis W, Kashyap T, Saint-Martin JR, Kendra K, Lesinski GB. Novel small molecule XPO1/CRM1 inhibitors induce nuclear accumulation of TP53, phosphorylated MAPK and apoptosis in human melanoma cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102983. [PMID: 25057921 PMCID: PMC4109950 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
XPO1/CRM1 is a key nuclear exporter protein that mediates translocation of numerous cellular regulatory proteins. We investigated whether XPO1 is a potential therapeutic target in melanoma using novel selective inhibitors of nuclear export (SINE). In vitro effects of SINE on cell growth and apoptosis were measured by MTS assay and flow cytometry [Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI)], respectively in human metastatic melanoma cell lines. Immunoblot analysis was used to measure nuclear localization of key cellular proteins. The in vivo activity of oral SINE was evaluated in NOD/SCID mice bearing A375 or CHL-1 human melanoma xenografts. SINE compounds induced cytostatic and pro-apoptotic effects in both BRAF wild type and mutant (V600E) cell lines at nanomolar concentrations. The cytostatic and pro-apoptotic effects of XPO1 inhibition were associated with nuclear accumulation of TP53, and CDKN1A induction in the A375 cell line with wild type TP53, while pMAPK accumulated in the nucleus regardless of TP53 status. The orally bioavailable KPT-276 and KPT-330 compounds significantly inhibited growth of A375 (p<0.0001) and CHL-1 (p = 0.0087) human melanoma cell lines in vivo at well tolerated doses. Inhibition of XPO1 using SINE represents a potential therapeutic approach for melanoma across cells with diverse molecular phenotypes by promoting growth inhibition and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Matthew A. Bill
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Gregory S. Young
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Krista La Perle
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Yosef Landesman
- Karyopharm Therapeutics, Natick, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sharon Shacham
- Karyopharm Therapeutics, Natick, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael Kauffman
- Karyopharm Therapeutics, Natick, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - William Senapedis
- Karyopharm Therapeutics, Natick, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Trinayan Kashyap
- Karyopharm Therapeutics, Natick, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Kari Kendra
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Gregory B. Lesinski
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
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Capovilla M. [Cellular and molecular mechanisms of carcinogenic side effects and resistance to BRAF inhibitors in metastatic melanoma with BRAFV600 mutation: state of the knowledge]. Ann Pathol 2013; 33:375-85. [PMID: 24331719 DOI: 10.1016/j.annpat.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma is a malignant tumor with a high metastatic potential. If an early treatment is associated with a favorable outcome, the prognosis of metastatic melanoma remains poor. Advances in molecular characterization of cancers, notably the discovery of BRAF gene mutations in metastatic melanoma, allowed to the recent development of targeted therapies against mutated BRAF protein. Despite high tumor response rates observed in clinical trials, these new drugs are associated with frequent secondary tumor resistance occurrence and paradoxical carcinogenic side effects. The cellular and molecular mechanisms of these carcinogenic side effects and secondary resistance are not yet fully elucidated and are actually intensely studied. This review of the literature focus on the mechanisms of these carcinogenic side effects and on the tumor resistance associated with anti-BRAF targeted therapies.
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/chemically induced
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Enzyme Activation/drug effects
- Epigenesis, Genetic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, ras
- Humans
- Indoles/adverse effects
- Indoles/pharmacology
- Indoles/therapeutic use
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Keratoacanthoma/chemically induced
- Leukemia/chemically induced
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects
- Melanoma/chemically induced
- Melanoma/drug therapy
- Melanoma/genetics
- Melanoma/immunology
- Melanoma/secondary
- Models, Biological
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Mutation, Missense
- Neoplasm Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/physiology
- Neoplasms, Second Primary/chemically induced
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/enzymology
- Nevus, Pigmented/enzymology
- Nevus, Pigmented/pathology
- Point Mutation
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/adverse effects
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf/antagonists & inhibitors
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf/physiology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf/biosynthesis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf/physiology
- Skin Neoplasms/chemically induced
- Sulfonamides/adverse effects
- Sulfonamides/pharmacology
- Sulfonamides/therapeutic use
- Tumor Microenvironment
- Vemurafenib
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Capovilla
- Service de pathologie, centre François-Baclesse, 3, avenue Général-Harris, BP 5026, 14076 Caen cedex 05, France.
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van Akkooi A, Nijsten T. A costly revolution for a subgroup of patients with metastatic melanoma. Br J Dermatol 2013; 168:467-70; discussion 470-1. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.12238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Menzies AM, Long GV, Murali R. Dabrafenib and its potential for the treatment of metastatic melanoma. Drug Des Devel Ther 2012; 6:391-405. [PMID: 23251089 PMCID: PMC3523565 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s38998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to review the development of BRAF inhibitors, with emphasis on the trials conducted with dabrafenib (GSK2118436) and the evolving role of dabrafenib in treatment for melanoma patients. Fifty percent of cutaneous melanomas have mutations in BRAF, resulting in elevated activity of the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. Dabrafenib inhibits the mutant BRAF (BRAF(mut)) protein in melanomas with BRAF(V600E) and BRAF(V600K) genotypes. BRAF(V600E) metastatic melanoma patients who receive dabrafenib treatment exhibit high clinical response rates and compared with dacarbazine chemotherapy, progression-free survival. Efficacy has also been demonstrated in BRAF(V600K) patients and in those with brain metastases. Dabrafenib has a generally mild and manageable toxicity profile. Cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas and pyrexia are the most significant adverse effects. Dabrafenib appears similar to vemurafenib with regard to efficacy but it is associated with less toxicity. It is expected that new combinations of targeted drugs, such as the combination of dabrafenib and trametinib (GSK1120212, a MEK inhibitor), will provide higher response rates and more durable clinical benefit than dabrafenib monotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Georgina V Long
- Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Westmead Institute for Cancer Research and Crown Princess Mary Cancer Centre Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rajmohan Murali
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogensis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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Myers MB, Wang Y, McKim KL, Parsons BL. Hotspot oncomutations: implications for personalized cancer treatment. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2012; 12:603-20. [PMID: 22845481 DOI: 10.1586/erm.12.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the extent to which specific tumor mutations impact or mediate patient response to particular cancer therapies has become a rapidly increasing area of research. Recent research findings regarding four predominant mutational targets (KRAS, BRAF, EGFR and PIK3CA) show that these tumor mutations have predictive power for identifying which patients are likely to respond to particular therapies, and have prognostic significance irrespective of treatment. However, in this regard, the literature is frequently nuanced and sometimes contradictory. This lack of clarity may be due, at least in part, to the utilization of mutation detection methods with varying sensitivities across studies of different patient populations. Nevertheless, considerable evidence suggests minor tumor subpopulations may be contributing to inappropriate patient stratification, development of resistance to treatment, and the relapse that often follows treatment with molecularly targeted therapies. Consequently, mutant tumor subpopulations need to be considered in order to improve strategies for personalized cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan B Myers
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
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BRAF-targeted therapy for metastatic melanoma: rationale, clinical activity and safety. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4155/cli.11.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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