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Fakhri S, Moradi SZ, Faraji F, Kooshki L, Webber K, Bishayee A. Modulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 signaling pathways in cancer angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis by natural compounds: a comprehensive and critical review. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2024; 43:501-574. [PMID: 37792223 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-023-10136-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Tumor cells employ multiple signaling mediators to escape the hypoxic condition and trigger angiogenesis and metastasis. As a critical orchestrate of tumorigenic conditions, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is responsible for stimulating several target genes and dysregulated pathways in tumor invasion and migration. Therefore, targeting HIF-1 pathway and cross-talked mediators seems to be a novel strategy in cancer prevention and treatment. In recent decades, tremendous efforts have been made to develop multi-targeted therapies to modulate several dysregulated pathways in cancer angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. In this line, natural compounds have shown a bright future in combating angiogenic and metastatic conditions. Among the natural secondary metabolites, we have evaluated the critical potential of phenolic compounds, terpenes/terpenoids, alkaloids, sulfur compounds, marine- and microbe-derived agents in the attenuation of HIF-1, and interconnected pathways in fighting tumor-associated angiogenesis and invasion. This is the first comprehensive review on natural constituents as potential regulators of HIF-1 and interconnected pathways against cancer angiogenesis and metastasis. This review aims to reshape the previous strategies in cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Fakhri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, 6734667149, Iran
| | - Seyed Zachariah Moradi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, 6734667149, Iran
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, 6734667149, Iran
| | - Farahnaz Faraji
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Leila Kooshki
- Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, 6714415153, Iran
| | - Kassidy Webber
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, 5000 Lakewood Ranch Boulevard, Bradenton, FL, 34211, USA
| | - Anupam Bishayee
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, 5000 Lakewood Ranch Boulevard, Bradenton, FL, 34211, USA.
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2
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Xu X, Xi N, Chen J, Zhou Z, Liu M, Yan G, Liu Y. Deoxynivalenol exposure induces oxidative stress and apoptosis in human keratinocytes via PI3K/Akt and MAPK signaling pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2024; 39:277-288. [PMID: 37705238 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin frequently occurring in human and animal food worldwide, which raises increasing public health concerns. In the present study, we used human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) as an in vitro model to explore the cytotoxic effect of DON. The results showed that the cells exhibited varying degrees of damage, including decreased cell number and viability, cell shrinkage and floating, when treated with 0.125, 0.25, and 0.5 μg/mL DON for 6, 12, and 24 h, respectively. Furthermore, exposure to DON for 24 h significantly increased the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and prominently decreased the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity. Additionally, DON exposure induced mitochondrial damage and cell apoptosis through reducing mitochondrial membrane potential. Then, we performed RNA-sequencing to investigate the molecular changes in HaCaT cells after DON exposure. The RNA-sequencing results revealed that DON exposure altered the gene expression involved in apoptosis, MAPK signaling pathway, and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Moreover, DON exposure significantly decreased the mRNA and protein expression of Bcl-2, and increased the mRNA and protein expression of Bax, Caspase 3 and COX-2, the protein expression of PI3K, and the phosphorylation levels of Akt, ERK, p38, and JNK. Taken together, these findings suggest that DON exposure could induce cell damage, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in HaCaT cells through the activation of PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiang Xu
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ningyuan Xi
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiashe Chen
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyu Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengjie Liu
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guorong Yan
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yeqiang Liu
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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Alves LB, Moura AC, Amorim Dos Santos J, Borges GA, Guerra ENS. Pharmacological PI3K inhibition in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: A systematic review. Toxicol In Vitro 2023; 88:105558. [PMID: 36681288 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This systematic review aimed to investigate the in vitro and in vivo effects of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors on head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Considering the role of PI3K and its downstream effectors in cell proliferation, invasion, and survival, it is reasonable to expect that treatment with PI3K inhibitors could control HNSCC onset and progression. Thus, the research question for our review was whether pharmacological inhibition of PI3K affects HNSCC progression. METHODS In vitro and in vivo studies were selected from six databases. We collected data regarding cell viability, apoptosis, and the regulation of protein expression levels from in vitro studies. For the in vivo studies, we analyzed the reduction in tumor size or gene and protein expression. RESULTS The included studies showed reduced cell proliferation and apoptosis after treatment with PI3K inhibitors. PI3K inhibitors in combination with other drugs had an enhanced anticancer effects compared to those of single-drug treatments. CONCLUSIONS The results support the potential of PI3K inhibitors as candidates for clinical trials in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Alves
- Laboratory of Oral Histopathology, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - A C Moura
- Laboratory of Oral Histopathology, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - J Amorim Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Oral Histopathology, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - G A Borges
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - E N S Guerra
- Laboratory of Oral Histopathology, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.
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Novel Ferrocene Derivatives Induce Apoptosis through Mitochondria-Dependent and Cell Cycle Arrest via PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathway in T Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13184677. [PMID: 34572904 PMCID: PMC8467123 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is a malignant hematologic disease that urgently requires efficient therapeutic agents. The aim of this study is to explore the anti-T-ALL activity of novel ferrocene derivatives. It was found that ferrocene derivatives F1–F7 synthesized by our group inhibited the proliferation of several cancer cell lines in vitro. Among them, F1 and F3 displayed potent cytotoxicity against T-ALL cell lines, especially Jurkat cells, with low cytotoxicity for normal cells. Mechanistically, F1 and F3 could induce apoptosis through mitochondria-dependent pathway mediated by ROS, and cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in Jurkat cells. These results suggested that F1 and F3 could be potential candidates for future T-ALL therapy. Abstract T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is one of the most common causes of death in pediatric malignancies. However, the clinical chemotherapy for T-ALL has been limited by numerous side effects, emphasizing that novel anti-T-ALL drugs are urgently needed. Herein, a series of 2-acyl-1-dimethylaminomethyl-ferrocenes for cancer therapy have been evaluated. Among them, F1 and F3 exhibited potent cytotoxicity against T-ALL cell lines, especially Jurkat cells, with low cytotoxicity for normal cells. Further mechanistic studies revealed that F1 and F3 could induce apoptosis in Jurkat cells by destructing mitochondrial membrane, enhancing reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, decreasing the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, releasing Cytochrome c, and increasing the expression of Cleaved Caspase-9/-3 and Cleaved PARP. Additionally, F1 and F3 could suppress cell proliferation and arrest the cell cycle at G0/G1 phase through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway by down-regulating the expression of CDK6, Cyclin D1, p-Akt, p-GSK-3β, p-mTOR, p-p70 S6K, and up-regulating the expression of P21 and P27, which would also be a possible mechanism. Consequently, ferrocene derivatives F1 and F3 could induce apoptosis through a mitochondria-dependent pathway mediated by ROS, and cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in Jurkat cells. The present study provided fundamental insights into the clinical application of F1 and F3 for the treatment of T-ALL.
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Zaryouh H, De Pauw I, Baysal H, Peeters M, Vermorken JB, Lardon F, Wouters A. Recent insights in the PI3K/Akt pathway as a promising therapeutic target in combination with EGFR-targeting agents to treat head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Med Res Rev 2021; 42:112-155. [PMID: 33928670 DOI: 10.1002/med.21806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to therapies targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), such as cetuximab, remains a major roadblock in the search for effective therapeutic strategies in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Due to its close interaction with the EGFR pathway, redundant or compensatory activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway has been proposed as a major driver of resistance to EGFR inhibitors. Understanding the role of each of the main proteins involved in this pathway is utterly important to develop rational combination strategies able to circumvent resistance. Therefore, the current work reviewed the role of PI3K/Akt pathway proteins, including Ras, PI3K, tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensing homolog, Akt and mammalian target of rapamycin in resistance to anti-EGFR treatment in HNSCC. In addition, we summarize PI3K/Akt pathway inhibitors that are currently under (pre)clinical investigation with focus on overcoming resistance to EGFR inhibitors. In conclusion, genomic alterations in and/or overexpression of one or more of these proteins are common in both human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive and HPV-negative HNSCC tumors. Therefore, downstream effectors of the PI3K/Akt pathway serve as promising drug targets in the search for novel therapeutic strategies that are able to overcome resistance to anti-EGFR treatment. Co-targeting EGFR and the PI3K/Akt pathway can lead to synergistic drug interactions, possibly restoring sensitivity to EGFR inhibitors and hereby improving clinical efficacy. Better understanding of the predictive value of PI3K/Akt pathway alterations is needed to allow the identification of patient populations that might benefit most from these combination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Zaryouh
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ines De Pauw
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hasan Baysal
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marc Peeters
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Medical Oncology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jan Baptist Vermorken
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Medical Oncology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Filip Lardon
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - An Wouters
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Meng F, Zhang L. miR-183-5p functions as a tumor suppressor in lung cancer through PIK3CA inhibition. Exp Cell Res 2019; 374:315-322. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Selvan LDN, Danda R, Madugundu AK, Puttamallesh VN, Sathe GJ, Krishnan UM, Khetan V, Rishi P, Prasad TSK, Pandey A, Krishnakumar S, Gowda H, Elchuri SV. Phosphoproteomics of Retinoblastoma: A Pilot Study Identifies Aberrant Kinases. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23061454. [PMID: 29914080 PMCID: PMC6100359 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is a malignant tumour of the retina which most often occurs in children. Earlier studies on retinoblastoma have concentrated on the identification of key players in the disease and have not provided information on activated/inhibited signalling pathways. The dysregulation of protein phosphorylation in cancer provides clues about the affected signalling cascades in cancer. Phosphoproteomics is an ideal tool for the study of phosphorylation changes in proteins. Hence, global phosphoproteomics of retinoblastoma (RB) was carried out to identify signalling events associated with this cancer. Over 350 proteins showed differential phosphorylation in RB compared to control retina. Our study identified stress response proteins to be hyperphosphorylated in RB which included H2A histone family member X (H2AFX) and sirtuin 1. In particular, Ser140 of H2AFX also known as gamma-H2AX was found to be hyperphosphorylated in retinoblastoma, which indicated the activation of DNA damage response pathways. We also observed the activation of anti-apoptosis in retinoblastoma compared to control. These observations showed the activation of survival pathways in retinoblastoma. The identification of hyperphosphorylated protein kinases including Bromodomain containing 4 (BRD4), Lysine deficient protein kinase 1 (WNK1), and Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) in RB opens new avenues for the treatment of RB. These kinases can be considered as probable therapeutic targets for RB, as small-molecule inhibitors for some of these kinases are already in clinical trials for the treatment other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ravikanth Danda
- L&T Opthalmic Pathology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 006, India.
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Advanced Biomaterials, Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology and Research Academy University, Tanjore, Tamil Nadu 613 401, India.
| | - Anil K Madugundu
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, Karnataka 560 066, India.
| | - Vinuth N Puttamallesh
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, Karnataka 560 066, India.
| | - Gajanan J Sathe
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, Karnataka 560 066, India.
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka 576 104, India.
| | - Uma Maheswari Krishnan
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Advanced Biomaterials, Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology and Research Academy University, Tanjore, Tamil Nadu 613 401, India.
| | - Vikas Khetan
- Shri Bhagwan Mahavir Vitreoretinal Services, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 006, India.
| | - Pukhraj Rishi
- Shri Bhagwan Mahavir Vitreoretinal Services, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 006, India.
| | - Thottethodi Subrahmanya Keshava Prasad
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, Karnataka 560 066, India.
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Karnataka 575 108, India.
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, Karnataka 560 066, India.
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
- Departments of Biological Chemistry, Pathology and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Subramanian Krishnakumar
- L&T Opthalmic Pathology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 006, India.
| | - Harsha Gowda
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, Karnataka 560 066, India.
| | - Sailaja V Elchuri
- Department of Nanotechnology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 006, India.
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Murthy D, Attri KS, Singh PK. Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase Signaling Pathway in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Progression, Pathogenesis, and Therapeutics. Front Physiol 2018; 9:335. [PMID: 29670543 PMCID: PMC5893816 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly aggressive malignancy characterized by its sudden manifestation, rapid progression, poor prognosis, and limited therapeutic options. Genetic alterations in key signaling pathways found in early pancreatic lesions are pivotal for the development and progression of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplastic lesions into invasive carcinomas. More than 90% of PDAC tumors harbor driver mutations in K-Ras that activate various downstream effector-signaling pathways, including the phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway. The PI3K pathway also responds to stimuli from various growth factor receptors present on the cancer cell surface that, in turn, modulate downstream signaling cascades. Thus, the inositide signaling acts as a central node in the complex cellular signaling networks to impact cancer cell growth, motility, metabolism, and survival. Also, recent publications highlight the importance of PI3K signaling in stromal cells, whereby PI3K signaling modifies the tumor microenvironment to dictate disease outcome. The high incidence of mutations in the PI3K signaling cascade, accompanied by activation of parallel signaling pathways, makes PI3K a promising candidate for drug therapy. In this review, we describe the role of PI3K signaling in pancreatic cancer development and progression. We also discuss the crosstalk between PI3K and other major cellular signaling cascades, and potential therapeutic opportunities for targeting pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Murthy
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Kuldeep S Attri
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Pankaj K Singh
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States.,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
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9
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Corso G, Veronesi P, Intra M, Sacchini V, Galimberti V. PIK3CA oncogenic mutations in neoadjuvant treatments for breast cancer. Biomark Med 2017; 11:519-521. [PMID: 28700273 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2017-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Corso
- Breast Surgery Division, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Veronesi
- Breast Surgery Division, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy.,School of Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Mattia Intra
- Breast Day Surgery Unit, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Virgilio Sacchini
- Breast Surgery Division, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy.,School of Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Wang K, McDermott JD, Schrock AB, Elvin JA, Gay L, Karam SD, Raben D, Somerset H, Ali SM, Ross JS, Bowles DW. Comprehensive genomic profiling of salivary mucoepidermoid carcinomas reveals frequent BAP1, PIK3CA, and other actionable genomic alterations. Ann Oncol 2017; 28:748-753. [PMID: 28327999 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We sought to identify genomic alterations (GAs) in salivary mucoepidermoid carcinomas. Patients and methods DNA was extracted from 48 mucoepidermoid carcinomas. Comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP) including the calculation to tumor mutational burden (TMB) was performed on hybridization-captured adaptor ligation-based libraries of 315 cancer-related genes plus introns from 28 genes frequently rearranged for cancer and evaluated for all classes of GAs. Results A total of 183 GAs were found in 80 unique genes. High-grade tumors had more GAs (mean 5 ± 3.8) compared with low (2.3 ± 1.4) or intermediate (2.6 ± 1.5) (P = 0.019). TP53 GAs were seen in all tumor grades (41.7%) but were most common in high-grade malignancies (56%) (P = 0.047). CDKN2A GAs were seen in 41.6% of tumors. PI3K/mTOR pathway activation, including PI3KCA mutations, were more common in high grade (52%) than in low- and intermediate-grade tumors (4.3%) (P = 0.007). BAP1 GAs were observed in 20.8% of tumors and BRCA1/2 GAs present in 10.5% of specimens. ERBB2 amplifications were seen in only 8.3% of tumors. The TMB for this patient group was relatively low with only 5 (10%) of cases having greater than 10 mutations/megabase of sequenced DNA. Conclusion CGP of salivary mucoepidermoid carcinomas revealed diverse GAs that may lead to customized treatment options for patients with these rare tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Wang
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, USA
- Center for Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University International Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - J D McDermott
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - J A Elvin
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, USA
| | - L Gay
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, USA
| | - S D Karam
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - D Raben
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - H Somerset
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - S M Ali
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, USA
| | - J S Ross
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, USA
| | - D W Bowles
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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11
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Mitrugno A, Sylman JL, Ngo ATP, Pang J, Sears RC, Williams CD, McCarty OJT. Aspirin therapy reduces the ability of platelets to promote colon and pancreatic cancer cell proliferation: Implications for the oncoprotein c-MYC. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2016; 312:C176-C189. [PMID: 27903583 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00196.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Aspirin, an anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic drug, has become the focus of intense research as a potential anticancer agent owing to its ability to reduce tumor proliferation in vitro and to prevent tumorigenesis in patients. Studies have found an anticancer effect of aspirin when used in low, antiplatelet doses. However, the mechanisms through which low-dose aspirin works are poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to determine the effect of aspirin on the cross talk between platelets and cancer cells. For our study, we used two colon cancer cell lines isolated from the same donor but characterized by different metastatic potential, SW480 (nonmetastatic) and SW620 (metastatic) cancer cells, and a pancreatic cancer cell line, PANC-1 (nonmetastatic). We found that SW480 and PANC-1 cancer cell proliferation was potentiated by human platelets in a manner dependent on the upregulation and activation of the oncoprotein c-MYC. The ability of platelets to upregulate c-MYC and cancer cell proliferation was reversed by an antiplatelet concentration of aspirin. In conclusion, we show for the first time that inhibition of platelets by aspirin can affect their ability to induce cancer cell proliferation through the modulation of the c-MYC oncoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annachiara Mitrugno
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon; .,Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.,Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Joanna L Sylman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Anh T P Ngo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Jiaqing Pang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Rosalie C Sears
- Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.,Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon; and
| | - Craig D Williams
- Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.,College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Owen J T McCarty
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.,Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.,Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
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12
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Wang K, Russell JS, McDermott JD, Elvin JA, Khaira D, Johnson A, Jennings TA, Ali SM, Murray M, Marshall C, Oldham DS, Washburn D, Wong SJ, Chmielecki J, Yelensky R, Lipson D, Miller VA, Stephens PJ, Serracino HS, Ross JS, Bowles DW. Profiling of 149 Salivary Duct Carcinomas, Carcinoma Ex Pleomorphic Adenomas, and Adenocarcinomas, Not Otherwise Specified Reveals Actionable Genomic Alterations. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:6061-6068. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-2568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Babichev Y, Kabaroff L, Datti A, Uehling D, Isaac M, Al-Awar R, Prakesch M, Sun RX, Boutros PC, Venier R, Dickson BC, Gladdy RA. PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibition in combination with doxorubicin is an effective therapy for leiomyosarcoma. J Transl Med 2016; 14:67. [PMID: 26952093 PMCID: PMC4782390 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-0814-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leiomyosarcoma (LMS) is a common type of soft tissue sarcoma that responds poorly to standard chemotherapy. Thus the goal of this study was to identify novel selective therapies that may be effective in leiomyosarcoma by screening cell lines with a small molecule library comprised of 480 kinase inhibitors to functionally determine which signalling pathways may be critical for LMS growth. METHODS LMS cell lines were screened with the OICR kinase library and a cell viability assay was used to identify potentially effective compounds. The top 10 % of hits underwent secondary validation to determine their EC50 and immunoblots were performed to confirm selective drug action. The efficacy of combination drug therapy with doxorubicin (Dox) in vitro was analyzed using the Calcusyn program after treatment with one of three dosing schedules: concurrent treatment, initial treatment with a selective compound followed by Dox, or initial treatment with Dox followed by the selective compound. Single and combination drug therapy were then validated in vivo using LMS xenografts. RESULTS Compounds that targeted PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways (52 %) were most effective. EC50s were determined to validate these initial hits, and of the 11 confirmed hits, 10 targeted PI3K and/or mTOR pathways with EC50 values <1 μM. We therefore examined if BEZ235 and BKM120, two selective compounds in these pathways, would inhibit leiomyosarcoma growth in vitro. Immunoblots confirmed on-target effects of these compounds in the PI3K and/or mTOR pathways. We next investigated if there was synergy with these agents and first line chemotherapy doxorubicin (Dox), which would allow for earlier introduction into patient care. Only combined treatment of BEZ235 and Dox was synergistic in vitro. To validate these findings in pre-clinical models, leiomyosarcoma xenografts were treated with single agent and combination therapy. BEZ235 treated xenografts (n = 8) demonstrated a decrease in tumor volume of 42 % whereas combining BEZ235 with Dox (n = 8) decreased tumor volume 68 % compared to vehicle alone. CONCLUSIONS In summary, this study supports further investigation into the use of PI3K and mTOR inhibitors alone and in combination with standard treatment in leiomyosarcoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Babichev
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, M5G 1X5, Canada.
| | - Leah Kabaroff
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, M5G 1X5, Canada.
| | - Alessandro Datti
- Sinai-McLaughlin Assay and Robotic Technologies Facility, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, M5G 1X5, Canada.
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121, Perugia, Italy.
| | - David Uehling
- Drug Discovery Group, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, M5G 0A3, Canada.
| | - Methvin Isaac
- Drug Discovery Group, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, M5G 0A3, Canada.
| | - Rima Al-Awar
- Drug Discovery Group, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, M5G 0A3, Canada.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Michael Prakesch
- Drug Discovery Group, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, M5G 0A3, Canada.
| | - Ren X Sun
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada.
- Informatics and Biocomputing Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, M5G 0A3, ON, Canada.
| | - Paul C Boutros
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada.
- Informatics and Biocomputing Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, M5G 0A3, ON, Canada.
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A1, ON, Canada.
| | - Rosemarie Venier
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, M5G 1X5, Canada.
| | - Brendan C Dickson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, M5G 1X5, ON, Canada.
| | - Rebecca A Gladdy
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, M5G 1X5, Canada.
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A1, Canada.
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A1, Canada.
- Cancer Stem Cell Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, M5G 0A3, ON, Canada.
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, 25 Orde Street, Room 5-1015-2, Toronto, ON, M5T 3H7, Canada.
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Dirican E, Akkiprik M, Özer A. Mutation distributions and clinical correlations of PIK3CA gene mutations in breast cancer. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:7033-45. [PMID: 26921096 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-4924-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BCa) is the most common cancer and the second cause of death among women. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway has a crucial role in the cellular processes such as cell survival, growth, division, and motility. Moreover, oncogenic mutations in the PI3K pathway generally involve the activation phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase-catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA) mutation which has been identified in numerous BCa subtypes. In this review, correlations between PIK3CA mutations and their clinicopathological parameters on BCa will be described. It is reported that PIK3CA mutations which have been localized mostly on exon 9 and 20 hot spots are detected 25-40 % in BCa. This relatively high frequency can offer an advantage for choosing the best treatment options for BCa. PIK3CA mutations may be used as biomarkers and have been major focus of drug development in cancer with the first clinical trials of PI3K pathway inhibitors currently in progress. Screening of PIK3CA gene mutations might be useful genetic tests for targeted therapeutics or diagnosis. Increasing data about PIK3CA mutations and its clinical correlations with BCa will help to introduce new clinical applications in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebubekir Dirican
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Başıbüyük Mah., Maltepe Başıbüyük Yolu Sok., No: 9/1, 34854, Maltepe, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Akkiprik
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Başıbüyük Mah., Maltepe Başıbüyük Yolu Sok., No: 9/1, 34854, Maltepe, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ayşe Özer
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Başıbüyük Mah., Maltepe Başıbüyük Yolu Sok., No: 9/1, 34854, Maltepe, Istanbul, Turkey
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15
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Ma X, Lv X, Qiu N, Yang B, He Q, Hu Y. Discovery of novel quinoline-based mTOR inhibitors via introducing intra-molecular hydrogen bonding scaffold (iMHBS): The design, synthesis and biological evaluation. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:7585-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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16
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Comparative effect of two pan-class I PI3K inhibitors used as anticancer drugs on human T cell function. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 28:675-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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17
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O'Neil BH, Scott AJ, Ma WW, Cohen SJ, Aisner DL, Menter AR, Tejani MA, Cho JK, Granfortuna J, Coveler L, Olowokure OO, Baranda JC, Cusnir M, Phillip P, Boles J, Nazemzadeh R, Rarick M, Cohen DJ, Radford J, Fehrenbacher L, Bajaj R, Bathini V, Fanta P, Berlin J, McRee AJ, Maguire R, Wilhelm F, Maniar M, Jimeno A, Gomes CL, Messersmith WA. A phase II/III randomized study to compare the efficacy and safety of rigosertib plus gemcitabine versus gemcitabine alone in patients with previously untreated metastatic pancreatic cancer. Ann Oncol 2015; 26:1923-1929. [PMID: 26091808 PMCID: PMC4551155 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdv264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rigosertib (ON 01910.Na), a first-in-class Ras mimetic and small-molecule inhibitor of multiple signaling pathways including polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), has shown efficacy in preclinical pancreatic cancer models. In this study, rigosertib was assessed in combination with gemcitabine in patients with treatment-naïve metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients with metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma were randomized in a 2:1 fashion to gemcitabine 1000 mg/m(2) weekly for 3 weeks of a 4-week cycle plus rigosertib 1800 mg/m(2) via 2-h continuous IV infusions given twice weekly for 3 weeks of a 4-week cycle (RIG + GEM) versus gemcitabine 1000 mg/m(2) weekly for 3 weeks in a 4-week cycle (GEM). RESULTS A total of 160 patients were enrolled globally and randomly assigned to RIG + GEM (106 patients) or GEM (54). The most common grade 3 or higher adverse events were neutropenia (8% in the RIG + GEM group versus 6% in the GEM group), hyponatremia (17% versus 4%), and anemia (8% versus 4%). The median overall survival was 6.1 months for RIG + GEM versus 6.4 months for GEM [hazard ratio (HR), 1.24; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.85-1.81]. The median progression-free survival was 3.4 months for both groups (HR = 0.96; 95% CI 0.68-1.36). The partial response rate was 19% versus 13% for RIG + GEM versus GEM, respectively. Of 64 tumor samples sent for molecular analysis, 47 were adequate for multiplex genetic testing and 41 were positive for mutations. The majority of cases had KRAS gene mutations (40 cases). Other mutations detected included TP53 (13 cases) and PIK3CA (1 case). No correlation between mutational status and efficacy was detected. CONCLUSIONS The combination of RIG + GEM failed to demonstrate an improvement in survival or response compared with GEM in patients with metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Rigosertib showed a similar safety profile to that seen in previous trials using the IV formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B H O'Neil
- Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
| | - A J Scott
- University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora
| | - W W Ma
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo
| | - S J Cohen
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia
| | | | | | - M A Tejani
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester
| | | | | | | | - O O Olowokure
- University of Cincinnati Cancer Institute, Cincinnati
| | - J C Baranda
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Westwood
| | - M Cusnir
- Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach
| | | | - J Boles
- Rex Cancer Center UNC Healthcare, Raleigh
| | | | - M Rarick
- Kaiser Permanante Northwest, Portland
| | - D J Cohen
- NYU Clinical Cancer Center, New York
| | - J Radford
- Hendersonville Hematology and Oncology at Pardee, Hendersonville
| | | | - R Bajaj
- McLeod Regional Medical Center, Florence
| | - V Bathini
- University of Massachusetts Memorial, Worcester
| | - P Fanta
- UCSD Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla
| | - J Berlin
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville
| | - A J McRee
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill
| | | | | | - M Maniar
- Onconova Therapeutics Inc., Newtown
| | - A Jimeno
- University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora
| | - C L Gomes
- Oncology Consortia of Criterium Inc., Saratoga Springs, USA
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18
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Jimeno A, Bauman JE, Weissman C, Adkins D, Schnadig I, Beauregard P, Bowles DW, Spira A, Levy B, Seetharamu N, Hausman D, Walker L, Rudin CM, Shirai K. A randomized, phase 2 trial of docetaxel with or without PX-866, an irreversible oral phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor, in patients with relapsed or metastatic head and neck squamous cell cancer. Oral Oncol 2015; 51:383-8. [PMID: 25593016 PMCID: PMC4857706 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2014.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The phosphotidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/serine-threonine kinase (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway is frequently altered in head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC). PX-866 is an oral, irreversible, pan-isoform inhibitor of PI3K. Preclinical models revealed synergy with docetaxel and a phase 1 trial demonstrated tolerability of this combination. This randomized phase 2 study evaluated PX-866 combined with docetaxel in patients with advanced, refractory HNSCC. METHODS Patients with locally advanced, recurrent or metastatic HNSCC who had received at least one and no more than two prior systemic treatment regimens were randomized (1:1) to a combination of docetaxel (75mg/m(2) IV every 21days) with or without PX-866 (8mg PO daily; Arms A and B, respectively). The primary endpoint was progression free survival (PFS). Secondary endpoints included objective response rate (RR), overall survival (OS), toxicity, and correlation of biomarker analyses with efficacy outcomes. RESULTS 85 patients were enrolled. There was a non-significant improvement in response rate in the combination arm (14% vs. 5%; P=0.13). Median PFS was 92days in Arm A and 82days in Arm B (P=0.42). There was no difference in OS between the two arms (263 vs. 195days; P=0.62). Grade 3 or higher adverse events were infrequent, but more common in the combination arm with respect to diarrhea (17% vs. 2%), nausea (7% vs. 0%), and febrile neutropenia (21% vs. 5%); grade 3 or higher anemia was more frequent in arm B (7% vs. 27%). PIK3CA mutations or PTEN loss were infrequently observed. CONCLUSION The addition of PX-866 to docetaxel did not improve PFS, RR, or OS in patients with advanced, refractory HNSCC without molecular pre-selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Jimeno
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States.
| | - Julie E Bauman
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | | | | | - Ian Schnadig
- Compass Oncology, Tualatin, OR, United States; US Oncology Research, The Woodlands, TX, United States
| | | | - Daniel W Bowles
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States; Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Alexander Spira
- Virginia Cancer Specialists, Fairfax, VA, United States; US Oncology Research, The Woodlands, TX, United States
| | - Benjamin Levy
- Beth Israel Hospital, St. Luke's Hospital, Mount Sinai Health System, New York, NY, United States
| | | | | | - Luke Walker
- Oncothyreon Inc., Seattle, WA, United States
| | | | - Keisuke Shirai
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
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19
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Bowles DW, McDermott JD, Jimeno A. Novel treatments for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: preclinical identification and clinical investigation. Future Oncol 2015; 10:1065-80. [PMID: 24941990 DOI: 10.2217/fon.14.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a common cancer worldwide. Classically, it is a disease related to tobacco and alcohol use; an increasing number of patients are being diagnosed with HNSCC caused by infection with the human papillomavirus. New deep-sequencing techniques have confirmed the importance of p53 and EGF receptor in HNSCC development, and have identified pathways of critical importance, such as PI3K/mTOR and NOTCH. Increasing knowledge of key molecular features has lead to new therapeutic avenues for HNSCC. Novel therapies under investigation in HNSCC include antibody and small molecule inhibitors of EGF receptor and its family members, PI3K inhibitors, antiangiogenic agents, immunotherapies and agents interacting with early developmental pathways such as Hedgehog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Bowles
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, CO, USA
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20
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Jimeno A, Shirai K, Choi M, Laskin J, Kochenderfer M, Spira A, Cline-Burkhardt V, Winquist E, Hausman D, Walker L, Cohen RB. A randomized, phase II trial of cetuximab with or without PX-866, an irreversible oral phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor, in patients with relapsed or metastatic head and neck squamous cell cancer. Ann Oncol 2014; 26:556-61. [PMID: 25524478 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdu574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The phosphotidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/serine-threonine kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway is frequently altered in head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC). PX-866 is an oral, irreversible, pan-isoform inhibitor of PI3K. A phase I trial demonstrated tolerability of this combination. This randomized phase II study evaluated PX-866 combined with cetuximab in patients with advanced, refractory HNSCC. METHODS Patients with recurrent or metastatic HNSCC who had received at least one and no more than two prior systemic treatment regimens were randomized (1 : 1) to cetuximab with or without PX-866 (8 mg p.o. daily; arms A and B, respectively). The primary end point was progression-free survival (PFS). Secondary end points included objective response rate (ORR), overall survival (OS), toxicity, and correlation of key biomarkers with efficacy outcomes. RESULTS Eighty-three patients were enrolled. There was a similar response rate between arms (10% versus 7%). Of patients for whom tissue was assessable, 57% were human papillomavirus (HPV) positive. Median PFS was 80 days in both arms and there was no difference in OS between the two arms (211 versus 256 days). Overall toxicity was higher in arm A compared with arm B, especially in terms of nausea (53% versus 23%), vomiting (45% versus 15%), fatigue (43% versus 23%), diarrhea (40% versus 21%), and hypokalemia (25% versus 10%). Grade 3 or higher adverse events were infrequent, but more common in the combination arm although without a specific pattern. PIK3CA mutations were observed in 17% of the cases assessed, and PTEN loss was infrequently observed. CONCLUSION The addition of PX-866 to cetuximab did not improve PFS, RR, or OS in patients with advanced, refractory HNSCC enrolled without molecular preselection. In this contemporary cohort, HPV-positive patients comprised the majority, and neither HPV-positive nor HPV-negative patients derived clinical benefit for the addition of cetuximab plus PX-866.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jimeno
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora
| | - K Shirai
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
| | - M Choi
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, USA
| | - J Laskin
- Department of Medical Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada
| | - M Kochenderfer
- Oncology and Hematology Associates of South West Virginia, Roanoke
| | - A Spira
- Department of Medical Oncology, Virginia Cancer Specialists, Fairfax US Oncology Research, The Woodlands
| | | | - E Winquist
- London Health Sciences Centre, London, Canada
| | | | | | - R B Cohen
- Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
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Mishra S, Tripathi A, Chaudhari BP, Dwivedi PD, Pandey HP, Das M. Deoxynivalenol induced mouse skin cell proliferation and inflammation via MAPK pathway. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 279:186-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Bowles DW, Senzer N, Hausman D, Peterson S, Vo A, Walker L, Cohen RB, Jimeno A. A multicenter phase 1 study of PX-866 and cetuximab in patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma or recurrent/metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Invest New Drugs 2014; 32:1197-203. [PMID: 24916771 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-014-0124-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This phase I, dose-finding study determined the safety, maximum tolerated dose (MTD)/recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D), and antitumor activity of PX-866, a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor, combined with cetuximab in patients with incurable colorectal cancer or squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. METHODS PX-866 was administered at escalating doses (6-8 mg daily) combined with cetuximab given at a 400 mg/m(2) loading dose followed by 250 mg/m(2) weekly. A "3 + 3" study design was used. Prior therapy with anti-EGFR therapies, including cetuximab, was allowed. RESULTS Eleven patients were enrolled. The most frequent treatment-emergent adverse event was diarrhea (90.1%), followed by hypomagnesemia (72.2%), vomiting (72.2%), fatigue (54.5%), nausea (54.5%), rash (45.5%) and peripheral edema (40%). No dose limiting toxicities were observed. The RP2D was 8 mg, the same as the single-agent PX-866 MTD. Best responses in 9 evaluable patients were: 4 partial responses (44.4%), 4 stable disease (44.4%), and 1 disease progression (11.1%). The median progression free survival was 106 days (range: 1-271). CONCLUSION Treatment with PX-866 and cetuximab was tolerated with signs of anti-tumor activity. Further development of this combination is warranted.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/adverse effects
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/blood
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacokinetics
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Cetuximab
- Class I Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases
- Colorectal Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Colorectal Neoplasms/genetics
- Colorectal Neoplasms/metabolism
- Disease-Free Survival
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Female
- Gonanes/administration & dosage
- Gonanes/adverse effects
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/genetics
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/metabolism
- Humans
- Male
- Maximum Tolerated Dose
- Middle Aged
- Mutation
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/drug therapy
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/genetics
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/metabolism
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/genetics
- Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)
- Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors
- Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck
- ras Proteins/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Bowles
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 East 17th Avenue MS 8117 Aurora, Denver, CO, 80045, USA,
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Abstract
Class I PI3Ks are composed of four catalytic subunit variants (p110α, p110β, p110δ and p110γ). The PI3K pathway is among the most frequently activated pathways in many diseases, and has emerged as an attractive target for drug development, in particular for the treatment of many human cancers including breast, prostate, ovarian, gastric, colon and hepatocellular cancers. One of the challenges in the discovery of drugs that target kinases is designing small-molecule inhibitors that are sufficiently selective to minimize off-target activity and reduce the risk of potential toxicity. This review explores the current landscape of PI3K-selective inhibitor development and highlights recent advances in achieving selectivity for PI3Ks over other protein kinases, with an emphasis on available structural information.
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24
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Bowles DW, Diamond JR, Lam ET, Weekes CD, Astling DP, Anderson RT, Leong S, Gore L, Varella-Garcia M, Vogler BW, Keysar SB, Freas E, Aisner DL, Ren C, Tan AC, Wilhelm F, Maniar M, Eckhardt SG, Messersmith WA, Jimeno A. Phase I study of oral rigosertib (ON 01910.Na), a dual inhibitor of the PI3K and Plk1 pathways, in adult patients with advanced solid malignancies. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:1656-65. [PMID: 24493827 PMCID: PMC4160109 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-2506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the pharmacokinetics (PK), maximum tolerated dose (MTD), safety, and antitumor activity of an oral formulation of rigosertib, a dual phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) pathway inhibitor, in patients with advanced solid malignancies. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Patients with advanced solid malignancies received rigosertib twice daily continuously in 21-day cycles. Doses were escalated until intolerable grade ≥2 toxicities, at which point the previous dose level was expanded to define the MTD. All patients were assessed for safety, PK, and response. Urinary PK were performed at the MTD. Archival tumors were assessed for potential molecular biomarkers with multiplex mutation testing. A subset of squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) underwent exome sequencing. RESULTS Forty-eight patients received a median of 2 cycles of therapy at 5 dose levels. Rigosertib exposure increased with escalating doses. Dose-limiting toxicities were hematuria and dysuria. The most common grade ≥2 drug-related toxicities involved urothelial irritation. The MTD is 560 mg twice daily. Activity was seen in head and neck SCCs (1 complete response, 1 partial response) and stable disease for ≥12 weeks was observed in 8 additional patients. Tumors experiencing ≥partial response had PI3K pathway activation, inactivated p53, and unique variants in ROBO3 and FAT1, two genes interacting with the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. CONCLUSIONS The recommended phase II dose of oral rigosertib is 560 mg twice daily given continuously. Urinary toxicity is the dose-limiting and most common toxicity. Alterations in PI3K, p53, and Wnt/β-catenin pathway signaling should be investigated as potential biomarkers of response in future trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elaine T. Lam
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology
| | | | | | | | - Stephen Leong
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology
| | - Lia Gore
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology
| | | | | | | | | | - Dara L. Aisner
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Chen Ren
- Onconova Therapeutics Inc, Newtown, Pennsylvania
| | - Aik-Chook Tan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology
| | | | - Manoj Maniar
- Onconova Therapeutics Inc, Newtown, Pennsylvania
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Agoni L, Basu I, Gupta S, Alfieri A, Gambino A, Goldberg GL, Reddy EP, Guha C. Rigosertib is a more effective radiosensitizer than cisplatin in concurrent chemoradiation treatment of cervical carcinoma, in vitro and in vivo. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2014; 88:1180-7. [PMID: 24529717 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2013.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare rigosertib versus cisplatin as an effective radiosensitizing agent for cervical malignancies. METHODS AND MATERIALS Rigosertib and cisplatin were tested in cervical cancer cell lines, HeLa and C33A. A 24-hour incubation with rigosertib and cisplatin, before irradiation (2-8 Gy), was used for clonogenic survival assays. Cell cycle analysis (propidium iodide staining) and DNA damage (γ-H2AX expression) were evaluated by fluorescence-activated cell sorter cytometry. Rigosertib was also tested in vivo in tumor growth experiments on cervical cancer xenografts. RESULTS Rigosertib was demonstrated to induce a G2/M block in cancer cells. Survival curve comparison revealed a dose modification factor, as index of radiosensitization effect, of 1.1-1.3 for cisplatin and 1.4-2.2 for rigosertib. With 6-Gy irradiation, an increase in DNA damage of 15%-25% was achieved in both HeLa and C33A cells with cisplatin pretreatment, and a 71-108% increase with rigosertib pretreatment. In vivo tumor growth studies demonstrated higher performance of rigosertib when compared with cisplatin, with 53% longer tumor growth delay. CONCLUSIONS Rigosertib was more effective than cisplatin when combined with radiation and caused minimal toxicity. These data support the need for clinical trials with rigosertib in combination therapy for patients with cervical carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Agoni
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Indranil Basu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Seema Gupta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Biophysics Research Institute of America, North Miami Beach, Florida
| | - Alan Alfieri
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Angela Gambino
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Gary L Goldberg
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - E Premkumar Reddy
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Chandan Guha
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Department of Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.
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Bowles DW, Ma WW, Senzer N, Brahmer JR, Adjei AA, Davies M, Lazar AJ, Vo A, Peterson S, Walker L, Hausman D, Rudin CM, Jimeno A. A multicenter phase 1 study of PX-866 in combination with docetaxel in patients with advanced solid tumours. Br J Cancer 2013; 109:1085-92. [PMID: 23942080 PMCID: PMC3778312 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This phase I, dose-finding study determined the safety, maximum tolerated dose (MTD)/recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D), pharmacokinetics, and antitumour activity of PX-866, a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor, combined with docetaxel in patients with incurable solid tumours. Methods: PX-866 was administered at escalating doses (4–8 mg daily) with docetaxel 75 mg m−2 intravenously every 21 days. Archived tumour tissue was assessed for potential predictive biomarkers. Results: Forty-three patients were enrolled. Most adverse events (AEs) were grade 1 or 2. The most frequent study drug-related AE was diarrhoea (76.7%), with gastrointestinal disorders occurring in 79.1% (docetaxel-related) and 83.7% (PX-866-related). No dose-limiting toxicities were observed. The RP2D was 8 mg, the same as the single-agent MTD. Co-administration of PX-866 and docetaxel did not affect either drug's PKs. Best responses in 35 evaluable patients were: 2 partial responses (6%), 22 stable disease (63%), and 11 disease progression (31%). Eleven patients remained on study for >180 days, including 8 who maintained disease control on single-agent PX-866. Overall median progression-free survival (PFS) was 73.5 days (range: 1–569). A non-significant association between longer PFS for PIK3CA-MUT/KRAS-WT vs PIK3CA-WT/KRAS-WT was observed. Conclusion: Treatment with PX-866 and docetaxel was well tolerated, without evidence of overlapping/cumulative toxicity. Further investigation with this combination is justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Bowles
- Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Universitiy of Colorado, 12801 E. 17th Avenue, MS 8117, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Ciarcia R, Damiano S, Montagnaro S, Pagnini U, Ruocco A, Caparrotti G, d'Angelo D, Boffo S, Morales F, Rizzolio F, Florio S, Giordano A. Combined effects of PI3K and SRC kinase inhibitors with imatinib on intracellular calcium levels, autophagy, and apoptosis in CML-PBL cells. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:2839-48. [PMID: 23966159 DOI: 10.4161/cc.25920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Imatinib induces a complete cytogenetic regression in a large percentage of patients affected by chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) until mutations in the kinase domain of BCR-ABL appear. Alternative strategies for CML patients include the inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, which is constitutively activated in leukemia cells and seems important for the regulation of cell proliferation, viability, and autophagy. In this study, we verified the effect of imatinib mesylate (IM), alone or in association with LY294002 (LY) (a specific PI3K protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor) or 4-amino-5-(4-methylphenyl)-7-(t-butyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]-pyrimidine (PP1) (a Src tyrosine kinase inhibitor), on viability, intracellular calcium mobilization, apoptosis, and autophagy, in order to verify possible mechanisms of interaction. Our data demonstrated that PP1 and LY interact synergistically with IM by inducing apoptosis and autophagy in Bcr/Abl+ leukemia cells and this mechanism is related to the stress of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Our findings suggest a reasonable relationship between apoptotic and autophagic activity of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and the functionality of smooth ER Ca (2+)-ATPase and inositol triphosphate receptors, independently of intracellular calcium levels. Therapeutic strategies combining imatinib with PI3K and/or Src kinase inhibitors warrant further investigations in Bcr/Abl+ malignancies, particularly in the cases of imatinib mesylate-resistant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Ciarcia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production; Sections of Pharmacology and Infectious Diseases; University of Naples "Federico II"; Naples, Italy
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Abstract
This article presents an overview of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. As a central regulator of cell growth, protein translation, survival, and metabolism, activation of this signaling pathway contributes to the pathogenesis of many tumor types. Biochemical and genetic aberrations of this pathway observed in various cancer types are explored. Last, pathway inhibitors both in development and already approved by the Food and Drug Administration are discussed.
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Hu Y, Liu J, Huang H. Recent agents targeting HIF-1α for cancer therapy. J Cell Biochem 2013; 114:498-509. [PMID: 22961911 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) has led to an increasing understanding of the mechanism of tumor hypoxia in the past two decades. As a key transcriptional regulator, HIF-1 plays a central role in the adaptation of tumor cells to hypoxia by activating the transcription of targeting genes, which regulate several biological processes including angiogenesis, cell proliferation, survival, glucose metabolism and migration. The inhibitors of HIF-1 in cancer have provided us a new clue for the targeting cancer therapy. This review will introduce the general knowledge of the biology characteristic of HIF-1 and mechanism of O(2)-dependent regulation. Moreover, a number of chemical inhibitors plus protein and nucleic acid inhibitors are included and classified mainly based on their different mechanism of inhibiting action. We also prefer to discuss the advantages of protein and nucleic acid inhibitors compared with chemical inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaozhong Hu
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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31
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Preparation of S14161 and its analogues and the discovery of 6-bromo-8-ethoxy-3-nitro-2H-chromene as a more potent antitumor agent in vitro. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:3314-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.03.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Hart S, Novotny-Diermayr V, Goh KC, Williams M, Tan YC, Ong LC, Cheong A, Ng BK, Amalini C, Madan B, Nagaraj H, Jayaraman R, Pasha KM, Ethirajulu K, Chng WJ, Mustafa N, Goh BC, Benes C, McDermott U, Garnett M, Dymock B, Wood JM. VS-5584, a novel and highly selective PI3K/mTOR kinase inhibitor for the treatment of cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2012; 12:151-61. [PMID: 23270925 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-0466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the PI3K/mTOR pathway, either through amplifications, deletions, or as a direct result of mutations, has been closely linked to the development and progression of a wide range of cancers. Moreover, this pathway activation is a poor prognostic marker for many tumor types and confers resistance to various cancer therapies. Here, we describe VS-5584, a novel, low-molecular weight compound with equivalent potent activity against mTOR (IC(50) = 37 nmol/L) and all class I phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) isoforms IC(50): PI3Kα = 16 nmol/L; PI3Kβ = 68 nmol/L; PI3Kγ = 25 nmol/L; PI3Kδ = 42 nmol/L, without relevant activity on 400 lipid and protein kinases. VS-5584 shows robust modulation of cellular PI3K/mTOR pathways, inhibiting phosphorylation of substrates downstream of PI3K and mTORC1/2. A large human cancer cell line panel screen (436 lines) revealed broad antiproliferative sensitivity and that cells harboring mutations in PI3KCA are generally more sensitive toward VS-5584 treatment. VS-5584 exhibits favorable pharmacokinetic properties after oral dosing in mice and is well tolerated. VS-5584 induces long-lasting and dose-dependent inhibition of PI3K/mTOR signaling in tumor tissue, leading to tumor growth inhibition in various rapalog-sensitive and -resistant human xenograft models. Furthermore, VS-5584 is synergistic with an EGF receptor inhibitor in a gastric tumor model. The unique selectivity profile and favorable pharmacologic and pharmaceutical properties of VS-5584 and its efficacy in a wide range of human tumor models supports further investigations of VS-5584 in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hart
- S*BIO Pte Ltd., Singapore 117528, Singapore.
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Hiatt K, Lewis D, Shew M, Bijangi-Vishehsaraei K, Halum S. Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) promotes skeletal muscle progenitor cell (MPC) viability via the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt pathway. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2012; 8:963-8. [PMID: 23147834 DOI: 10.1002/term.1598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Muscle progenitor cells (MPCs) are currently being investigated as cellular vectors to deliver neurotrophic factor (NF) for the promotion of re-innervation after axonal injury. Ideally NF delivery in such a model would enhance axonal regeneration while simultaneously promoting MPC viability. To date, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is one of the few NFs known to promote both re-innervation and MPC viability. We herein identify ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) as a factor that promotes MPC viability in culture, and demonstrate CNTF to impart greater viability effects on MPCs than IGF-1. We demonstrate that pharmacological inhibition via LY294002 results in abrogation of CNTF-mediated viability, suggesting that the CNTF-mediated MPC viability benefit occurs via the PI3-Akt pathway. Finally, we employ a genetic model, establishing MPC cultures from mice deficient in class IA PI-3 K (p85α(-/-) ) mice, and demonstrate that the viability benefit imparted by CNTF is completely abrogated in PI-3 K-deficient MPCs compared to wild-type controls. In summary, our investigations define CNTF as a promoter of MPC viability beyond IGF-1, and reveal that the CNTF-mediated MPC viability effects occur via the PI3-Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Hiatt
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Ryningen A, Reikvam H, Nepstad I, Paulsen Rye K, Bruserud Ø. Inhibition of Mammalian target of rapamycin in human acute myeloid leukemia cells has diverse effects that depend on the environmental in vitro stress. BONE MARROW RESEARCH 2012; 2012:329061. [PMID: 23082251 PMCID: PMC3467767 DOI: 10.1155/2012/329061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Effects of the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin were characterized on in vitro cultured primary human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells and five AML cell lines. Constitutive mTOR activation seemed to be a general characteristic of primary AML cells. Increased cellular stress induced by serum deprivation increased both mTOR signaling, lysosomal acidity, and in vitro apoptosis, where lysosomal acidity/apoptosis were independent of increased mTOR signaling. Rapamycin had antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects only for a subset of patients. Proapoptotic effect was detected for AML cell lines only in the presence of serum. Combination of rapamycin with valproic acid, all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), and NF-κB inhibitors showed no interference with constitutive mTOR activation and mTOR inhibitory effect of rapamycin and no additional proapoptotic effect compared to rapamycin alone. In contrast, dual inhibition of the PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway by rapamycin plus a PI3K inhibitor induced new functional effects that did not simply reflect a summary of single drug effects. To conclude, (i) pharmacological characterization of PI3K-Akt-mTOR inhibitors requires carefully standardized experimental models, (ii) rapamycin effects differ between patients, and (iii) combined targeting of different steps in this pathway should be further investigated whereas combination of rapamycin with valproic acid, ATRA, or NF-κB inhibitors seems less promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Ryningen
- Division of Hematology, Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Håkon Reikvam
- Division of Hematology, Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Ina Nepstad
- Division of Hematology, Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Kristin Paulsen Rye
- Division of Hematology, Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Øystein Bruserud
- Division of Hematology, Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
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Müller J, Ehlers A, Burkhardt L, Sirma H, Steuber T, Graefen M, Sauter G, Minner S, Simon R, Schlomm T, Michl U. Loss of pSer2448-mTOR expression is linked to adverse prognosis and tumor progression inERG-fusion-positive cancers. Int J Cancer 2012; 132:1333-40. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Mahadevan D, Chiorean EG, Harris WB, Von Hoff DD, Stejskal-Barnett A, Qi W, Anthony SP, Younger AE, Rensvold DM, Cordova F, Shelton CF, Becker MD, Garlich JR, Durden DL, Ramanathan RK. Phase I pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of the pan-PI3K/mTORC vascular targeted pro-drug SF1126 in patients with advanced solid tumours and B-cell malignancies. Eur J Cancer 2012; 48:3319-27. [PMID: 22921184 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2012.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SF1126 is a peptidic pro-drug inhibitor of pan-PI3K/mTORC. A first-in-human study evaluated safety, dose limiting toxicities (DLT), maximum tolerated dose (MTD), pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD) and efficacy of SF1126, in patients with advanced solid and B-cell malignancies. PATIENTS AND METHODS SF1126 was administered IV days 1 and 4, weekly in 28day-cycles. Dose escalation utilised modified Fibonacci 3+3. Samples to monitor PK and PD were obtained. RESULTS Forty four patients were treated at 9 dose levels (90-1110 mg/m(2)/day). Most toxicity was grade 1 and 2 with a single DLT at180 mg/m(2) (diarrhoea). Exposure measured by peak concentration (C(max)) and area under the time-concentration curve (AUC(0-)(t)) was dose proportional. Stable disease (SD) was the best response in 19 of 33 (58%) evaluable patients. MTD was not reached but the maximum administered dose (MAD) was 1110 mg/m(2). The protocol was amended to enrol patients with CD20+ B-cell malignancies at 1110 mg/m(2). A CLL patient who progressed on rituximab [R] achieved SD after 2 months on SF1126 alone but in combination with R achieved a 55% decrease in absolute lymphocyte count and a lymph node response. PD studies of CLL cells demonstrated SF1126 reduced p-AKT and increased apoptosis indicating inhibition of activated PI3K signalling. CONCLUSION SF1126 is well tolerated with SD as the best response in patients with advanced malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mahadevan
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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Venkatramani R, Furman WL, Fuchs J, Warmann SW, Malogolowkin MH. Current and future management strategies for relapsed or progressive hepatoblastoma. Paediatr Drugs 2012; 14:221-32. [PMID: 22702740 DOI: 10.2165/11597740-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hepatoblastoma is the most common primary malignant neoplasm of the liver in children. Improvements in chemotherapy and surgical techniques have increased survival rates for those with localized disease. The prognosis for patients with progressive or relapsed disease continues to be dismal. Complete resection by surgery or liver transplantation is necessary for cure. Few conventional chemotherapy agents have demonstrated activity in progressive or relapsed hepatoblastoma. Irinotecan has shown activity in relapsed and progressive hepatoblastoma. The efficacy of high-dose chemotherapy in this setting is unknown. Newer targeted agents that 'selectively' interfere with pathway targets involved in tumor growth and progression such as insulin-like growth factor, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), Akt, and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) are currently under development. Because of the rarity of hepatoblastoma, only a small minority of these agents will ever be evaluated in children with this disorder. Gene-directed therapy and immunotherapy have shown promising results in the preclinical setting, and should be investigated as future treatment options for advanced hepatoblastoma.
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Definition of the binding mode of a new class of phosphoinositide 3-kinase α-selective inhibitors using in vitro mutagenesis of non-conserved amino acids and kinetic analysis. Biochem J 2012; 444:529-35. [PMID: 22502592 DOI: 10.1042/bj20120499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The binding mechanism of a new class of lipid-competitive, ATP non-competitive, p110α isoform-selective PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) inhibitors has been elucidated. Using the novel technique of isoform reciprocal mutagenesis of non-conserved amino acids in the p110α and p110β isoforms, we have identified three unique binding mechanisms for the p110α-selective inhibitors PIK-75, A-66S and J-32. Each of the inhibitor's p110α-isoform-selective binding was found to be due to interactions with different amino acids within p110. The PIK-75 interaction bound the non-conserved region 2 amino acid p110α Ser(773), A-66S bound the region 1 non-conserved amino acid p110α Gln(859), and J-32 binding had an indirect interaction with Lys(776) and Ile(771). The isoform reciprocal mutagenesis technique is shown to be an important analytical tool for the rational design of isoform-selective inhibitors.
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Xing Y, Gerhard B, Hogge DE. Selective small molecule inhibitors of p110α and δ isoforms of phosphoinosityl-3-kinase are cytotoxic to human acute myeloid leukemia progenitors. Exp Hematol 2012; 40:922-33. [PMID: 22828407 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Revised: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The phosphoinosityl-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway is frequently constitutively active in blast cells from acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. RNA and protein from all four catalytic isoforms of PI3K (p110α, β, γ, and δ) were expressed in 38 AML samples, which also showed expression of phosphorylated Akt Ser473, indicating PI3K activation. Initial treatment of 12 AML samples with inhibitors targeting each of the four isoforms demonstrated that p110α and δ inhibition are more effective in killing AML blast colony-forming cells (CFC) than p110β or γ inhibition. In subsequent experiments, AML CFC from 46 patient samples were treated with the p110α and δ selective inhibitors, PI3Kα inhibitor 2 or PCN5603, and dose-dependent progenitor kill and inhibition of phosphorylated Akt Ser473 expression was observed. AML samples were more sensitive to PI3Kα inhibitor 2 and PCN5603 killing than normal bone marrow or normal peripheral blood CFC (median IC(50) for AML and normal CFCs treated with PI3Kα inhibitor 2, 1.8 and 4.3 μM, respectively, and for PCN5603, 1.9 and 6.2 μM, respectively). Furthermore, treatment of AML cells with PCN5603 also decreased survival of more primitive leukemia progenitors identified in long-term culture (AML long-term culture initiating cells), while less toxicity toward normal bone marrow long-term culture initiating cells was observed. Selective inhibition of the p110α and δ isoforms of PI3K kills AML progenitors while causing relative sparing of analogous normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xing
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), one member of lipid kinase family, has been demonstrated to play a key role in regulating cell proliferation, adhesion, survival, and motility. Recent studies indicate that PI3K related signaling pathway is one of the most commonly activated pathways in human cancers. Accordingly, pharmacological inhibition of key nodes in this signaling cascade has been a focus in developmental therapeutics. To date, Inhibitors targeting PI3K or nodes in this pathway, AKT and mTOR, are best studied and have reached clinical trials. In this review, we will focus on recent progress on understanding of PI3Ks signaling pathway and the development of PI3K inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingwei Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Xin Hua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Sunose M, Bell K, Ellard K, Bergamini G, Neubauer G, Werner T, Ramsden N. Discovery of 5-(2-amino-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-7-yl)-N-(tert-butyl)pyridine-3-sulfonamide (CZC24758), as a potent, orally bioavailable and selective inhibitor of PI3K for the treatment of inflammatory disease. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:4613-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.05.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Hong DS, Bowles DW, Falchook GS, Messersmith WA, George GC, O'Bryant CL, Vo ACH, Klucher K, Herbst RS, Eckhardt SG, Peterson S, Hausman DF, Kurzrock R, Jimeno A. A multicenter phase I trial of PX-866, an oral irreversible phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor, in patients with advanced solid tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:4173-82. [PMID: 22693357 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-0714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objectives of the study were to evaluate the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), safety, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and antitumor activity of PX-866 in patients with incurable cancers. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN This was a phase I, open-label, dose-escalation study. Drug was administered orally once per day either on an intermittent (arm 1; days 1-5 and 8-12 of a 28-day cycle) or continuous (arm 2; days 1-28 of a 28-day cycle) schedule. Additional patients were treated at the arm 2 MTD in a food effects substudy. RESULTS Eighty-four patients were treated in the arm 1 (n = 51), arm 2 (n = 20), and food effects (n = 13) cohorts. The most frequent study drug-related adverse events were gastrointestinal disorders (69.0%), with diarrhea being the most common (48.8%). The MTD was 12 and 8 mg for arm 1 and 2, respectively. The dose-limiting toxicities (DLT) consisted of grade III diarrhea (n = 3) and grade III elevated aspartate aminotransferase (AST; n = 1). The pharmacokinetics profile was dose proportional, with no evidence of drug accumulation. PX-866-associated inhibition of platelet pAKTSER473 was observed at the arm 2 MTD. The best response per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) was stable disease in 22% of evaluable patients in arm 1, 53% in arm 2, and 11% in the food effects cohort. Eight patients were on study for 4 or more months. CONCLUSIONS This first-in-human study shows that PX-866, an irreversible small-molecule inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), was well tolerated and was associated with prolonged stable disease, particularly when using a continuous dosing schedule.
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Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathways are commonly deregulated in cancers and promote cellular growth, proliferation, and survival. mTOR is part of two complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, with different biochemical structures and substrates specificity. PI3K/AKT activation may result from genetic hits affecting different components of the pathway, whereas the mechanisms leading to constitutive mTORC1 activation remain globally unknown. The connections between the PI3K and mTOR kinases are multiple and complex, including common substrates, negative feedback loops, or direct activation mechanisms. First-generation allosteric mTOR inhibitors (eg, rapamycin) are mainly active on mTORC1 and mostly display cytostatic anti-tumor activity. Recently, second-generation catalytic mTOR inhibitors targeting both mTOR complexes 1 and 2 have been developed. Some of them also inhibit class IA PI3K. Here, we highlight recent data generated with these new inhibitors against cancer cells and their potential as anti-cancer drugs.
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Hou H, Zhang Y, Huang Y, Yi Q, Lv L, Zhang T, Chen D, Hao Q, Shi Q. Inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinases promote mitotic cell death in HeLa cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35665. [PMID: 22545128 PMCID: PMC3335795 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway plays an important role in many biological processes, including cell cycle progression, cell growth, survival, actin rearrangement and migration, and intracellular vesicular transport. However, the involvement of the PI3K pathway in the regulation of mitotic cell death remains unclear. In this study, we treated HeLa cells with the PI3K inhibitors, 3-methyladenine (3-MA, as well as a widely used autophagy inhibitor) and wortmannin to examine their effects on cell fates using live cell imaging. Treatment with 3-MA decreased cell viability in a time- and dose-dependent manner and was associated with caspase-3 activation. Interestingly, 3-MA-induced cell death was not affected by RNA interference-mediated knockdown (KD) of beclin1 (an essential protein for autophagy) in HeLa cells, or by deletion of atg5 (an essential autophagy gene) in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). These data indicate that cell death induced by 3-MA occurs independently of its ability to inhibit autophagy. The results from live cell imaging studies showed that the inhibition of PI3Ks increased the occurrence of lagging chromosomes and cell cycle arrest and cell death in prometaphase. Furthermore, PI3K inhibitors promoted nocodazole-induced mitotic cell death and reduced mitotic slippage. Overexpression of Akt (the downstream target of PI3K) antagonized PI3K inhibitor-induced mitotic cell death and promoted nocodazole-induced mitotic slippage. These results suggest a novel role for the PI3K pathway in regulating mitotic progression and preventing mitotic cell death and provide justification for the use of PI3K inhibitors in combination with anti-mitotic drugs to combat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heli Hou
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yingyin Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, China
| | - Yun Huang
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Qiyi Yi
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Lei Lv
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Tianwei Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, China
| | - Dawei Chen
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Qiaomei Hao
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Qinghua Shi
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, China
- * E-mail:
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Ma WW, Messersmith WA, Dy GK, Weekes CD, Whitworth A, Ren C, Maniar M, Wilhelm F, Eckhardt SG, Adjei AA, Jimeno A. Phase I study of Rigosertib, an inhibitor of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and Polo-like kinase 1 pathways, combined with gemcitabine in patients with solid tumors and pancreatic cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:2048-55. [PMID: 22338014 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-2813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Rigosertib, a dual non-ATP inhibitor of polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathways (PI3K), and gemcitabine have synergistic antitumor activity when combined in preclinical studies. This phase I study aimed to determine the recommended phase II dose (RPTD) of the combination of rigosertib and gemcitabine in patients with cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Patients with solid tumors who failed standard therapy or were candidates for gemcitabine-based therapy were eligible. Gemcitabine was administered on days 1, 8, and 15 on a 28-day cycle and rigosertib on days 1, 4, 8, 11, 15, and 18. Pharmacokinetic studies were conducted during an expansion cohort of patients with advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA). RESULTS Forty patients were treated, 19 in the dose-escalation phase and 21 in the expansion cohort. Dose levels evaluated were (gemcitabine/rigosertib mg/m(2)): 750/600 (n = 4), 750/1,200 (n = 3), 1,000/600 (n = 3), 1,000/1,200 (n = 3), and 1,000/1,800 (n = 6 + 21). One dose-limiting toxicity (death) occurred at the highest dose level (1,000/1,800) tested. Non-dose-limiting ≥grade II/III toxicities included neutropenia, lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, fatigue, and nausea. Grade III/IV neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and fatigue were seen in two, one, and two patients in the expansion cohort. Partial responses were observed in PDA, thymic cancer, and Hodgkin lymphoma, including gemcitabine-pretreated PDA. The pharmacokinetic profile of rigosertib was not affected by gemcitabine. CONCLUSION The RPTD established in this study is rigosertib 1,800 mg/m(2) and gemcitabine 1,000 mg/m(2). This regimen is well tolerated with a toxicity profile of the combination similar to the profile of gemcitabine alone. Antitumor efficacy was observed in patients who previously progressed on gemcitabine-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Wee Ma
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York; University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO 80045,USA
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Tsai WB, Aiba I, Long Y, Lin HK, Feun L, Savaraj N, Kuo MT. Activation of Ras/PI3K/ERK pathway induces c-Myc stabilization to upregulate argininosuccinate synthetase, leading to arginine deiminase resistance in melanoma cells. Cancer Res 2012; 72:2622-33. [PMID: 22461507 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-3605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Melanomas and other cancers that do not express argininosuccinate synthetase (AS), the rate-limiting enzyme for arginine biosynthesis, are sensitive to arginine depletion with pegylated arginine deiminase (ADI-PEG20). However, ADI resistance eventually develops in tumors because of AS upregulation. Although it has been shown that AS upregulation involves c-Myc, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Here we show that ADI-PEG20 activates Ras signaling and the effector extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/GSK-3β kinase cascades, resulting in phosphorylation and stabilization of c-Myc by attenuation of its ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation mechanism. Inhibition of the induced cell signaling pathways using PI3K/AKT inhibitors suppressed c-Myc induction and enhanced ADI-mediated cell killing. Notably, in an animal model of AS-negative melanoma, combination therapy using a PI3K inhibitor plus ADI-PEG20 yielded additive antitumor effects as compared with either agent alone. Taken together, our findings offer mechanistic insight into arginine deprivation metabolism and ADI resistance, and they illustrate how combining inhibitors of the Ras/ERK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways may improve ADI-PEG20 anticancer responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Bin Tsai
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77053, USA
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), a lipid kinase, is the first kinase involved in, and a key component of, the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling pathway, and is significantly upregulated in many cancers. However, four distinct isoforms of PI3K are known with different expression patterns and different pathophysiological roles. The PI3Kδ isoform is expressed in leukocytes and has been implicated as a potential target in the development of selective inhibitors for the treatment of haematological malignancies and various inflammatory diseases. AREAS COVERED This review briefly covers the understanding of the four PI3K isoforms and their roles and the inhibitors selective for either one or two isoforms that have been identified to date. It then focuses upon progress in the identification of selective PI3Kδ inhibitors focusing upon the original efforts at ICOS/Calistoga that led to the initial clinical candidates such as CAL-101. After assessing the patent filings from these companies, it considers filings from other players and how they have sought to explore similar, and structurally distinct, scaffolds in their search for selective inhibitors, and how different companies appear focused on either oncological or anti-inflammatory uses for their inhibitors. EXPERT OPINION The impact of the work at ICOS is highlighted by the fact that prior to their disclosure of selective leads, no patent applications claiming selective PI3Kδ inhibitors had been filed by other companies. This disclosure, followed by the first filings by Piramed, led to an upsurge in interest with a large cluster of filings published in 2008 while half the relevant applications were published in 2010 or 2011. These efforts, and the initial clinical data on CAL-101, the leading PI3Kδ inhibitors, have also prompted a number of commercially significant deals. In addition to an increasing number of filings, the entry into the clinical development of more selective PI3Kδ inhibitors should stimulate a better understanding of the role of this specific kinase isoform.
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Norman P. Novel 1,5-naphthyridine PI3Kδ inhibitors, an evaluation of WO2011075628. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2011; 21:1805-10. [PMID: 21939430 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2011.622749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A small series of aryl(1-arylamino)ethyl,1,5-naphthyridine derivatives that selectively inhibit PI3Kδ was prepared. The compounds are claimed to be useful in the treatment of cancer, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The compounds represent further variations around a structural motif explored in a number of previous applications by the applicant.
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Zheng Z, Amran SI, Thompson PE, Jennings IG. Isoform-selective inhibition of phosphoinositide 3-kinase: identification of a new region of nonconserved amino acids critical for p110α inhibition. Mol Pharmacol 2011; 80:657-64. [PMID: 21778304 DOI: 10.1124/mol.111.072546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of molecular modeling and X-ray crystallography has failed to yield a consensus model of the mechanism for selective binding of inhibitors to the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) p110 α-isoform. Here we have used kinetic analysis to determine that the p110α-selective inhibitor 2-methyl-5-nitro-2-[(6-bromoimidazo[1,2-α]pyridin-3-yl)methylene]-1-methylhydrazide-benzenesulfonic acid (PIK-75) is a competitive inhibitor with respect to a substrate, phosphatidylinositol (PI) in contrast to most other PI3K inhibitors, which bind at or near the ATP site. Using sequence analysis and the existing crystal structures of inhibitor complexes with the p110γ and -δ isoforms, we have identified a new region of nonconserved amino acids (region 2) that was postulated to be involved in PIK-75 p110α selectivity. Analysis of region 2, using in vitro mutation of identified nonconserved amino acids to alanine, showed that Ser773 was a critical amino acid involved in PIK-75 binding, with an 8-fold-increase in the IC(50) compared with wild-type. Kinetic analysis showed that, with respect to PI, the PIK-75 K(i) for the isoform mutant S773D increased 64-fold compared with wild-type enzyme. In addition, a nonconserved amino acid, His855, from the previously identified region 1 of nonconserved amino acids, was found to be involved in PIK-75 binding. These results show that these two regions of nonconserved amino acids that are close to the substrate binding site could be targeted to produce p110α isoform-selective inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohua Zheng
- Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Action, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus),Victoria, Australia
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